Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.
Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
Interstitial lung disease is a general category that includes many different lung conditions. All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs' anatomic structure.
Some of the types of interstitial lung disease include:
Interstitial pneumonia: Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may infect the interstitium of the lung. A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia is the most common cause.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : A chronic, progressive form of fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium. Its cause is unknown.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis: Interstitial lung disease that's often present with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma).
ARDS - Diagnosis and Management
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Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
Interstitial lung disease is a general category that includes many different lung conditions. All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs' anatomic structure.
Some of the types of interstitial lung disease include:
Interstitial pneumonia: Bacteria, viruses, or fungi may infect the interstitium of the lung. A bacterium called Mycoplasma pneumonia is the most common cause.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : A chronic, progressive form of fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium. Its cause is unknown.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis: Interstitial lung disease that's often present with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma).
ARDS - Diagnosis and Management
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In this pppt I have described surgical anatomy of chest wall, lungs and mediastinum. This will be useful to medical students, surgical residents and surgons
This is an Original Life Saving Surgical technique developed and published by me for treatment of Masiive or Recurrent Hemoptysis where standard lung resection is technically very difficult and or hazardous
Chest injuries ranks 3rd after head injuries and extremity injuries in a case of multisystem trauma.It is of two types blunt chest trauma and peneterating chest trauma.The main cause of blunt chest trauma is road side accidents due to vehicles. Peneterating chest trauma is more dangerous and is common in war injuries and civilian terroism.In this ppp I have discussed some useful uncommon and important aspects of chest injuries
Power point presentation about general principles of organ transplantation and pioneer surgons and investigators, Specific discussion about Heart, Heart lung and Lung transplantation is given
This PowerPoint presentation provides an in-depth overview of pneumothorax, a medical condition that occurs when air leaks into the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse. The presentation covers the causes, symptoms, and diagnostic procedures for pneumothorax, including chest x-rays and CT scans.
The presentation also discusses the various treatment options available for pneumothorax, such as thoracentesis, chest tube insertion, and surgery. The benefits and risks of each treatment are also explained in detail, providing the audience with a comprehensive understanding of the condition and its management.
In addition, the presentation includes several case studies and real-life examples to help illustrate the impact of pneumothorax on patients and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. It is an ideal resource for medical professionals, students, and anyone interested in learning more about this common medical condition.
Overall, this PowerPoint presentation provides a valuable resource for understanding pneumothorax, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options, helping to improve patient outcomes and quality of care.
Amputation is one of the meanest yet one of the greatest operations in surgery,i.e. mean- when resorted to where better may be done, Great – as the only step to give comfort to patient and prolong his lhis. This was said by Sir William Ferguson Great British Surgon of 19th century. In this ppp I have described tt in a simple and lucid way
Lymphoedema is an abnormal swelling of limb due to the collection of excessive amount of high protein fluid secondary to defective lymphatic drainage in the presence of normal capillary filteration.It is very disabiling condition to the patient. In this ppp I have discussed its clinical picture and management in a simple way
Carcinoma esophagus is a lethal disease and carries poor prognosis.The diagnosis is usually delayed and over all 5yrs survival is less than 15% In this presentation I have discussed carcinoma esophagus - its pathology, clinical features, investigations and treatment in nutshell
In this ppp I have described three new original thoracic surgical operations which I have devised myself, used for many years and published in reputed international journals.These are very useful and simple operatins for complex chest problems and will benefit every thoracic surgon for treating his patients
This is prestigious Godrej S Karai Oration I delivered in the annual conference of IACVTS -Indian Association of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgons few years back.Thoracic Surgery is neglected cousin of Cardiac Surgery in India but it is equally important for patients and students.I hope this ppp will stimulate the minds of younger CVT Surgons .
