Introduction to High-Rise Development

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GROUP-01
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16TH BATCH
Dept. of Architecture , DUET
Presentation on
Introduction to High-Rise

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
03. Definition of High-rise
05. Background of High-rise
15. Development of High-rise
18. Recent approaches of High-rise
25. High-Rise in Bangladesh
30. Concept

(Ref: High rise manual, Johann Eisele and Ellen kloft ) 3
•Skyscraper means essentially erases the sky by sticking out and
blocking it.
•Skyscrapers as being at least 100 meters or 150 meters in height.
•William LeBaron Jenney, a Chicago architect, designed
the first skyscraper in 1884.
Skyscraper
Fig: the Home Life Insurance Building
TYPE OF BUILDING Height
Low rise 4 floor or under
Mid rise 5 to 12 floor
High rise 13 or above
Skyscraper Super tall 300m above
Mega tall Beyond 600m
In BNBC A high rise building is one with ten floors or more about 33
meters or more height.
•High rise means tall structure of several floors.
•It may be free standing these buildings are closely related of the city.
• It is a natural response to dense population.
DEFINITION OF HIGHRISE

ADVANTAGES
 IT is save space and accommodate more
residents as compared to shorter building.
 The higher floors are relatively more airy
and receive more sunlight.
Ref: The design and construction of high rise architecture, Guy Marriage
DISADVANTAGES
 The construction of very tall building requires highly
skilled engineers and architects to design the building
thus increasing the total cost.
 Very tall building bear wind forces and seismic forces
apart from dead and live load.
 Building above 100 story height face the problem of
oscillation, sometimes resulting in crashing of windowpanes.
 Taller building are a better option for the
idea of a green building since they are
more lit, airy.
( Ref: http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/low-rise) 4
ELEMENTS OF
HIGHRISE
BUILDING:-
•Frame structure
•Façade
•Core

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(Ref: High rise manual, Johann Eisele and Ellen kloft )
1.The Beginnings in the USA
•Chicago — the Block
•New York — the Block and the Tower
•New York, The 1916 Zoning Laws — the Wedding Cake
• New York — the American Skyscraper
•The International Style — Simple Forms
• New York, The Zoning Laws of 1961 — A High-rise with an Entrance Plaza
•Postmodernism
2.High-rise Construction in Europe
Developments before 1945
• Germany
•France
•Russia
Developments after 1945
•Paris
•London
3.Enter Asia
Background:

Country Shape Year Project Characteristic Architect
Chicago The block 19 Country
(1) 1884
(2) 1894
(3) 1892
(1) Home Insurance
building
(2) Reliance Building
(3) Masonic temple
•Two most important parameters
•development of service system of
large office blocks.
•Subdivided the building into, base,
shaft and capital
(1) William
Lebaron jenny
(2) Burnham and
root
(3) Burnham and
root
*Note: A law pars in 1893, drastically limiting permissible light 40 m. As a consequence, Chicago war completed to surrender it’s leading
role in high-rise construction and development into New York.
New York The Block and The
Tower
(4) 1908
(5) 1914
(4) Singer Tower
(5) Woolworth Building
•Development of idea of the tower.
•Influence of eclecticism
(4) Ernest Flagg
(5) Cass Gilbert
*Note: The term “Skyscraper” was coined. The public acceptance of the skyscraper’s architectural language grew, reaching it’s zenith in
the colder twenties.
New York The Zoning laws, The
wedding cake style
(6) 1915
(7) 1926
(6) Equitable building
(7) Barclay Building
•Building clients and architects began
pushing the explanation of plots to
extreme.
•Response skyscrapers.
•Passed the Zoning laws 1916.
(6) Ernest Graham
(7) Voorhees
Gemelin and
Walker.
*Note: Building thus constructed may be classified as high-rise structures with three distinct zones and greatly extended pinnacles. This
style created by setting back building in distinct levels is offer referred to as the “Wedding cake style”.
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The block
The Block and The
Tower
The Zoning laws
The wedding cake
style
The American
Skyscraper

