Herpesviridae Class Presentation for Virology discipline in Medicine by Sanskar Virmani, at School of Medicine, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Presentation is free to use for non-monetary purposes if the author (i.e., me) is properly cited and given due credits.
LinkedIn Profile: bit.ly/SanskarV_LinkedIn
The Paramyxoviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA viruses known to cause different types of infections in vertebrates. Examples of these infections in humans include the measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
herpes simplex virus is a double stranded DNA virus causing many symptoms all over the body. it affects globally all over the world .
neonatal hsv attacks even the baby and made them to a fatal conditions.
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. From the perspective of the virus, the purpose of viral replication is to allow production and survival of its kind. By generating abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies into viruses, the virus is able to continue infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm
A type of virus that causes herpes infections and has DNA as its genetic material. There are two types of human herpesviruses. Infections with type 1 viruses cause cold sores on the lips or nostrils. Infections with type 2 viruses cause sores on the genitals (external and internal sex organs and glands).
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
The Paramyxoviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA viruses known to cause different types of infections in vertebrates. Examples of these infections in humans include the measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
herpes simplex virus is a double stranded DNA virus causing many symptoms all over the body. it affects globally all over the world .
neonatal hsv attacks even the baby and made them to a fatal conditions.
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur. From the perspective of the virus, the purpose of viral replication is to allow production and survival of its kind. By generating abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies into viruses, the virus is able to continue infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm
A type of virus that causes herpes infections and has DNA as its genetic material. There are two types of human herpesviruses. Infections with type 1 viruses cause cold sores on the lips or nostrils. Infections with type 2 viruses cause sores on the genitals (external and internal sex organs and glands).
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
describes the etiopathogenesis , clinical features, investigations, differential diagnosis and management and prophylaxis of all important viral lesions affecting the oral cavity
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Herpesviridae
Members of the herpesvirus family have been identified in
more than 80 different animal species
Eight have been identified as human pathogens
Herpes viruses are a leading cause of human viral disease,
second only to influenza and cold viruses
Herpes viruses infect most of the human population and
persons living past middle age usually have antibodies to
many of the human herpesviruses
Sanskar Virmani
5. After the primary infection, herpesviruses establish latency
in the infected host
Once a patient has become infected by herpes virus, the
infection remains for life
Intermittently, the latent genome can become activated, in
response to various stimulus, to produce infectious virions
Herpesviridae
Sanskar Virmani
6. Herpesviruses are classified into three groups based upon of
tissue tropism, pathogenicity and behavior
a herpesviruses
•Fast replicating
•Variable host range
•Typically destroy host cell
•Latency established in sensory ganglia
Herpes Simplex virus-1 and 2 (HSV-1 , HSV-2)
Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV)
Classification
Sanskar Virmani
7. b herpesviruses :
•Slowly replicating
•Restricted host range
•Infected cells enlarge (cytomegalia)
•Latency established in secretory glands, lymphoreticular
cells, kidneys
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Human Herpesvirus- 6 and 7 (HHV-6 , HHV-7)
Classification
Sanskar Virmani
8. g herpesviruses
•Replicate poorly
•Highly restricted host range
•Latency established in lymphoid tissue
(T-cell or B-cell specific)
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a B-cell transforming virus
Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8, KSHV)
Classification
Sanskar Virmani
9. Replication
ADSORPTION :
Envelope glycoproteins (e.g.- HSV proteins B and D) are
required for binding and penetration
Cellular receptors recognized by the herpesviruses are unknown
•EBV → C3d complement receptor
•CMV → Epidermal growth factor receptor
•HSV-1 →Tumor necrosis factor receptor
Sanskar Virmani
10. PENETRATION
The nucleocapsid enters the cell by direct membrane fusion
with the cell plasma membrane
Capsids are transported to the nucleus
DNA passes into the nucleus, probably via nuclear pores
Herpesviridae - Replication
Sanskar Virmani
13. Virus Assembly
Assembly of the nucleocasid
occurs in the nucleus
The nucleocapsid “buds” through
intracellular membranes
ultimately taking up tegument
proteins beneath the envelope
Replication
Sanskar Virmani
16. The initial step of the interaction of virus with the cell is binding
to heparan sulfate, which is found on many cell types
Thus, almost any human cell type can be infected by HSV
In many cells, such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts,
infection is lytic
Neurons normally support a latent infection
If early and late proteins are made, the cell is set on a route to
lysis
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Sanskar Virmani
17. HSV-1 and HSV-2
first infect cells of the mucoepithelia , or enter through wounds
The site of the initial infection depends on the way in which the
patient acquires the virus
•HSV-1 above the waist
•HSV-2 below the waist
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Sanskar Virmani
18. The virus replicates in the epithelial
tissue yielding a characteristic “fever
blister” or “cold sore”
The fluid in this blister is full of
infectious virus
The blister ulcerates and forms a
crusted lesion that heals without a
scar
HSV- Pathology
Sanskar Virmani
19. The virus replicates in the
epithelial tissue yielding a
characteristic “fever blister” or
“cold sore”
