High rise building construction equipments.

1. BY-
DIGVIJAY RAMTEKE
PRASHANT DEVDA
HIGH RISE BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

2. NEED OF HIGH RISE
BUILDING:
High rise buildings are becoming prominent these days
due to following reasons scarcity of land increasing
demand for business and residential space economic
growth technological advancement innovations in
structural systems desire for aesthetics in urban setting
cultural significance and prestige human aspiration to
build higher

3. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION
High rise is defined differently by different bodies.
Emporis standards-
“A multi-story structure between 35-
100 meters tall, or a building of
unknown height from 12-39 floors is
termed as high rise.
The International Conference on Fire
Safety –
"any structure where the height can have
a serious impact on evacuation“
Massachusetts, United States General
Laws –
A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet
(21 m).
Building code of Hyderabad,India-
A high-rise building is one with four floors
or more, or one 15 meters or more in
height.
National Building Code (Part 4) – Fire and
Life Safety
all buildings 15m and above in height shall
be considered as high rise buildings.

4. TYPES OF FOUNDATION
a) Shallow Foundation System
i) Spread Foundation
ii) Mat / Raft Foundation
b) Deep Foundation System
i) Pile iii) Diaphragham wall
ii) Pile walls iv) Caissons

5. Spread Foundation
 Spread footings may be built in different
shapes & sizes to accommodate individual
needs such as the following:
a) Square Spread Footings / Square Footings
b) Rectangular Spread Footings
c) Circular Spread Footings
d) Continuous Spread Footings
e) Combined Footings
f) Ring Spread Footings

6. a) Square Spread Footings / Pad Foundation
- support a single centrally located column
- use concrete mix 1:2:4 and reinforcement
- the reinforcement in both axes are to
resist/carry tension loads.

7. PAD FOUNDATION

8. b) Rectangular Spread Footings
- Useful when obstructions prevent
construction of a square footing with a
sufficiently large base area and when
large moment loads are present

9. c) Circular Spread Footings
- are round in plan view
- most frequently used as foundation for
light standards, flagpoles and power
transmission lines.

10. d)Continuous Spread Footings / Strip Foundation
- Used to support bearing walls

11. e) Combined Footings
- support more than one column
- useful when columns are located too close
together for each to have its own footing

12. f) Ring Spread Footings
- continuous footings that have been wrapped
into a circle
- commonly used to support the walls above-
ground circular storage tanks.
- The contents of these tanks are spread evenly
across the total base area and this weight
probably greater that the tank itself
- Therefore the geotechnical analyses of tanks
usually treat them as circular foundations with
diameters equal to the diameter of the tank.

13. Ring Spread Footings

14. RAFT FOUNDATION
 A foundation system in which essentially the
entire building is placed on a large continuous
footing.
 It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced
with steel, which carries the downward loads
of the individual columns or walls.
 Raft foundations are used to spread the load
from a structure over a large area, normally
the entire area of the structure.

15. MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION

16. DEEP FOUNDATION
 Extend several dozen feet below the building
a) Piles
b) Piers
c) Caissons
d) Compensated Foundation

17. PILES

18. LOAD CAN BE TRANSFERRED BY PILE
TO THE GROUND BY 2 WAY THAT IS:
a) End Bearing Piles OR
- Pile will transmit load into the firm soil layer of the
ground such as rock, gravel, very dense sand
b) Friction Piles
- Pile transmit the load from the structure to the
penetrable soil by means of skin friction or cohession
between the soil & the embedded surface of the pile.

20. STRUCTURAL CONCERNS
 The primary structural skeleton of a tall building can be
visualized as a vertical cantilever beam with its base fixed
in the ground. The structure has to carry the vertical
gravity loads and the lateral wind and earthquake loads.
 Gravity loads are caused by dead and live loads. Lateral
loads tend to snap the building or topple it. The building
must therefore have adequate shear and bending
resistance and must not lose its vertical load-carrying
capability.
The skyscraper pushes down on into the ground
.But when the wind blows, the columns in the
windy side stretch apart, and the columns on
the other side squeeze together.

