This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post-slab systems. It analyzes the wall slab system in detail describing its structural members like walls and slabs. It discusses load transfer methods and provides examples of buildings using this system. Key features discussed are openings, spans, stair and material used. Analysis of post-lintel system includes load bearing and frame structures. It describes structural expression and advantages like large openings. The document compares strengths and weaknesses of different systems.
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
The document discusses various types of tall buildings and earthquake resistant design strategies. It describes bundled tube, framed tube, braced tube, and tube-in-tube structural systems that are used for tall buildings. The document also summarizes the Bhuj earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 and killed over 19,000 people. It provides steps for seismic design including planning symmetrical buildings, avoiding soft stories, using ductile materials, and providing vertical load paths like shear walls, bracing, and tuned mass dampers.
High Rise Building Structure Systems Types
Slide Contents :
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-RISE DESIGN
DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
MATERIAL
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
framed tube structure
structure tube furniture
structure tube canada
tube structural system
tube structure design
tube frame building kits
tube structure buildings
tube framed buildings
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
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mechanical engineering seminar topics 2018
basic structural system in architectureshahul130103
This document discusses different structural systems including wall slab, post-lintel, and post slab. It provides details on the basic structural elements of slabs, walls, beams, and columns. For each structural system, it describes the load transfer method, structural members, openings allowed, spans, positioning of stairs, punching, cantilevers, and materials used. Examples of each system are given along with discussions of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Case studies of specific buildings demonstrating wall slab structures are also included.
structure, technology and materials of highrise buildingsshahul130103
Structural loads on tall buildings include dead loads, live loads, and environmental loads from seismic activity, wind, and temperature changes. Tall buildings must have structural systems to effectively distribute these loads and resist lateral forces. Common structural typologies include interior moment frames, shear walls, outrigger systems, and exterior tube, diagrid, and bundled tube systems which use closely spaced columns and beams to act as a rigid perimeter wall. The structural forms vary based on the building material (concrete or steel) and optimize the building's ability to transfer loads vertically and resist lateral loads like wind and seismic forces.
This document summarizes different types of high-rise structures and provides case studies. It discusses braced frame structures, rigid frame structures, and infilled frame structures. Braced frames use diagonal bracing like X, K, or knee bracing to provide rigidity. Rigid frames have columns and girders joined together. Infilled frames use infill walls to stiffen and strengthen the structure. Case studies include the Central Plaza in Malaysia and Century Tower in Japan, which use K and knee bracing, and the Petronas Towers, which are a rigid frame structure.
The document discusses various types of tall buildings and earthquake resistant design strategies. It describes bundled tube, framed tube, braced tube, and tube-in-tube structural systems that are used for tall buildings. The document also summarizes the Bhuj earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 and killed over 19,000 people. It provides steps for seismic design including planning symmetrical buildings, avoiding soft stories, using ductile materials, and providing vertical load paths like shear walls, bracing, and tuned mass dampers.
High Rise Building Structure Systems Types
Slide Contents :
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-RISE DESIGN
DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
MATERIAL
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
framed tube structure
structure tube furniture
structure tube canada
tube structural system
tube structure design
tube frame building kits
tube structure buildings
tube framed buildings
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2019
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
mechanical engineering seminar topics 2018
The document discusses different types of structural forms including cable structures, tent structures, and arched structures. It provides definitions and examples for each type. Cable structures are defined as using suspension cables for support and being highly efficient. Examples given include cable-stayed and suspension bridges. Tent structures carry only tension and examples include various tent designs from different cultures and time periods. Arched structures span an elevated space using a curved structure, and examples of arched bridges and buildings are described. Construction details and case studies of specific structures like the Munich Olympic Stadium are also summarized.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
This document provides information on form active structural systems, with a focus on arch structures. It defines form active structures as systems of flexible, non-rigid matter where force redirection is achieved through particular form design and stabilization. Examples given include arch, tent, cable, and shell structures. Arch structures are then discussed in more detail, including terminology, types of arches, load mechanisms, classification, design considerations, and advantages. The key points are that arches function in pure compression to span distances by transmitting outward thrust to supports, and their curved form eliminates tensile stresses.
Diagrid Systems : Future of Tall buildings, Technical Paper by Jagmohan Garg ...Jagmohan Garg
The document discusses the DiaGrid structural system for tall buildings. A DiaGrid system uses a design of triangulated steel beams and horizontal support rings to construct large buildings. It creates a structural system of triangles that provides stability and resistance to lateral loads. Some key benefits of the DiaGrid system include column-free interior spaces, resistance to overturning forces, simpler construction, and better load redistribution compared to braced frame structures. While effective for buildings up to 70 stories, the DiaGrid system involves complicated joint connections.
The document discusses various earthquake resistant construction details for building foundations, soil stabilization, retaining walls, tanks, and isolating structures. It provides information on different types of foundations like stone masonry, brick masonry, and concrete block masonry foundations. It also describes methods for soil stabilization including dynamic compaction, vibro compaction, pressure grouting, and surcharging. Details of wood framed walls and connections between foundations and superstructures are presented.
The document provides a history of structural analysis from pre-historic times through modern architecture. It discusses various structural systems that have been used over time including load bearing walls, post and lintel, and post slab structures. Details are given on the load transfer and structural components of each system. Case studies of local and international buildings demonstrating different structural types are also presented.
The Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taiwan elevates a substantial part of its program to create an open public square underneath. By lifting the main plateau, panoramic views of the city are created. The building contains more void space in the form of this three-dimensional urban square than mass. The square fundamentally becomes part of the building and is activated by various balconies and terraces with different programs. The four "legs" of the building that support the horizontal slab are each programmed differently and contain performance spaces at varying altitudes, connected by a system of loops, stairs, and elevators.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on shear walls. Shear walls are vertical structural elements that resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They distribute forces from floors, roofs, and exterior walls to the foundation. The presentation covers the purpose, types, construction process, advantages of shear walls, including how they are more stable and ductile than conventional walls. Shear walls are typically used in tall buildings and provide lateral strength and stiffness to resist horizontal seismic forces.
The document is a presentation submitted by two students, Md. Golam Ajom and Mst. Mukta Khatun, to their lecturers at the Department of Architecture at Southeast University in Dhaka. The presentation discusses different structural systems, focusing on wall slab and post lintel structural systems. It provides analysis of these systems including structural elements, load transfer methods, expressions in architecture, advantages and disadvantages. Case studies of projects using each system are also presented.
Post lintel structure is a simple construction method that uses vertical posts or columns supporting a horizontal beam or lintel. It has been commonly used for centuries to support weight above openings. The key components are the post, which must support the lintel without crushing, and the lintel, which must bear loads without deforming or breaking. Materials used include stone, wood, steel and concrete. Advantages include faster construction and better insulation, while disadvantages include limited span and load capacity. Proper design of foundations, connections and consideration of forces like tension and compression are important for structural integrity.
Structural systems in high-rise buildings have evolved over three generations from the late 18th century to present. Early systems used stone, brick, cast iron and wood. Later systems in the 1850-1940 period used steel frames with concrete. Modern systems from 1940 on use steel cores, outriggers, tube designs, diagrids, and superframes to resist gravity and lateral wind loads. Definitions of high-rise vary but are generally above 35 meters. Drivers for tall buildings include land scarcity, demand for space, and prestige. Innovators like Fazlur Rahman Khan pioneered new efficient systems. Future trends may include taller megatalls over 600 meters using new composite systems and materials.
Diagrid Structures: Introduction & Literature SurveyUday Mathe
This document provides an overview of diagrid structural systems. Some key points:
- Diagrids consist of a rigid core surrounded by a grid of diagonal bracing members that provide structural stability and resistance to lateral forces. This eliminates the need for most vertical columns.
- Diagrids can carry both gravity and lateral loads through axial action of the diagonal members. They provide bending and shear rigidity and behave like a 3D box resisting compression and tension.
- Optimal design of diagrids involves determining the ideal angle of the diagonal members (around 35-75 degrees) and allocating stiffness to maximize lateral rigidity. Methods include using partial differential equations, topology optimization, and stiffness-based methodology.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
Norman Foster designed the Hearst Tower in Manhattan, which incorporated the original 1920s facade into a new 46-story skyscraper. To preserve the landmark facade and allow for an open floor plan, Foster used an asymmetrical diagrid structural system on the building's perimeter. This efficient design saved on materials while providing strength and redundancy against extreme loads. The Hearst Tower also achieved sustainability through landscape design, stormwater management, and reuse of the original structure's materials.
The document discusses different types of curved structures including single curvature, double curvature, anticlastic, synclastic, hyperboloids, and paraboloids. Single curvature structures like barrels are curved along one axis while double curvature structures like spheres cannot be flattened and are classified as synclastic or anticlastic. Hyperboloids are double curved surfaces that are convex on one side and concave on the other. Hyperbolic paraboloids are used for building roofs due to their ease of construction. Famous examples given include the Sydney Opera House and Kobe Tower in Japan.
Building Structures as Architecture, Wolfgang SchuellerWolfgang Schueller
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016.
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller. The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
The document discusses different types of frame structures used in construction including post and lintel, simple frame, multiple frame, concrete frame, steel frame, and wooden frame structures. It defines key terms like tension, compression, bending, and shear. It provides examples of different frame structures and outlines their advantages and uses.
This document provides information on high rise building construction. It defines what constitutes a high rise building according to different standards which range from 12-100 meters tall. It discusses the different types of foundations that can be used for high rise buildings including shallow foundations like spread and raft foundations, and deep foundations like piles. It also describes different structural systems for high rise buildings such as interior systems like shear walls and outrigger structures, and exterior systems like tube and diagrid systems. Finally, it discusses various construction methods for high rise buildings including slip form, jump form, and climbing formwork.
The document discusses different types of structural forms including cable structures, tent structures, and arched structures. It provides definitions and examples for each type. Cable structures are defined as using suspension cables for support and being highly efficient. Examples given include cable-stayed and suspension bridges. Tent structures carry only tension and examples include various tent designs from different cultures and time periods. Arched structures span an elevated space using a curved structure, and examples of arched bridges and buildings are described. Construction details and case studies of specific structures like the Munich Olympic Stadium are also summarized.
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
Structural systems in high rise building and analysis methodsDP NITHIN
This presentation is about the structural systems in tall buildings and also consists of overview of methods of analysis in tall buildings like linear and non linear seismic analysis.
