1) Hypothermia therapy involves cooling infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy to 33-35°C for 72 hours and is the standard treatment. It decreases cerebral metabolic rate and excitotoxic neurotransmitter release, reducing apoptosis, edema, and injury. 2) Other promising neuroprotective strategies include oxygen free radical inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, erythropoietin, excitatory amino acid antagonists like magnesium, preventing excess nitric oxide formation, attenuating apoptosis, and stem cell transplantation. 3) While hypothermia therapy reduces mortality and disability, ongoing research aims to develop more effective combination therapies targeting multiple injury mechanisms.

1. RECENT ADVANCES IN MANAGEMENT OF HIE
BY
DR. TAUHID IQBALI
MBBS (JIPMER)
MD PED. (PMCH)

2. DEFNITION OF HIE
NEONATAL ENCEPHALOPATHY FOLLOWING SEVERE
BIRTH ASPHYXIA OR PERINATAL HYPOXIA IS REFERED
TO AS HIE

3. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HIE
• Pathogenesis of HIE involves cascades of events.
And it consist of:
1. Primary energy failure
2. Latent phase
3. Reperfusion injury
4 .Secondary phase

4. PRIMARY ENERGY FAILURE
SEVERE HYPOXIA
DEPLETON OF HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDSINCREASE RELEASE OF GLUTAMATE AT SYNAPTIC LEVEL
FAILURE OF Na+-k+ ATPase
DEPOLARIZATION OF CELL MEMBRANE
INFLUX OF Na+ INFLUX OF Ca++
OSMOTIC INFLUX OF WATER
CYTOTOXIC NEURONAL EDEMA
ACTIVATION OF
INTRACELLULAR
PROTEASES AND
LIPASES
PRODUCTION OF:
XANTHINE OXIDASE
NO
PROSTAGLANDINS
FREE RADICAL GENERATION
NMDA RECEPTOR ACTIVATION
Ca ++ INFLUX
NEURONAL NOS ACTIVATION
INCREASE NO RELEASE
NO AND FREE RADICALS COMBINE TO FORM PEROXYNITRITE
( A HIGHLY TOXIC OXIDAND )
NECROTIC CELL DEATH OF NEURONS

5. LATENT PHASE
PHASE WHERE CEREBRAL METABOLISM
TRANSIANTLY RECOVERS

6. REPERFUSION PHASE
1.ACTIVATION OF : Cyclooxygenase
Xanthine oxidase
Lipoxygenase
INCREASE PRODUCTION OF FREE RADICAL
2. ACCUMULATION OF NO

7. SECONDARY PHASE
IT INVOLVES CONTRIBUTIONS OF:
MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION
CASPASE ACTIVATION
INFLAMATORY MEDIATORS
EXCITO TOXIC – OXIDATION CASCADES
APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH

8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HIE CONT.
TIME LINE

9. SO NOW AS WE UNDERSTOOD THE CURRENT
MECHANISM OF HIE !!

10. OUR STRATEGIES WOULD BE TO:
• DECREASE CEREBRAL METABOLIC RATE
• BLOCK NMDA RECEPTOR CHANNEL
• DECREASE GLUTAMATE RELEASE
• INHIBIT VOLTAGE GATED Ca++ CHANNELS
• DECREASE FREE RADICAL REACTIONS
• PREVENT FREE RADICAL FORMATIONS
• DECREASE INFLAMATORY RESPONSE
• ATTENUATE APOPTOSIS CASCADES

11. THIS IS WHAT GIVES US HUNTING GROUND
FOR ADVANCED THERAPUTIC MODALITIES IN
HIE

13. HYPOTHERMIA THERAPY
MILD HYPOTHERMIA (3-4 degree below baseline temperature) IS NEUROPROTECTIVE
MECHANISM OF ACTION:
1.DECREASE CEREBRAL METABOLICRATE AND ENERGY DEPLETION
2.DECREASE EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE
3.DECREASE APOPTOSIS
4.DECREASE VASCULAR PERMEABILITY AND EDEMA

14. What is the optimal timing of initiation of
hypothermia therapy?
Cooling must begin early, within 6 hours of
injury. However, experimental evidence
strongly suggest that the earlier the better.

15. What is the optimal duration of
hypothermia therapy?
The greater the severity of the initial injury,
the longer the duration of hypothermia
needed.
But it should be at least used for 72 hours

16. What is the best method?
Two methods have been used in clinical trials:
Selective head cooling
Whole body cooling
In selective head cooling, a cap (Cool Cap) with channels for circulating cold water is
placed over the infant's head, and a pumping device facilitates continuous circulation of
cold water. Nasopharyngeal or rectal temperature is then maintained at 34-35°C for 72
hours
In whole body hypothermia, the infant is placed on a commercially available cooling
blanket, through which circulating cold water flows, so that the desired level of
hypothermia is reached quickly and maintained for 72 hours.