21. CLASSIFICATION OF TALL BUILDING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
 Can be classified based on the structural material used such as concrete or
steel
 Structural systems of tall buildings can also be divided into two broad
categories:
 1)INTERIOR STRUCTURES
 2)EXTERIOR STRUCURES
 This classification is based on the distribution of the components of the
primary lateral load-resisting system over the building. A system is
categorized as an interior structure when the major part of the lateral load
resisting system is located within the interior of the building. Likewise, if the
major part of the lateral load-resisting system is located at the building
perimeter, a system is categorized as an exterior structure. It should be
noted, however, that any interior structure is likely to have some minor
components of the lateral load-resisting system at the building perimeter,
and any exterior structure may have some minor components within the
interior of the building.

22. INTERIOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
 1)RIGID FRAME
 A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting
skeleton constructed with straight or curved members
interconnected by mostly rigid connections which resist
movements induced at the joints of members. Its members
can take bending moment, shear, and axial loads.
 Consist of columns and girders joined by moment resistant
connections.
 Can build upto 20 to 25 floors
 2)SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
 Concrete or masonry continuous vertical walls may serve
both architecturally partitions and structurally to carry gravity
and lateral loading. Very high in plane stiffness and strength
make them ideally suited for bracing tall building
 Usually built as the core of the building
 Can build upto 35 Floors
Seagram
building
Shear wall core

23. 3)OUTRIGGER STRUCTURES
 The core may be centrally located with
outriggers extending on both sides or in some
cases it may be located on one side of the
building with outriggers extending to the
building columns on the other side
 The outriggers are generally in the form of
trusses (1 or 2 story deep) in steel structures, or
walls in concrete structures, that effectively act
as stiff headers inducing a tension-compression
couple in the outer columns.
 Belt trusses are often provided to distribute
these tensile and compressive forces to a large
number of exterior frame columns.
 An build upto 150 floors
Shangai World
financial centre

24. EXTERIOR STRUCTURES
 1)Tube system
 The tube system concept is based on
the idea that a building can be
designed to resist lateral loads by
designing it as a
hollow cantilever perpendicular to
the ground. In the simplest
incarnation of the tube, the
perimeter of the exterior consists of
closely spaced columns that are tied
together with deep spandrel beams
through moment connections. This
assembly of columns and beams
forms a rigid frame that amounts to
a dense and strong structural wall
along the exterior of the building.
 The different tubular systems are-
 1)Framed tube 2)Braced tube
3)Bundled tube 4)Tube in tube

25. 2)Diagrid systems
 With their structural efficiency as a varied version of
the tubular systems, diagrid structures have been
emerging as a new aesthetic trend for tall buildings
in this era of pluralistic styles.
 Early designs of tall buildings recognized the
effectiveness of diagonal bracing members in
resisting lateral forces.
 Most of the structural systems deployed for early
tall buildings were steel frames with diagonal
bracings of various configurations such as X, K, and
chevron. However, while the structural importance of
diagonals was well recognized, the aesthetic
potential of them was not appreciated since they
were considered obstructive for viewing the
outdoors.
 Efficiently resists lateral shear by axial forces in the
diagonal members but have Complicated joints
Hearst tower , New
York

26. 3)Space truss
 Space truss structures are modified braced tubes with
diagonals connecting the exterior to interior. In a typical
braced tube structure, all the diagonals, which connect the
chord members – vertical corner columns in general, are
located on the plane parallel to the facades.
 However, in space trusses, some diagonals penetrate the
interior of the building.
4)Exo skeleton structure
 In exoskeleton structures, lateral load-resisting systems are
placed outside the building lines away from their facades.
 Due to the system’s compositional characteristics, it acts as a
primary building identifier – one of the major roles of
building facades in general cases.
 Fire proofing of the system is not a serious issue due to its
location outside the building line.
Bank of China, Hong Kong
Hotel de las Atres

27. 5)Super frame structures
 Superframe structures can create ultra
high-rise buildings upto 160 floors.
 Superframes or Megaframes assume the
form of a portal which is provided on the
exterior of a building.
 The frames resist all wind forces as an
exterior tubular structure. The portal frame
of the Superframe is composed of vertical
legs in each corner of the building which
are linked by horizontal elements at about
every 12 to 14 floors.
 Since the vertical elements are
concentrated in the corner areas of the
building, maximum efficiency is obtained
for resisting wind forces.