This document provides information on form active structural systems, with a focus on arch structures. It defines form active structures as systems of flexible, non-rigid matter where force redirection is achieved through particular form design and stabilization. Examples given include arch, tent, cable, and shell structures. Arch structures are then discussed in more detail, including terminology, types of arches, load mechanisms, classification, design considerations, and advantages. The key points are that arches function in pure compression to span distances by transmitting outward thrust to supports, and their curved form eliminates tensile stresses.
Diagrid Systems : Future of Tall buildings, Technical Paper by Jagmohan Garg ...Jagmohan Garg
The document discusses the DiaGrid structural system for tall buildings. A DiaGrid system uses a design of triangulated steel beams and horizontal support rings to construct large buildings. It creates a structural system of triangles that provides stability and resistance to lateral loads. Some key benefits of the DiaGrid system include column-free interior spaces, resistance to overturning forces, simpler construction, and better load redistribution compared to braced frame structures. While effective for buildings up to 70 stories, the DiaGrid system involves complicated joint connections.
The document discusses various earthquake resistant construction details for building foundations, soil stabilization, retaining walls, tanks, and isolating structures. It provides information on different types of foundations like stone masonry, brick masonry, and concrete block masonry foundations. It also describes methods for soil stabilization including dynamic compaction, vibro compaction, pressure grouting, and surcharging. Details of wood framed walls and connections between foundations and superstructures are presented.
The document provides a history of structural analysis from pre-historic times through modern architecture. It discusses various structural systems that have been used over time including load bearing walls, post and lintel, and post slab structures. Details are given on the load transfer and structural components of each system. Case studies of local and international buildings demonstrating different structural types are also presented.
The Taipei Performing Arts Center in Taiwan elevates a substantial part of its program to create an open public square underneath. By lifting the main plateau, panoramic views of the city are created. The building contains more void space in the form of this three-dimensional urban square than mass. The square fundamentally becomes part of the building and is activated by various balconies and terraces with different programs. The four "legs" of the building that support the horizontal slab are each programmed differently and contain performance spaces at varying altitudes, connected by a system of loops, stairs, and elevators.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on shear walls. Shear walls are vertical structural elements that resist lateral forces like winds and earthquakes. They distribute forces from floors, roofs, and exterior walls to the foundation. The presentation covers the purpose, types, construction process, advantages of shear walls, including how they are more stable and ductile than conventional walls. Shear walls are typically used in tall buildings and provide lateral strength and stiffness to resist horizontal seismic forces.
The document is a presentation submitted by two students, Md. Golam Ajom and Mst. Mukta Khatun, to their lecturers at the Department of Architecture at Southeast University in Dhaka. The presentation discusses different structural systems, focusing on wall slab and post lintel structural systems. It provides analysis of these systems including structural elements, load transfer methods, expressions in architecture, advantages and disadvantages. Case studies of projects using each system are also presented.
Post lintel structure is a simple construction method that uses vertical posts or columns supporting a horizontal beam or lintel. It has been commonly used for centuries to support weight above openings. The key components are the post, which must support the lintel without crushing, and the lintel, which must bear loads without deforming or breaking. Materials used include stone, wood, steel and concrete. Advantages include faster construction and better insulation, while disadvantages include limited span and load capacity. Proper design of foundations, connections and consideration of forces like tension and compression are important for structural integrity.
Structural systems in high-rise buildings have evolved over three generations from the late 18th century to present. Early systems used stone, brick, cast iron and wood. Later systems in the 1850-1940 period used steel frames with concrete. Modern systems from 1940 on use steel cores, outriggers, tube designs, diagrids, and superframes to resist gravity and lateral wind loads. Definitions of high-rise vary but are generally above 35 meters. Drivers for tall buildings include land scarcity, demand for space, and prestige. Innovators like Fazlur Rahman Khan pioneered new efficient systems. Future trends may include taller megatalls over 600 meters using new composite systems and materials.
Diagrid Structures: Introduction & Literature SurveyUday Mathe
This document provides an overview of diagrid structural systems. Some key points:
- Diagrids consist of a rigid core surrounded by a grid of diagonal bracing members that provide structural stability and resistance to lateral forces. This eliminates the need for most vertical columns.
- Diagrids can carry both gravity and lateral loads through axial action of the diagonal members. They provide bending and shear rigidity and behave like a 3D box resisting compression and tension.
- Optimal design of diagrids involves determining the ideal angle of the diagonal members (around 35-75 degrees) and allocating stiffness to maximize lateral rigidity. Methods include using partial differential equations, topology optimization, and stiffness-based methodology.
Final presentation by Akramul masum from southeast university bangladesh.Integrated Design
This document provides information about a study on the analysis and design of high-rise buildings. It defines what constitutes a high-rise building and explores the various factors driving demand for them. It examines the history of tall buildings and provides a chart showing increases in building heights over time. It also discusses structural systems and loads, including gravity, lateral and special loads. Core functions, parking considerations and case studies of high-rise projects are presented.