17. What is the optimal rewarming method?
Rewarming is a critical period. In clinical
trials, rewarming was carried out gradually,
over 6-8 hours.

18. ADVERSE EFFECTS:
THOUGH THEORETITAL IT INCLUDES
COAGULATION DEFECT
LEUKOCYTES MALFUNCTION
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
WORSENING OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
ABNORMALITIES OF CARDIAC RHYTHM
2013 Cochrane review says
Significant adverse effect is limited to only SINUS BRADYCARDIA and
THROMBOCYTOPENIA

19. LONG TERM OUTCOME:
2012 NICHD trial
Combined outcome of death and IQ score
below 70 occurred in
62% of patient in control group
47% of patient in hypothermia therapy group
Death
Control group 48%
Hypothermia therapy group 28%
Severe disability
Control group 60%
Hypothermia therapy group 41%

20. STUDIES ON THERAPUTIC HYPOTHERMIA IN HIE
A decrease in the combined outcomes of mortality/major
neurodevelopmental disability at 18 months (8 studies)
A reduction in mortality (11 studies)
A reduction in neurodevelopmental disability in survivors (8 studies)
9 independent meta-analyses have confirmed a consistent and robust
beneficial effect of therapeutic hypothermia for moderate-to-severe
encephalopathy

21. OTHER NEW THERAPUTIC MODALITIES
OXYGEN FREE RADICAL INHIBITOR AND SCAVENGERS
DIRECT INHIBITORS:
SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
ENDOPEROXIDASE
CATALASE
SCAVENGERS:
VITAMIN E
VITAMIN C
MANNITOL
INDIRECT INHIBITORS:
INDOMETHACIN
ALLOPURINOL
CYCLOOXYGENASE
N-ACETYL CYSTEINE
MELATONIN
Study have shown promising results but
their use will depend on the ability to
develop appropriate delivery system that
will allow action at the cellular and
specific tissue site

22. CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
FLUNARIZINE
NIMODIPINE
These two drugs appears mot efficacious on animal study
Results of clinical trial is awaited
ERYTHROPOIETIN
Its neuroprotective mechanism is mediated through:
1.Direct neurotropic effect
2.Decrease susceptibility to glutamate toxicity
3. Release of antiapoptotic factors
4.Reduce inflamation
5. Decrease nitric oxide mediated injury
6.Direct antioxidant effect
Epo 5000 u/kg have shown to provide significant neuroprotection
and improved outcome

23. EXCITATORY AMINO ACID ANTAGONIST
INHIBITOR OF GLUTAMATE RELEASE:
BACLOFEN
ADENOSINE
ADENOSINE AGONIST
NMDA RECEPTOR BLOCKER:
MAGNESIUM
PHENCYCLIDINE
DEXTROMETHORPHAN
KETAMINE
MK- 801
EAA antagonist MK-801 , has shown promising results in experimental animals and in a limited
number of adult trials. However, this drug has serious cardiovascular adverse effects
HOWEVER
MAGNESIUM SULFATE IS A NATURAL ANTAGONIST OF NMDA WITH LESS SIDE EFFECTS SO ROLE OF MS AS A
NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT IN PREVENTION OF BRAIN DAMAGE IN HIE DESERVE ACTIVE CONSIDERATION AND
EVALUATION IN FUTURE

24. PREVENTION OF EXCESS NITRIC OXIDE FORMATION
NOS INHIBITOR:
NITROARGININE
Administration of nitroarginine in immature rats caused prolonged inhibition
of NOS and thus reduction in the extent of brain injury
Agents decreasing inflamatory response:
Allopurinol
Inflamatory antagonist
IL1 blocker
TNF alfa blocker

25. ATTENUATE APOPTOSIS PATHWAY
CASPASE INHIBITORS
STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
• THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT SUGGEST NEONATE BRAIN IS ENDOWED WITH THE
CAPABILITY FOR ENDOGENOUS NEUROGENESIS FLOWING HIE
• INFACT MANY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCES SUGGEST SCT MAY REPAIR THE
DAMAGED NEURONSIN BRAIN
• SEVERAL TYPES OF STEM CELLS HAVE BEEN USED IN RODENTS INCLUDING
NEURONAL STEM CELLS MESNCHYMAL STEM CELLS AND HEMATOPOIETIC
STEM CELLS
• THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT SUGGEST THAT GENETICALLY MODIFIED STEM CELLS
MAY BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN UNMODIFIED STEM CELLS
THUS SCT HAS POTENTIAL TO BECOME A FUTURE NEUROPROTECTIVE AND
REGENERATIVE THERAPY FOR HIE

26. THANK YOU