31. 1. Slip form
2. Jump form
3. Climbing formwork
4. Table form/ flying form
5. Column system formwork
6. Tunnel form
CONSTRUCTION
METHODS AND
TECHNIQUES

32. i. Introduction
ii. Procedure
iii. Types of slip form
iv. Advantage
v. Precautions
vi. Application of slip form
SLIP FORM
CONSTRUCTION…

33. • Slip form construction, or
continuously formed
construction, is a construction
method in which concrete is
poured into a continuously
moving form.
• Basically, this method involves
the continuous placing of
concrete in a shallow mould
having the same plan as the
building to be constructed. This
rigid mould, or "slip-form" as it is
called, forms the working deck
which is jacked slowly upwards at
a controlled rate until the
required elevation is reached.
INTRODUCTION…

34. • Method of vertically extruding a reinforced
concrete section and is suitable for construction
of core walls in high-rise structures – lift shafts,
stair shafts, towers.
• The formwork rises continuously, at a rate of
about 300 mm per hour, supporting itself on the
core and not relying on support or access from
other parts of the building or permanent works.
• Allows for the continuous pouring of concrete
into walls of a structure and only stops when the
full required height of the structure has been
reached.

35.  The height of the formwork is
designed in such a way that
while the top of the formwork is
being filled by concrete the
lowest layer of concrete poured
earlier has already gained an
initial set.
 When the formwork is moved
upwards the concrete that is
then exposed remains firm.
CHEUNG KONG
CENTRE

36. PROCEDURE :
• Assembly can only start
once the foundations are in
place and the wall starter is
in correct alignment.
• Slip form shuttering is
aligned with the help of
yokes.
• Horizontal crossbeams
connect these yokes.
• Hydraulic jacks are attached
to these crossbeams for
simultaneous upward
movement.

37. • Height of the slip form ranges from 1.1 to 1.5
meters.
• Yokes and crossbeams also used to support the
working platform.
• Structure should be rigid and shape maintained
at all times.
• Make sure there is no lag or else it prevents the
structure from free upward movement
• It is also possible to reduce wall thicknesses .

38. TYPES OF SLIP FORM CONSTRUCTION
1-VERTICAL SLIP-
FORM
 In vertical slip forming, the
concrete form may be
surrounded by a platform on
which workers stand, placing
steel reinforcing rods into the
concrete and ensuring a smooth
pour.
 Together, the concrete form and
working platform are raised by
means of hydraulic jacks.
 Generally, the slip-form rises at a
rate which permits the concrete
to harden by the time it emerges
from the bottom of the form.

39. 2- HORIZONTAL SLIP-FORM
 In horizontal slip forming for pavement and traffic
separation walls, concrete is cast, vibrated, worked,
and settled in place while the form itself slowly moves
ahead. This method was initially devised and utilized
in Interstate Highway construction initiated during the
1950s.

40. • Slip form methods of construction can also be adapted to
horizontal structures and are used for paving, canals, and
tunneling.
• The technique is more in use for structures that have
continuous walls like silos , chimneys, and piers for very
tall bridges.
• It has also been successfully used for construction of
buildings, although this requires the manner of leaving
inserts for openings like doors and windows to be decided
well in advance, as well as also any necessary inserts to
support floor slabs after the walls are constructed.

41. 3-TAPERED SLIP-FORMING
 Slip-forming is also used in the construction of conical
chimneys, cooling towers, piers and other tall concrete
structures involving constant or changing thicknesses
in walls, diameters and/or shapes.
 A form is used with sections which overlap so that one
gradually slides over the other.
 This is commonly done in chimney construction but it is
not satisfactory for architectural concrete because the
lap shows.
 While the tapered slip-forming process is similar to that
used on the standard slip-forming, it requires greater
attention, contractor experience and expertise ensures
the success of such projects.