Norman Foster designed the Hearst Tower in Manhattan, which incorporated the original 1920s facade into a new 46-story skyscraper. To preserve the landmark facade and allow for an open floor plan, Foster used an asymmetrical diagrid structural system on the building's perimeter. This efficient design saved on materials while providing strength and redundancy against extreme loads. The Hearst Tower also achieved sustainability through landscape design, stormwater management, and reuse of the original structure's materials.
The document discusses different types of curved structures including single curvature, double curvature, anticlastic, synclastic, hyperboloids, and paraboloids. Single curvature structures like barrels are curved along one axis while double curvature structures like spheres cannot be flattened and are classified as synclastic or anticlastic. Hyperboloids are double curved surfaces that are convex on one side and concave on the other. Hyperbolic paraboloids are used for building roofs due to their ease of construction. Famous examples given include the Sydney Opera House and Kobe Tower in Japan.
Building Structures as Architecture, Wolfgang SchuellerWolfgang Schueller
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016.
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller. The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
The document discusses different types of frame structures used in construction including post and lintel, simple frame, multiple frame, concrete frame, steel frame, and wooden frame structures. It defines key terms like tension, compression, bending, and shear. It provides examples of different frame structures and outlines their advantages and uses.
This document provides information on high rise building construction. It defines what constitutes a high rise building according to different standards which range from 12-100 meters tall. It discusses the different types of foundations that can be used for high rise buildings including shallow foundations like spread and raft foundations, and deep foundations like piles. It also describes different structural systems for high rise buildings such as interior systems like shear walls and outrigger structures, and exterior systems like tube and diagrid systems. Finally, it discusses various construction methods for high rise buildings including slip form, jump form, and climbing formwork.
1) High rise buildings are becoming more common due to scarcity of land and demand for space. They are defined differently but generally refer to buildings over 15 meters tall.
2) Foundations for high rise buildings include shallow foundations like spread footings and mat foundations, and deep foundations like piles. Piles transfer load through end bearing or friction along their length.
3) Structural systems for high rise buildings must resist both gravity and lateral loads. Interior systems include rigid frames and shear walls. Exterior systems such as tube and diagrid systems resist loads along the building perimeter.
The document summarizes different structural systems used in buildings. It discusses five major categories of structural systems - tensile, compressive, trusses, shear, and bending structures. It then focuses on structural systems used for high-rise buildings, classifying them as interior or exterior systems. Interior systems include braced frames, rigid frames, and shear-walled frames. Exterior systems include the tube, diagrid, space truss, and superframe. Vertical structural systems are also discussed, along with their load collection and transfer properties. Tension and compression only structures are briefly covered.
This document discusses load-bearing walls, which are structural walls that support the weight of floors and roofs and transfer that weight down to the foundation. Load-bearing walls are commonly made of concrete, brick, or blocks. They were one of the earliest construction methods and allowed for open interior spaces with the later introduction of flying buttresses in Gothic architecture. Load-bearing walls must be thick enough to safely support the weight above them without collapsing. While commonly used in residential buildings, load-bearing walls limit the height and size of structures compared to other structural systems.
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE AND LONG SPAN BUILDING.pdfdaynight6
Braced frames are a structural system commonly used for tall buildings and structures subject to lateral loads. The system uses bracing elements like diagonal steel members to resist lateral forces from wind and earthquakes and transfer them into the foundation. There are different types of bracing configurations like single, cross, V, and K bracing that provide stability and stiffness. Braced frames allow for open floor plans and provide strength and resistance to lateral sway compared to moment frames. They have been used successfully in many high-rise buildings around the world.
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE AND LONG SPAN BUILDING.pdfdaynight6
Braced frames are a structural system commonly used for tall buildings and structures subject to lateral loads. The system uses bracing elements like diagonal steel members to resist lateral forces from wind and earthquakes and transfer them into the foundation. There are different types of bracing configurations like single, cross, V, and K bracing that provide stability and stiffness. Braced frames allow for open floor plans and provide strength and resistance to lateral sway compared to other structural systems.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
This document discusses different types of structures. It defines structures as elements that exist together to form something that is man-made or natural. It then describes five main types of structures: truss structures, cable structures, arch structures, framed structures, and surface structures. For each type, it provides a definition and examples of how it is used in engineering. It explains that trusses are lightweight and sturdy systems used for rooftops. Cables only support tension and are used in suspension bridges. Arches distribute force into compression and eliminate tension. Framed structures form a skeleton of beams and columns. Surface structures use membranes like tents to distribute force through tension.
This document discusses the demand for and development of high-rise buildings. It defines high-rises as buildings between 35-100 meters tall or having 12-39 floors. Over time, demand has increased due to factors like scarcity of land and technological advances enabling taller structures. Structural systems have also evolved from bearing walls to more sophisticated exterior tube and outrigger designs that allow for greater heights. The core, composed of elevators and other services, plays an important role in resisting lateral wind loads. Modern skyscrapers often use tube systems that move columns to the perimeter, creating a hollow rigid structure.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
This document summarizes structural elements and their arrangements in architecture. It discusses key structural components like beams, columns, walls, trusses, and frames. It also describes different structural systems like load-bearing walls, frame structures, and form-active structures. Different joint types like discontinuous and continuous are also outlined. Historical context is provided by discussing Vitruvius' three principles of architecture. The relationship between architectural and structural design is examined through examples.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on structural analysis. It discusses various structural systems including wall-slab, post-lintel, and post-slab structures. For each system, it describes key elements, materials, spans, load transfer methods, advantages, disadvantages, and case studies. It also reviews the historical development of structural systems from pre-historic times to the 21st century. Case studies discussed include SOS Children's Village School in Bangladesh and Bhatshala Residence, as well as Falling Water in the US. The document provides a comprehensive overview of structural systems and their analysis.