The fluid in this blister is full of
infectious virus
The blister ulcerates and forms a
crusted lesion that heals without a
scar
HSV- Pathology
Sanskar
Virmani
20. Interferon and natural killer cells are important in limiting the
initial infection
Antibodies are directed against viral glycoproteins
The virus can also spread from one cell to another without
entering the extracellular space
This means that cell-mediated responses are vital in controlling
herpes infections; cytotoxic T cells and macrophages kill
infected cells
HSV- Pathology
Sanskar Virmani
21. HSV also infects neurons that innervate the epithelial tissue.
The virus travels along the neuron (retrograde transport)
•oral mucosa → trigeminal ganglia
•genital mucosa → sacral ganglia
HSV- Latency
A latent infection is established
in the nervous tissue
Sanskar
Virmani
22. HSV- Reactivation
Several agents may trigger recurrence
•stress
•exposure to strong sunlight
•fever
The virus can travels back down the nerve axon and arrives
at the mucosa that was initially infected
Vesicles containing infectious virus are formed on the
muscosa and the virus spreads
Recurrent infections are usually less confirmed than the
primary infection and resolve more rapidly
Sanskar
Virmani
23. HSV Infections
Oral Herpes
Both HSV-1 and HSV-2
Genital Herpes
Primarily HSV-2 (but 10% cases HSV-1)
Involve a transient viremia (fever, myalgia, glandular
inflammation in the groin area)
Secondary infections are frequently less severe
Herpes Keratitis
An infection of the eye
Primarily HSV-1
Sometimes recurrent
Leading cause of corneal blindness in the US
Sanskar
Virmani
24. Herpes gladiatorum
Contracted by wrestlers
Spreads by direct contact from skin lesions
Usually appears in the head and neck region
Also seen in other contact sports such as rugby
(Herpes Rugbeiorum )
HSV Encephalitis
Typically HSV-1
Most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis
Relatively rare (1000 cases/yr)
HSV Infections
Sanskar Virmani
25. Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Initial infection usually in childhood with Varicella virus (HHV-3)
→ Chicken Pox
It is spread by respiratory aerosols or direct contact with lesions
The virus establishes latency within the dorsal root ganglia
Years or decades later, the virus (Herpes zoster) may
reactivate → Shingles
Sanskar Virmani
26. Zoster means girdle, from the characteristic rash that forms a
belt around the thorax
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Rash along dermatomes
Sanskar Virmani
27. Trigeminal nerve reactivation
•uveitis, keratitis, conjunctivitis
Cranial nerve reactivation
•Bells palsy: a condition that causes the facial muscles to
weaken or become paralyzed. It's caused by trauma to
the 7th cranial nerve and is not permanent.
•Ramsay-Hunt syndrome: virus spread to facial nerves.
Characterized by intense ear pain, a rash around the ear,
mouth, face, neck, and scalp, and paralysis of facial
nerves. Symptoms may include hearing loss, vertigo,
and tinnitus.
VZV- Pathology
Sanskar Virmani
28. VZV- Pathology
Post-herpetic neuralgia: chronic burning or itching pain;
hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity to touch)
Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are approved for the
treatment of VZV
Sanskar Virmani
29. EBV (HHV-4) is responsible for infectious mononucleosis
The primary infection is often asymptomatic, but the patient may shed
infectious virus for many years
Some patients develop symptoms after 1-2 months
•malaise
•lymphadenopathy
•tonsillitis
•enlarged spleen and liver
•fever
•occasional rash
The severity of disease often depends on age, but usually resolves in 1
to 4 weeks
EBV may be transmitted by blood transfusion
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
Sanskar Virmani
30. The virus uses the C3d complement receptor for entry and
thus infects only a small number of cell types
•oro- and naso-pharynx
•B lymphocytes
Lytic Infection
The ZEBRA protein is expressed in epithelial cells
This transcription factor promotes the expression of early
genes -> active virus replication and lytic infection
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
Sanskar Virmani
31. Latency
B lymphocytes are only semi-permissive for replication and EBV
infection is often latent
The infected B-lymphocyte contains a few episomes
Only a few genes are expressed from the episome, including two
membrane proteins that are oncogenic
•Burkitts lymphoma
•nasal pharyngeal carcinoma
In addition:
•infectious mononucleosis
•chronic fatigue syndrome
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
Sanskar Virmani
32. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
CMV (HHV-5) derives its name from the fact that it can form multinucleated
cells (syncytia)
Some cells such as macrophages and fibroblasts support a productive
infection
Other cells such as T lymphocytes and stromal cells of the bone marrow set
up latent infection
The virus is spread via most secretions, particularly saliva, urine, vaginal
secretions and semen
CMV may also be spread by blood transfusion and organ transplant
CMV causes no symptoms in children and mild disease in adults
Sanskar Virmani
33. The virus elicits both humoral and cell-mediated immunity but
the infection is not cleared
The virus may reactivate, particularly in cases of
immunosuppression
•Organ transplant patients
•Immunosuppressive disease
(CMV-retinitis occurs in up to 15%
of all AIDS patients; also pneumonia,
colitis, esophagitis and encephalitis)
Gancyclovir may be used, especially to
treat retinitis in the immunosuppressed
CMV
HO
HN
N
N
O
H2N N
O
OH
Sanskar Virmani
34. Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) , or Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes
Virus (KSHV), is associated with the development of Kaposi’s
Sarcoma in AIDS patients.
Kaposi's sarcoma is a type of cancer
that affects men and is
rarely seen in women.
Although KS mainly affects the skin,
the mouth, and the lymph
nodes, it can also involve
the bowels and lungs.
HHV 8 is sexually transmitted.
Human Herpesvirus 8
Sanskar
Virmani
35. Thank You
Sanskar Virmani, MM-206 (2022-2023)
School of Medicine, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University