43. ADVANTAGES:
• A major cost of concrete structure construction is the required
formwork to retain the concrete till it can be safely de-shuttered
and be able to support itself and other imposed loads.
• The formwork needs to be continually removed to newer
locations and then re-erected.
• Continuous use of manpower and lifting equipment like cranes.
• In the case of slip form building, the formwork is erected only
once and remains intact until the entire structure is completed.
• Great reduction in the cost of formwork as well as time saving
for re-erection.
• Cost effective
• The reduction in the movement of formwork and workers also
leads to far more safe working conditions that also make it a
major advantage.

44.  PRECAUTIONS
• Concrete is continuously protected against loss of
moisture and rapid temperature changes for 7 days
• Unhardened concrete is protected from rain and
flowing water
• Prevent plastic shrinkage
• Plastic cracks are filled by injection of epoxy resin.

45. CAPITAL GATE-
ABUDHABI
BURJ KHALIFA

46. JUMP FORM
 Generally, jump form systems
comprise the formwork and
working platforms for
cleaning/fixing of the formwork,
steel fixing and concreting.
 Jump form, often described as
climbing form. It is suitable for
construction of multi-floor
vertical concrete elements in
high-rise structures, such as
shear walls, core walls, lift
shafts, stair shafts and bridge
pylons.
 It is a highly productive system
designed to increase speed
and efficiency while minimizing
labor and time.

47. PROCESS EFFICIENCY-
 Fast construction can be achieved by careful planning
of the construction process. Crane availability is critical
for normal jump form.
 Self-climbing formwork cuts down the requirement for
crane time considerably. By allowing the crane to be
used for other construction work this may reduce the
total number of cranes needed on site.
 The formwork is independently supported, so the shear
walls and core walls can be completed ahead of the rest
of the main building structure. This can help to provide
stability to the main structure during its construction
and can have the beneficial effect of taking the jump
form core off the project critical path.

49. SAFETY.
 Working platforms, guard rails, and ladders are built into the
completed units of market-leading formwork systems. Complete
wind-shield protection on platform edges is also possible.
 Self-climbing formwork systems are provided with integral free-fall
braking devices.
 The completed formwork assembly is robust and provides a stable
working platform.
 The reduced use of scaffolding and temporary work platforms
results in less congestion on site.
 The setting rate of concrete in those parts of the structure supporting
the form is critical in determining the rate at which construction can
safely proceed.
 The repetitive nature of the work means that site operatives can
quickly become familiar with health and safety aspects of their job.
Formwork suppliers provide materials and resources to help train
the labour force.

50. SUSTAINABILITY FEATURES
 The formwork system is easy to clean and reuse with
little formwork waste generated compared to traditional
formwork.
 Climbing formwork systems offer simplicity, safety and
cost effectiveness for certain high-rise building
structures.
 The repetitive nature of the work, combined with the
engineered nature of the formwork, allows fine tuning
of the construction operations, which in turn leads to
minimal concrete wastage.

51. Many repeated uses of formwork are possible
before maintenance or replacement is needed,
the number of uses depending on the quality of
the surface finish of concrete specified

52.  It is an economical, rapid and
accurate method of constructing
reinforced concrete, or post-tensioned
concrete structures.
 At its most basic level, slipforming is a
type of movable formwork which is
slowly raised, allowing the continuous
extrusion of concrete.
CLIMB FORM
CONSTRUCTION

53.  Climbing formwork is a special type formwork for
vertical concrete structures that rises with the building process.
While relatively complicated and costly, it can be an effective
solution for buildings that are either very repetitive in form (such as
towers or skyscrapers) or that require a seamless wall structure
(using gliding formwork, a special type of climbing formwork).
 Various types of climbing formwork exist, which are either relocated
from time to time, or can even move on their own (usually on
hydraulic jacks, required for self-climbing and gliding formworks).
Types of climbing form

54. Fig.- Climbing formwork on a future residential skyscraper
in New Zealand—the whole white upperstructure is actually
formwork and associated working facilities.