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
The document provides an overview of structural analysis and different structural systems used in architecture. It begins with a brief history of structural development from prehistoric times through modern steel structures. It then defines key structural concepts and requirements. The main structural systems discussed are wall-slab, post-lintel, and post-slab structures. Details are given on structural elements, load transfer methods, and case studies for each system. Advantages and disadvantages of wall-slab structures are also summarized.
The devastating Effects of earthquake is notable to all. Recently we all saw the destruction of nepal by the same. So if we increasing the resistance of building to earthquake we can reduce its effect as we cannot stop the earthquake!!!
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
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in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
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Prescriptive analytics BA4206 Anna University PPTFreelance
Business analysis - Prescriptive analytics Introduction to Prescriptive analytics
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2. Title Page No
1. Introduction 1
2. The Relationship Of Structure To Building 2-3
3. Structural Requirements 4
4. Structural Development In Architectural History 5-8
5. Basic Structural Elements 9-10
6. Analysis Of Structural System 11
6. Wall Slab Structural System 12-21
7. Post Lintel Structural System 22-31
8. Post Slab Structural System 32-47
9. Common Feature 48
CONTENT
3. GROUP 03
Structure
Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion
Construction or framework of identifiable elements (components,
entities, factors, members, parts, steps, etc.) which gives form and
stability, and resists stresses and strains.
The basic frame work and skeleton provide for both erection
and stability of any structure consist of two portion:
1. substructure
2. superstructure
Introduction
01
4. GROUP 03
The simplest way of describing the function of structure is to say that it is the part of a building which
resists the loads that are imposed on it. building may be regarded as simply an envelope which encloses
and subdivides space in order to create a protected environment. The surfaces which form the envelope,
that is the walls, the floors and the roof of the building, are subjected to various types of loads.
Gravitational loads and the occupation of the building cause roof and floor structures to bend and
induce compressive internal forces in walls. Wind causes pressure and suction loads to act on all
external surfaces.
The relationship of
structure to building
external surfaces are exposed to the
climatic loads.
floors are subjected to the gravitational loads
of the occupants and their effects
02
5. GROUP 03
A building structure must be able to support two types of
load.
1. Static load.
2. Dynamic load.
Static load: Assumed to be constant in nature. Its two type.
1.Dead load
2.Live load
Dead load:
Dead loads are relatively fixed and include the weight of the
building structure itself as well as the weight of any
permanent elements with in the building such as mechanical
equipment.
Live load:
Live loads are moveable loads which may not be present all
of the time . They include the weight of a building occupants
and , furnishing as well as show loads no roof.
Dynamic load:
Can be applied to a structure suddenly and vary in magnitude
and location.
The relationship of
structure to building
Dynamic load
03
6. GROUP 03
Structural requirements
To perform its function of supporting a building in response to whatever loads may be applied to it, a structure
must possess four properties:
it must be capable of achieving a state of
equilibrium.
This requires that the internal configuration of the
structure together with the means by which it is
connected to its foundations must be such that all
applied loads are balanced exactly by reactions
generated at its foundations.
it must be geometrically stable.
Geometric stability is the property which
preserves the geometry of a structure and
allows its elements to act together to resist
load. The distinction between stability and
equilibrium is illustrated by the framework
it must have adequate strength.
The requirement for adequate strength is
satisfied by ensuring that the levels of stress
which occur in the various elements of a
structure, when the peak loads are applied, are
within acceptable limits.
it must have adequate rigidity.
Structural calculations allow the
and rigidity of structures to be controlled
precisely. They are preceded by an
assessment
of the load which a structure will be required
to carry.
04
7. GROUP 03
Time period: 6000 BC
Pre-Historic period:
Man came from cave for
hunting.
Use of timber for building
materials.
The structural system was
post and lintel type.
Materials were clay, timber
and stone.
Time period: (3000-2750) BC
Stone henge:
The massive stones that
made up the monuments of
stone henge.
Trabiated structural system.
Load is transferred from
beam to column.
Accurate structural system is
since unknown.
Structural Development in Architectural History
Time period: (3200 BC 14 AD)
Egyptian Architecture:
Huge structure to show their
power.
Use of timber beam.
Works of monolithic stone
masonry.
Columns made by single rock.
The structural system was post
lintel or post slab.
Massive walls and lintels was
supported by flat roof.
Time period: (2371-325BC)
Aesian Architecture:
Stone was rarely used as building
materials as it was not available.
Sun dried or kiln burnt bricks were
used as building materials.
Use of timber as a column and
logs as main roofing materials.
Flat timber roof was used to cover
a larger span and it allowed
columns to be slander and
graceful.
05
8. GROUP 03
Time period: (1700-1380)
Crete Architecture:
Structural system was post lintel ,
it was mostly flat roof which were supported by
walls constructed of stone blocks , rubbles and
mud brick with reinforced.