New York The American
Skyscraper
(8) 1930
(early)
Two most famous
skyscrapers
(1) The Chrysler
Building.
(2) the Empire State
Building
•Designed in theatrical
Art Deco style.
•The archetype of the American
skyscraper.
(8)architect William
van Alen
(9)Schreve, Lamb
and Harmon
*Note:. The Empire State Building (381 m)remained the world's tallest building from 1931 to 1972. Then Modernism brought
to an end the era of the Golden Twenties and that of the skyscraper too.
Chicago
(International
Style )
Simple from (9) 1932
(10) 1940
(1) the PSFS Building
(Philadelphia )
(2) the RCA Building
of the Rockefeller
Center
•In 1922,held the most famous
international high-rise
competition.
•De Stijl movement
•The sign of Modernism
•curtain-wall faqades.
•great attention to detail.
•prototype of the modern office
tower.
(10) Howe and
Lescaze
(11) Hood &
Foulhoux,
Hofmeister, Corbett,
Harrison & Mac
Murrey
New York The Zoning
Laws of 1961 —
A High-rise with
an Entrance
Plaza
(11)1958 (1) The seagram
building.
•A large plaza in front.
•permitted greater concentration
in return for public space on the
site.
•focused attention on the base as
the public zone.
(12)Mies vander
rohe

*Note:. Postmodernism
In the 1970s and 1980s, people began search in for alternatives to the stereotypical buildings of the Modern Movement.
New York (12)1976
(13) 1984
(1) Pennzoil Plaza
Building
(2) AT&T Building
•use a striking base zone in
connection with a tall building
and a conventional street
development.
•The new law stipulated that the
base of the building was not to
be set back by more than three
meters.
(13) Houston/ Texas,
Philip Johnson and
John Burgee
(14) Johnson/Burgee
Developments before 1945
• At the end of the 19th century, Europe played an important role in developing new building
materials
( steel, glass and reinforced concrete)
• The industrial revolution, which introduced new production methods. .
• In 1851 Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, an all-skeleton building, was erected for the World
Exhibition.
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• Another milestone in the development of iron skeleton structures, (300 m) Tower
designed by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World Exhibition in Paris.
• The new types of buildings. The "Chicago School“.
• In the early 20th century high-rise planning was discussed at a purely theoretical level in
Europe.
• The model of a concentrated ensemble of high-rises in the city center.
• Implemented in the new American cities that were evolving on grid plans.
Germany (1)1919 (1) Die stadtkrone
(civic center)
•located at a suitable distance.
•The capital needed to implement this idea was still
lacking in the early days.
•A novel modern cityscape arose that was based on
the notion of horizontal traffic layers and high-rise
buildings.
(1)Bruno Taut.
France (2)1925 (2)Plan Vision for
paris
•Their high-rises,
designed as elements of urban-development
projects.
•placed at sufficient distance from one another .
(2)Le Corbusier
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Country Year Project Characteristic Architect
Russia (1)1924 (1) , El Lissitzky •the idea of creating the symbolic representation of a new
society.
•Monument to the hired International.
(1) Sky-Hook.
Developments after 1945
Country Year Project Characteristic Architect
Paris (1)1989 (1) La Défense
(cluster)
•A cluster of high-rises built outskirts as a branch of the
city
•completed in several stages.
(1) Johan Otto von
Spreckeiscn
London 1)1990 (1) Millenium Tower •1960 high-rise buildings exceeding the 100m mark.
•1986 the law were relaxed.
(1) Foster & Partners
Enter Asia
•The Japanese economy began to boom in the 1950s.
•On the "opposite side", in China, cities have been growing
upwards since the 1980s.
• Eiffel Tower 1958.
•the Kuala Lumpur Television Tower (KLTV Tower),(421 m)
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high-rise building
1880 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
1900
Home Insurance building(1884)
Reliance Building(1892)
Masonic temple(1894)
Chicago
New York
Singer Tower(1908)
Woolworth Building(1914)
Equitable building(1915)
Barclay Building(1926)
Germany
Legend
High-rise building
City
12
TIMELINE of the development of the high-rise building:

1880 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
1900
Chicago
Russia
EI Lissitzky(1924)
Plan Vision for Paris(1925)
The Cyrsler Building(1930)
The Empire State Building(1930)
The PSFS Building(1932)
The R CA Building(1940)
New York
Franch
high-rise building
Legend
High-rise building
City
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High-rise Construction in EUROPE

1880 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
1900
New York
Asia
New York
Chicago
Paris
London
The Seargam Building(1958)
Eiffel Tower(1958)
Pennzoil Plaza(1976)
AT & T Building(1984)
La Defense Cluster(1989)
Millenium Tower(1990)
high-rise building
Legend
High-rise building
City
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TIMELINE of the development of the high-rise building:

A high-rise building is a tall
building, as opposed to a low-
rise building and is defined
differently in terms of height
depending on the jurisdiction. It
is used as a residential, office
building, or other functions
including hotel, retail, or with
multiple purposes combined.
https://www.constrofacilitator.com/high-rise-building-an-analysis-of-development-types-and-importance/
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Rank Name Location
Height
(ft)
Floors Year
1 Home Insurance Building Chicago 180ft(55m) 10 1885
2 Chrysler Building New York City 1,046 ft 77 1930 - 1931
3 Empire State Building New York City 1,250 ft 102 1930 - 1931
4 World Trade Center New York 1,368 ft 110 1970 - 1972
5 Sears Tower Chicago 1,450 ft 110 1974
6 Burj Dubai United Arab Emirates 2600 ft 160 + -story 2009
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHRISE

Since the first appearance of high-rise buildings, there has been a transformation in their
design and construction. This has culminated in glass, steel, and concrete structures in
the international and postmodernist styles of architecture prevalent today.
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https://www.constrofacilitator.com/high-rise-building-an-analysis-of-development-types-and-importance/
Elements First Generation Second Generation Third Generation
Wall  stone or brick, although
sometimes cast iron was added
for decorative purposes.
 brick and glass facade.  Use of glass façade.
Column  The columns were constructed
of cast iron.
 skeleton of steel columns that
run through the entire
building.
 Structural steel ,
reinforcement and concrete
are widely used materials to
cast a composite column.
Three Generations of High-Rise Buildings

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https://w ww.constrofacilitator.com/high-rise-building-an-analysis-of-development-types-and-importance/
First Generation Second Generation Third Generation
Beam
 Steel and wrought iron was
used for the beams
 frame structures, in which a
skeleton of welded- or riveted-
steel columns and beams
 Within this generation there are those of
steel-framed construction ( core
construction and tube construction),
Floor  The floors were made of
wood.
 The interiors are full of heavy,
load-bearing columns and walls.
 Reinforced concrete construction, and
steel-framed reinforced concrete
construction
Timeline
and
Example

http://bpnarchitects.co.uk
https://workwithfocus.com/news/design-approaches-architecture-1
The Sustainable Approach
 One of the most recent common architectural approaches is the sustainable approach.
 Everyone wants a green, eco-friendly building. And to achieve that, we need to
incorporate sustainable design from the very beginning.
 A sustainable architectural approach involves designing buildings to minimize any
negative environmental impact.
 This can involve anything from incorporating sustainable energy use to building
placement.
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The design of projects with a realistic and pragmatic approach, considering a wide
variety of influences such as-
• Context
• History
• Planning
• Sustainability
• Massing
• Enclosure
• Openness
• Forms and materials.
Recent approaches of high-rise building

http://bpnarchitects.co.uk
EDITT Tower, Singapore
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Downpipe for rain
water distribution
system
Water catchment
scallops
Photovoltaic panel
40% surface covered
Planted form
 Energy efficient building.
 Future adaptability.
 Natural ventilation.
Recent Approaches of High-rise building
Case study : EDITT Tower , Singapore
 include the ability to convert sewage into biogas
and fertilizer.
 using many recycled and recyclable materials.
 Rain water harvesting system.