55.  Climbing formwork (crane-
climbing): in this type of
climbing formwork, the
formwork around the
is displaced upwards with the
help of one or more cranes
.once the hardening of the
concrete has proceeded far
enough. This may entail lifting
the whole section, or be
achieved segmentally.
Types…
 Crane-Climbing formwork:
The working platform and
the formwork are a unit

56.  Climbing formwork (self-climbing): In this type of
the structure elevates itself with the help of mechanic leverage
equipment (usually hydraulic). To do this, it is usually fixed to
sacrificial cones or rails emplaced in the previously cast
concrete.
 Gliding formwork: This type of formwork is similar to the
climbing type above. However, the climbing process is
continuous instead of intermittent, and is usually only
interrupted for a very short time (for example to fix the
mounting mechanisms to new anchoring points). The
advantage is that it will produce seamless structures, but it
requires a continuous, uninterrupted process throughout, with
serious potential quality and stability problems if the pour has
to be stopped

58.  A table form/flying form is a large pre-
assembled formwork and falsework
unit, often forming a complete bay of
suspended floor slab.
 It offers mobility and quick installation
for construction projects with regular
plan layouts or long repetitive
structures, so is highly suitable for flat
slab, and beam and slab layouts.
TABLE FORM/FLYNG FORM

59. Table form and flying form is routinely used for:
 Residential flats
 Hotels
 Hostels
 Offices
 Commercial buildings

60.  Fast construction for large floor layouts.
 Fully assembled units can be manoeuvred quickly into
place.
 Using appropriate quality control, high quality surface
finishes can be achieved.
 Reduced long-term workforce requirement on site.
 The need for infill areas and decking joints is minimised.
 Individual components of the formwork system can be
precisely adjusted.
 Repetitive nature of the work makes it easier to plan
construction activities.
BENEFITS

61.  The column formwork systems now
available are normally modular in
nature and allow quick assembly and
erection on-site while minimising
labour and crane time.
 They are available in steel, aluminium
and even cardboard (not reusable but
recycled) and have a variety of internal
face surfaces depending on the
concrete finish required.
 Innovations have led to adjustable,
reusable column forms which can be
clamped on-site to give different
column sizes
System column formwork

63.  Tunnel form is used to form
repetitive cellular structures, and
is widely recognised as a modern
innovation that enables the
construction of horizontal and
vertical elements (walls and
floors) together.
 Significant productivity benefits
have been achieved by using
tunnel form to construct cellular
buildings such as hotels, low-
and high-rise housing, hostels,
student accommodation, prison
and barracks accommodation.
Tunnel form

64. Main Equipments
• Tower crane
• Concrete pump
• Protection screen
• Plumb lazer
• Platforms, chute and lifts

65. Climbing Tower Cranes
A climbing tower crane lifts itself up
using a climbing attachment with
hydraulic jacks that surrounds the
mast. The climbing attachment lifts
itself up off the erected mast and
inserts a new mast section

67. Climbing Tower Cranes – Tie-in Assembly

68. Concrete Pump – Self Climbing
The concrete is pumped by a diesel
powered, static concrete pump, through a
fixed 125 mm pipeline, to the folding
placing boom. The boom is mounted on a
steel column of up to 20 metres high. The
column is supported by a cross base or a
system of floor frames set into the
concrete floors. With floor frames , the
whole column / boom assembly can climb
with the building as the work progresses.
For placing concrete pumping is faster
than using a crane and skip and is less
likely to be adversely affected by high
winds.

69. Concrete Pump

70. Protection Screen - Self climbing
Protection screens enclose the top floors
of a high rise enabling construction work
to be carry out in great safety, and
protected from the weather.
The screen will contain any debris and
tools that would otherwise fall to the
surface.
The Protection screen can be moved
upwards hydraulically or using a tower
crane.

71. Ensuring Verticality
Leave 3 holes in the floor,
forming a right angle. Use a
laser plumb bob and a
transparent sheet on the floors
above. "Jump" the laser every
5 or 6 floors.

72. Platforms, Chutes & Lift

73. Platforms, Chutes & Lift

74. THANK YOU
FOR YOUR SILENCE