Time period: (1250-300)BC
West Asiatic Architecture:
Trabiated structural system.
Columns were well ornamented.
Time period: (600-30)BC
Greek Architecture:
Stone was the main construction materials
Trabiated structural system.
Stablishment of post lintel system.
Columns were used in Greek pattern.
Columns are set as vertical supporting element of
the main structure.
Acropolis: Great example of Greek Architecture.
06
9. GROUP 03
Time period: (300BC-365AD)
Roman Architecture:
The Architecture was that of Greek but they developed the post
and lintel system.
Structural system was post slab and post lintel.
Post lintel system developed as column are used in circular and
rectangular way.
Stability of Structure was easily ensured.
Time period: (313-800AD)
Early christian:
Handmaid rubble, concrete brick or stone were main building
materials.
Construction system was archuated and trabeated.
Time period: (330-1453AD)
Byzantine architecture:
Construction material was limestone and sand mortar.
Construction system was wall slab.
07
10. GROUP 03
Time period: (12th
-16th
century)
Gothic architecture:
Structural system was mainly post-lintel.
Use of tall structure.
Time period: (14th
-17th
century)
Renaissance architecture:
Symmetrical arrangement in free standing wall
and support.
The wall thickness was lessened.
It diminished equally from the center.
01
08
11. GROUP 03
Basic structural elements
Slabs:
Slabs generally refer to various types of floor
systems designed to support floor and sometimes
roof
loads.
Walls- Load Bearing:
Structural walls are the vertical
constructions of a building that enclose a
building. Structural
walls may also be internal partitions used
for load-bearing conditions forming part of
the
structural framing system. There are two
types of load bearing slab. Load bearing wall
slab
One Way Slab Two Way
Slab
Waffle Slab
MAIN BAR
DISTRIBUTIO
N BAR
09
12. GROUP 03
Beam:
Beams are typically horizontal structural
members designed to carry a load. Steel is
one of the
most common materials used for beams,
since it can withstand very heavy loads.
Column:
Are upright vertical structural members that
support
slabs, beams or trusses
10
13. GROUP 03
In strictly technical terms , structure may be considered as the means of translating external force into internal
loads caring mechanism in order to support and reinforce an Architectural concept.
There are basic three types of structural system
.
Analysis of Structural system:
3.Post slab structural system.
2.Post-lintel structural system
1.Wall slab structural system.
Slab
11
14. 03
WALL SLAB
Continuous or linear support system to transfer the external loads to the ground with the help of wall and
slab. A load bearing wall is a wall that bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation
structure.
Structural Member
i.Wall ( vertical load bearing member )
•Cellular wall arrangement :
WALL SLAB STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
Vertical load bearing member
The structure consists of walls each joined to its neighbor. The external walls
form the boundaries of the building and the internal walls divide the building
into cells (rooms) making the building cellular.
Non load bearing wall
Load bearing wall
GROUP
12
15. GROUP 03
• Double cross wall structure:
• Simple cross wall structure
• Complex wall arrangement
If the rooms are to have effective day-lighting it will be
observed that there is a limit to the depth of building which
can be constructed on more complex system of cross
walls set parallel to both major axes of the building.
This type of structure is suitable for a hostel or hotel
building having a large number of identical rooms.
All kind of hybrids between cellular and
cross-wall arrangements are included
under the heading complex wall
arrangement
Non load bearing wall
Load bearing wall
13
16. GROUP 03
ii. Slab ( horizontal load bearing member )
Slab
• One way slab
• Two way slab
• Waffle
For Large Span waffle slab constructed
Length / width >=2 …one way slab
Length / width <=2…two way slab
14
17. GROUP 03
Opening
•Not more than 30% of the load bearing wall
•Continuous horizontal opening avoided
•Arch framework or lintel is used
•Opening can be made from floor to wall
•Small opening
•Opening is of trabeated or arcuate system
Load transfer method
Live load & dead load
Slab
Wall
Footing
Ground
• Load transferring system towards
ground through wall
• Load of the dome transfers with circular
planned wall according to its periphery.
• Dome supported on squinches .
First Unitarian church: Kahn Massagno; Mario Botta
15
18. Span
•12’-15’
•Large span of roof Is problem and it may be solved by
waffle slab
•One way slab casting : L=1.5W
GROUP 03
Position of stair
•Landing should be supported by load bearing wall
•The wall in both sides is the main structural member
• Parallel walls on two sides can also provide support.
• Arch also can provide support for stair.
•
Stair case
Waffle
Theatre and Cultural
Centre in Chambery;
Mario Botta
06
06
16
19. GROUP 03
Punch making method
•Generally punch can not be possible.
•Only a punch is appeared on first floor with respect to four
walls around it.
•Punch can not be done 1/3 of the area of the roof
Parekh house
Cantilever
•Generally on cantilever is used
Material
•Reinforced concrete slab with wooden , brick, stone
wall
Wall position/wall thickness
•Primarily 12”at six storey level and increases 4” at every one
storey down
•For buildings not more than 3 stories or 35’ in height,
masonry walls may be 12” thick
•One stored solid masonry walls not more than 9’ high may
be 10” thick.
• Positions of walls are same.