Article: Biomimicry, An Approach Toward Sustainability of High-Rise Buildings,
https://www.researchgate.net/journal/Iranian-Journal-of-Science-and-Technology-Transaction-A-Science-1028-6276
DNA Tower
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 Creating a DNA helix
impression.
 The towers are almost
rotating.
 Open and accessible nature
makes it almost see-through
in appearance.
 Space network inside.
Case study: DNA Tower
straight tubes
Curved
structure
The Biomimicry Approach
 The efforts for combining technology and biology are to a great extent these days.
 Biomimicry is a concept that talks about the ideas inspired by nature, and it has been
offered as an optimal solution for the conflicts between nature and human activities.
 To minimize buildings negative impacts on the environment and reach overall
architectural sustainability.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/9/9/193/htm
 Consider the surrounding environment and
vegetation.
 Use natural sunlight to provide
both heat and light.
 To collect precipitation for use
in cooling systems.
 Use wind patterns to maximize ventilation .
Bioclimatic Approach
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Soma Masterplan ,Bangalore , India
The Bioclimatic Approach
 Analysis of the climatic conditions of the site , Sun’s path etc.
 Inspired by Ken Yeang. using passive low-energy techniques to relate to the site's climate
and meteorological data, resulting in a tall building that is environmentally interactive.
Case study: Soma Masterplan ,Bangalore , India.

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Geometrical Forms Approach: Extruder
a) Marina City towers ,Chicago
b) Bay Gate ,Dubai
c) Doha tower ,Doha
d) Greenland Puli Center ,Jinan
e) the World Trade Center ,Bahrain
Geometrical Forms Approach: Rotor
(a) Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower ,Tokyo
(b) Swiss Re ,London
(c) esthafen Tower, Frankfurt
(d) Torre Agbar ,Barcelona
(e) Tornado Tower ,Doha
• cylindrical central
core system
• wall frame
system
• tube
frame
system
• core and
outrigger
system
• shear wall
frame
system

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Geometrical Forms Approach: Twister and Tordos
(a) Turning Torso, Malmo,
(b) Al Bidda Tower ,Doha
(c) Revolution Tower ,Panama City
(d) Evolution Tower ,Moscowand
(e) Mode Gakuen Spiral Towers
,Nagoya
(a) Aqua Tower ,Chicago
(b) Burj Al Arab ,Dubai
(c) Flame Towers ,Baku
(d) Sheraton Huzhou Hot Spring
Resort,Huzhou
Geometrical Forms Approach: Free Form
• mega core
system
• wall frame system • core system • tube system

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 Square in plan with rounded corners reduce
the lateral load.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_CTF_Finance_Centre
 tapers dramatically to minimize the surface
area exposed to wind, sun, and moisture.
 The building's aerodynamic shape greatly
reduces this vortex shedding by “confusing
the wind” and disrupting the opportunity for
any resonating wind forces and loads on
the structure.
Case study : Tianjin CTF Finance Centre,
Tianjin, China
Tianjin CTF Finance Centre, Tianjin, China
Example:
Rounded corner
Taper profile

The Experiential Approach
 This approach to architectural
design is extremely immersive.
 The experiential approach takes
into account the end user's
experience.
 In this design strategy, a building is
designed as an experience.
 It incorporates every impression
that a visitor will have on the
building - creating a fully immersive
experience.
The Practical Approach
 Arguably the most used approach is the practical design strategy.
 This strategy is just how it sounds, practical.
 Within this architectural approach, the architect is using the most practical & new
innovative composite materials, the most efficient design, and overall a traditionalist
strategy.
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At present , there are over 1500high-rise buildings in Dhaka city and many under construction . The list of
tallest buildings in Bangladesh ranks skyscrapers in Bangladesh based on official height .
Rank Name Location
Height
(ft)
Floors Year Building type
1 City Centre Dhaka Dhaka 561 ft 37 2012 Commercial
2 Hilton Dhaka Dhaka 499 ft 37
Under-
construction
Hotel
3 Bangladesh Bank Building Dhaka 449 ft 31 1985 Commercial
4 Navana Tower Gulshan Dhaka 440 ft 32 2020 Mixed-use
5 Aziz Court Imperial Chittagong 420 ft 32 2017 Commercial
6 Sheraton Dhaka Residences Dhaka 397 ft 30 2020 Mixed-use
7 Sun Moon Star Tower Dhaka 394 ft 30 2019 Mixed-use
8
Courtyard by Marriott
Chittagong
Chittagong 394 ft 30 2020 Hotel
9 The Westin Dhaka Dhaka 394 ft 30 2006 Hotel
10 Tower 71 Chittagong 381 ft 29 2019 Commercial
https://en.m.wikipedia.org
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High-rise in Bangladesh

Bangladesh Bank
Hilton Tower
City centre Dhaka
27

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• Architect : Mustapha Khalid
Bashirul Haq
• Type: Commercial office.
• Total Stories: 20
• Total Height: 70.74 m
• Elevators: 04 , speed:2.5m/sc
• Location: 36 Dilkusha ,C/A, Dhaka
• Design consideration
Formal expression
of building mass
•Façade fenestration
moves from the east to
the west
•A shape of cylinder
South Side
Site
configuration
PEOPLES INSURANCE BHABAN

https://unb.com.bd
www.tbsnews.net
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Liberation tower
Language tower
Lagacy tower
Legacy Tower:
It is a proposed supertall skyscraper in Dhaka.it is a part of “Bangabandhu Tri Tower”
which consists of two more skyscrapers beside the Legacy Tower.
•51-story Language tower
•71-story Liberation tower
•111-story Lagacy tower(1552ft)
Location: Purbachal new town
Architectural firm : Heerim Architects
Building Type:Commercial

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Hymenocaltis (Desert flower)
Building Outline(Top View) Y-Shaped Floor Plan
N
Lower impact
Wind Direction
Higher impact
Wind Direction
828M
Onion Dome
www.archidaily.com
CONCEPT:
BURJ KHALIFA
•162-story tower
•Mixed-use development
•Inspired by the geometries of
a regional desert flower and the
patterning systems embodied
in Islamic architecture .
Onion Dome

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Triangular Shaped Floor Plan
Sail of a ship
www.archidaily.com
BURJ-AL-ARAB
•Stands on an artificial island
•280m(920ft)
•The shape of the structure is
designed to resemble the sail
of a ship.
•Architect : Tom Wright
280m

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www.archidaily.com
CHICAGO SPIRE
•610m(2000ft)
•150 floors
•Architect : Santiago Calatrava
Perkins and Will
•Inspired by themes and designs in nature for the tall ,
twisting skyscraper.
•Imaginary smoke spire coming from a campfire near the
Chicago river.
•Never built project.

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• Height (architectural tip) 509.20 m
• Floors (above ground) 101
• Floors (below ground) 5
•The tower's design specifications are
based on the number "8", a lucky number
in traditional Chinese culture.
•it features 8 upward-flaring sections, and
is supported by 8 Super columns.
Pagoda style
•Traditional Architecture
• Ties into Cultural Beliefs
● Bamboo
- 8 Segments
- Everlasting Strength
- Youth and Longevity
www.archidaily.com
Taipei 101

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As Jean Nouvel said:
You don’t quite know where the cylinder begins
and ends because it rises from an excavation
and dissipates into the sky.
www.archiweb.com
Tour Sans Fins(The endless tower)
•Architect : Jean Nouvel
•The tower is a metaphysical object.
•The human mind is obsessed with infinity.
•An expression of vertical tension that’s conceptually
infinite.
•Never built project.
•Infinity was achieved by using materials.