Private house in Losone ; Mario Botta
35’
35’
4”
12”
17
20. GROUP 03
Cost and time
•Low rise building –this system represents economy
•Generally low cost construction
•Foundation –more shallow than other system
•Construction period –larger than any other system
Formal Expression
•Plan –no grid pattern, can be any desired shape
•Large ,unbroken plans could be expressed
•In elevation – small punches
•For large openings ,arches are provided
•Massive and bold
•Arch, dome, and vaults can be constructed in this
type of structure
•Cantilevers can expressed as planes
•Solid void relation is boldly represented
•For hot dry climate this type of structure gives extra
benefit.
•Screen wall can be added
•This type of structure lasted for thousand years.
Height
•Generally 6 storied
Twin house, Charles Correa
Bangladesh Eye Hospital , Louis I Kahn
First Unitarian Church , Louis I Kahn
18
21. GROUP 03
Case study : 1
Cymbalista Synagogue ; Mario Botta
Plan- No grid pattern
Section- clear referencing of load
bearing wall
Elevation- clear expression of wall
slab structure in opening
Opening- small openings
Plan
Section
Top view
Elevation
19
22. GROUP 03
Case study : 2
Church of Santo Volto ; Mario Botta
Brick wall is used which carries the load.
No expression continuous opening.
Solid void relationship is in pleasing condition
No grid pattern in plan
Vertical linear opening
No cantilever space.
06
20
23. GROUP 03
Strength
For low storied structures this system is economical.
Foundation is shallower than other systems, so
foundation cost is the least of all.
This type of construction lasted for thousands of
years. The construction of Mohenjo-Daro built about
2500 B.C can be still identified
Arches, Domes and Vaults are used in this system.
Post does not disturb the free space.
Weakness
Span of the area is not enough. Maximum 12’.
Limitation of structure height 6-7 storied.
Walls must be built over a wall.
More time is required
Small space over a big space is not possible.
Continuous opening can not possible
Opportunity
Screen wall can be used.
Natural color can be obtained in the building surface, by
different exposed brick of different hue.
For hot dry climate this type of structure gives extra benefit.
Wall thickness sometimes is extra beneficial for shading.
This system could expresses the composition of Horizontal
and vertical plane.
Threat
This type of construction is not possible with out
good load bearing capacity of earth.
Flexibility of massing is very small floors can
taper & up-ward.
Dampness is also greater problem.
Wall slab structural system
21
24. GROUP 03
Post lintel
In Architecture post and lintel structural system is a simple construction
technique also called column and beam,
horizontal member is supported by two vertical posts at either end.
All structural opening have evolved from this.
Post-and-beam structures are either loadbearing wall structures or frame
structures.
A large range of spans is also possible depending on the types of
element which are used.
Parthenon, GREEK
COLUMN
BEAMS
22
25. GROUP 03
LOAD BEARING SYSTEM OF POST LINTEL
Load Dead load and Live load
Lintel
Columns
Footings
Ground
Multiple rectangular grid
Single rectangular grid
Multiple square grid
Single square grid
23
26. GROUP 03
If Length = L Width = W, & L/W > 2
Then the slab works as a one way slab
One way slab
Two way slab
Orientation of members
RECTANGULAR PLAN RADIAL GRID For Column
For Beam
24
27. GROUP 03
1. An overhang where one floor extends
beyond and over a foundation wall.
2. Can be possible even more than 30-50%
(economic)
3. Span is limited,17’-22’ is economical.
Beam is proportional to span of slab.
Such as span40’ than the width40’’.
Span
Punched on the slab can be obtained without any disturbance.
L/2 L/4
L/4
Punch
Not possible
possible
possible
25
28. GROUP 03
Stair
Wall
Wall must be placed over a beam. As wall
does not carry any load opening can be
created anywhere of the wall,100% opening
in wall surface is possible.
Stair must start with respect to a beam
26
29. GROUP 03
Material: R.C.C, iron, brick, timber, stone, steel
Expression:
• Post and lintel are shown as a frame work.
• Beam can be shown under or over the roof as inverted beam.
• Column and beam can be identified.
• Columns are placed along the edge line of the building.
• Building height increase for the beam to get clear space.
• Unexpected lines can be formed in elevation.
• Unexpected beam can disturb the indoor spatial qualities.
Time and cost:
Time period less than wall slab system. More costly than wall slab(30% more for low
rise than wall slab). Economical for large span building
Context:
Suitable for composite climate
27
32. GROUP 03
Disadvantage:
The biggest disadvantage to a post and lintel
construction is the limited weight that can be held up,
and the small distances required between the posts.
The tension induced by deformation of self-weight
and the load above between the posts.
Advantage
•Maximum column to column opening can be
provided easily
• Roof can be provided flat, pitch or any other shape
• Punch in slab can be provided easily
•Aesthetic framework can be done
30
33. GROUP 03
Post Lintel Structure System
50% cantilever system is applicable. Unexpected beam hampers interior.
Acoustic problem may occur.
Stairs must be started with the reference of beam
:
Maximum column to column opening
Any type of roof can be provided
Aesthetic framework can be done
If beam is not strong enough, where large span, huge
concentrated load may occur bending stress and
deflection.
Short span beams with large concentrated load near
the posts will occur shear stress .
Strength Weakness
Opportunity Threat
31
34. GROUP 03
Post slab structural system:
Members: Column , Slab
Slab_ Horizontal structural member
Post_ Vertical structural member
Classification of post slab:
A.flat plate
B. flat slab : with capital
with drop
with capital & drop
flat plate post slab flat slab with capital flat slab with drop flat slab with capital & drop
32
35. GROUP 03
Materials:
R . C . C , iron
Load transfer system:
The load of the slab it self and other live load transfer to the post by the slab. both
the dead load and live load which the post gets form the slab transfer to the ground
by the post.
Load slab column ground
▻ ▻ ▻
slab
post
G.L.
footing
L
Middle
strip
Column
strip
33
36. 03
GROUP
Span:
effective span
horizontal distance between center points of two vertical support.
clear span
horizontal distance between internal faces of two vertical support.
Ecomonical17’-22’ effective span
clear span
Cantilever:
Floor slab in all across must be cantilevered and it will be 1/3 of the
span of the post
maximum cantilever will be 33- 50% of the span.
Position of wall:
Wall can be built freely as desired in different floors.
it is recommended to built walls on the column strips.
It is better to avoid the middle strips from first floor.
34
37. 03
GROUP
Stair position:
Stair can be created from middle strip.
Simply supported stair.
Stair can be created by using cantilever as landing.
Maison Citrohan
Le Corbusier
Opening:
Any kinds of opening of any size can be provided
Ribbon window –possible
Villa savoye; le corbusier
COTTBUS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Villa Stein-De-Monzie
Le Corbusier
35
38. 03
GROUP
Punch in slab:
in the area common to the slab middle strips.
in the area common to two column strips, not more than one-eighth the
width of the strip in either span should be interrupted by openings..
in the area common to one column strip and one middle strip, not more
than one –fourth of the re-enforcement in either strip should be interrupted
by the opening. Maison Citrohan
Le Corbusier
36
39. 03
GROUP
Wall can be built freely as desired in different floors.
it is recommended to built walls on the column strips
It is better to avoid the middle strips from first floor
Position of wall:
Johnson Wax Administration Building
Frank Loyd Wright
MRF Headquarter
Charles Correa
06
37
40. 03
GROUP
Expression:
The plan of the building of post and slab system is regular shaped and
respect strong square grid pattern.
The slab is always cantilevered from the post.
Solid void relationship is strongly achieved
Vertical reference is maintained
38
41. 03
GROUP
Massing constructed in post and slab system has an effect of floating
Continuous opening can be provided
Expression:
Advantage:
Ribbon window or large opening is a greater opportunity
Cantilever 33%_50% possible
Slabs can be cut as freely as needed
Position of enclosing wall can be changed in different floor plan
Different types of shading device can be used
Partition wall can be use as required
39
47. 03
GROUP
Stair in the middle strip
“.......From structural view point punches in the slabs are best located
well away from the columns, preferably in the area common to the slab
middle strip. Unfortunately architectural consideration usually cause
them to be located close to the columns.”
Ground floor a band of column, and in the first floor strip of
ribbon window.
The main body of the house is limited by four similar
walls.
Solid void relationship found here.
Floating effect
Expression:
45
48. GROUP 03
Strength
Economical for low storied structure
Shallow Foundation
Long lasting
Weakness
Continuous ribbon window for panoramic view
is impossible.
Wall thickness is greater than in the other two
systems.
As for the poor opening ratio, it is not suitable
for our climatic condition.
Small space over a big space is not possible.
Wall must be built over a wall.
Opportunity
Plans follow no grid pattern; it can be of any desired shape.
Large, unbroken plans could be formed.
Extra benefit for hot dry climate
Wall thickness sometimes extra beneficial for shading.
Post does not disturb the free space.
Threat
Not usually suitable for high-rise
Span of the area is not large enough.
Allowable amount of cantilever is limited
Low Flexibility of massing
Post slab structural system
46
49. 03
GROUP
Topic Wall slab Post lintel Post slab
Structural system
Load -slab-wall foundation-
ground
Load-slab-beampost-
ground
Load-slab-postground
Opening
Absence of continuous opening
-Nearly 1/3of the
total floor slab area
Can be made
hollow.
-series of openings,
ribbon
Window can be
possible.
-post makes problem in
Placing of windows
Continuous opening in
the wall
-Ribbon window
can be provided.
Wall -wall must be build
one above another
-Must be build over
the beam
-wall does not carry
any load
-opening can be any
where
Of the wall
wall can be made
anywhere
COMMON FEATURE
47
50. GROUP 03
A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Francis D.K. Ching
Building construction illustrated, Francis D.K. Ching
Complete works of Tadao Ando
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ILLUSTRATED,FRANCIS D.
K. CHING
VISUAL DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE, D.K CHING
Design of concrete structure 14
PHILOPHY AND DESIGN FROM ENGINEERING TO ARCHITECTURE
DESIGN OF MASONARY STRUCTURE , A.W. HENDRY, B. P.
SHINHA,S. R. DEVIS
DESIGN BASED PLLANING FOR COMMUNITIES
STHAPOTTO O NIRMAN
ARCHITECTURAL MONOGRAPHS –MIES VEN DER ROHE
Reference
48