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Twists 90degree from the
ground level to the top
Twist human body
www.wikipedia.org
TURNING TORSO
•Based on the sculpture.
•Exploring the human body in
motion, twisting as far as it can
naturally being pushed while
staying directly upright.
•Architecture style:Neo-futurism

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www.architectmagazine.com
TORNADO TOWER
•Concept is concretizing a tornado that is
emerging from the sea.
•keeping it as light as possible to blend with the
sites –surroundings.
•Location:Doha,katar
640ft

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Architect: Foster and Partners Structural
Location: City of London, England, United
Kingdom
 Finding the relation between
nature and workspace with an
energy efficient building
--Sir Norman Foster
Norman Foster conceived the
aerodynamic shape as a
possibility to allow the wind flow
around the building
www.archidaily.com
Swiss Reinsurance Headquarter

38
Characterized by
Long dynamic lines
Speed , motion
www.archidaily.com
BITEXCO FINANCIAL TOWER:
•Architect: Carlos Zapata
•Floor count:68 with 3 basement.
•Design inspired from the Vietnam’s national flower:The lotus
•Architectural style: Futuristic.

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•A square prism- represent the earth
•‘Two cosmic arcs represent the
heavens
www.archidaily.com
SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER:
•Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox
•Floor count:101
•Architectural style: Neo-Futuristism.
•Height:494m
•Chinese mythology represents the earth with a square and the sky
with a circle.
1555ft
Trapezoid aperture

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● Bamboo
- Representative of the growth
patterns of bamboo
- Symbol of hope and revitalization
in the Chinese culture.
www.archidaily.com
Bank of China Tower :
•Architect: I.M.Pei
• To create an unavoidably tall unique headquarters in a
typhoon-prone region that would represent the aspirations of
the Chinese people yet also symbolize good will toward the
British Colony.
• Original plans included an x-shaped cross-brace . In China the
"X" shape is seen as a symbol of death. As an alternative, Pei
chose to use less menacing diamond forms.

41
www.archidaily.com
irregularly shaped concrete floor slabs
• facade an undulating, sculptural quality.
• Gang cites the striated limestone outcroppings that are a common
topographic feature of the Great lakes region as inspiration for these
slabs.
• This sinuous shape is not just a mere formal gesture, it is also a
strategy to extend the views and maximize solar shading.
• Architect: Studio Gang Architects.
AQUA (skyscraper)

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• Shanghai Tower is designed to embrace and stimulate
the life of the city.
• Gensler design team anticipated that three key
strategies—the tower’s asymmetrical form, its tapering
profile and its rounded corners—would allow the building
to withstand the typhoon-force winds that are common in
Shanghai.
tapering profile
rounded corners
Typhoon-force winds
Floor plan
www.archidaily.com
Shanghai Tower:

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Pagoda style
•Traditional Architecture
• Ties into Cultural Beliefs
www.archidaily.com
Jin Mao Tower:
•Super tall skyscraper in China.
•Height:420.5ft
•Composed of 88 standard floors.
•Inspired from ancient Chinese pagoda.
•Architect : Adrian smith.

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• Height : 147.0 m
• Floors : 27
• Style : Islamic Architecture
• The design concept is based on the fusion between bio-inspiration,
regional architecture, and performance-based technology.
• Circles and orbits are used to reflect the concept of unification and unity
evident in nature.
Plan Development:
• Design principles is to achieve a performance orientated , culturally relevant.
• Based on six tangential arcs , taken from three intersecting circles.
www.archidaily.com
AL BAHR TOWERS , Abu Dhabi, UAE

Introduction to High-Rise Development

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