Valular heart disease is very common in most of Afro Asian counteries mainly due to Rheumatic heart disease..Definitive treatment is surgery.which may be valve replacement or reapir. In this ppp I have discussed this subject in a simple way
Swallowing of any foregion body like coins, pins,seeds,buttton batteries and platic pieces is common in children.In older persons pieces of bone (fish or chicken) or part of loose denture is common. It becomes an emergency situation and needs urgent treatment.In this ppp I have discussed this problem in a brief and clear way
Pulmonary tuberculosis is a very common disease in developing counteries and a big health hazard. Drug therapy is main treatment.Surgery is required mainly for its complications.In this ppp I have described this topic in a simple way
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
Management of Hemoptysis
1. MANAGEMENT OF HEMOPTYSIS
Dr R.S Dhaliwal
MBBS,MS,DNB(Surg),M.Ch,DNB(CTV Surg)
FACS,FCCP,FNCCP,FICA,FIACS
Prof & HOD , Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery,
P.G.I.M.E.R, Chandigarh,India
2. INTRODUCTION
• Hemoptysis - Expectoration of blood
originating from the tracheobronchial tree or
pulmonary parenchyma
• Massive Hemoptysis – Expectoration Of >600
ml blood in 24 hrs
• Very important symptom which brings the patient
to the doctor quickly
• Can occur directly or indirectally due to any
chest disease
3. Etiology
• Pulmonary tuberculosis – active or its late sequallae
• Bronchiectasis
• Bronchial carcinoma
• Lung abcess
• Aspergilloma
• Pulmonary infarct
• Necrotizing Pneumonia
• Chest trauma –airways injury
• Pulmonary AV malformation and telangiectasis
• Iatrogenic –PA catheter Bronchoscopic biopsy
• Cardiac Disorders –MS, Eisenmenger, Cyanotic CHD
• Diffuse parenchymal disease-SLE,Wegner’s granuloma
• Idiopathic
5. Management
Objects of Management -
Prevent asphyxiation
Localize site of bleeding
Arrest the bleeding
Determine cause of hemoptysis
Treat the patient definitively
6. Medical Management
• Head low with bleeding side dependent
• Sedation- Non narcotics
• Volume Replacement - IV fluids
-Blood transfusion
• Clear airways of blood and secretions
• Cough Suppressants
• ATT- Use in active T.B. with hemoptysis
-broad spectrum antibiotics
7. Methods to control hemoptysis
• Endobronchial Measures
Ice cold saline Lavage
Ballon Tamponade
Pulmonary Isolation
• Arterial Embolization
• Mechanical Ventilation with PEEP
• Vasoactive Drugs
• Radiotherapy
• Intracavitary Treatment
8. Surgical Therapy
• Surgical rather than medical methods reduce
mortality.Lung resections is most effective
method to control massive hemoptysis and
prevent recurrance of hemoptysis
• Higher mortality in emergency surgery
• Ongoing bleeding at time of surgery – most imp.
factor for mortality.
• Spillage of blood,pus and infected secretions in
dependent normal lung–main cause of problems
• Poor PFT –Very imp. cause of mortality &
morbidity
9. Criteria for Surgical Therapy
• Localized site of bleeding
• Adequate pulmonary functions
• No medical contrindications
• Resectable Br. carcinoma without distant
metastases
• No mitral valve disease ( requiring cardiac
surgery)
10. Indications for Urgent surgery
• Fungus ball (almost all cases will rebleed after
any control method)
• Lung abcess ( erosion of a large vessel)
• Failure of control methods
• Cavity - with a movable mass, emptying and
quick refilling, persistent radiodensity
• Obstruction of the main or lobar bronchus due to a clot -
can not be removed during rigid bronchoscopy
• Endobronchial methods and arterial embolization can
control hemoptysis In majority of patients temporarily
11. Surgical Techniques
• Pulmonary Resections - Segmentectomy
Lobectomy, or Pneumonectomy
• Physiological Lung Exclusion
• Collapse Therapy - Thoracoplasty or plombage
• Cavernostomy and packing
• Bronchial arteries ligation & ligation of chest
wall collateral vessels
• Anesthesia-Isolation of bleeding lung essential
Single lung ventilation with Double lumen tubes
Standard endotracheal tube in normal bronchus
Endobronchial blocking catheters or gauze
packing of bleeding bronchus also tried.
12. Pulmonary Resections
• Standard treatment for massive / recurrent
hemoptysis of any etiology.Removal of
bleeding diseased lobe or lung is ideal.
Postolateral thoracotmy is usual incision.
Vascular adhesions present between lung
and chest wall in T.B &infective diseases –
makes it time consuming,more blood loss
and difficult . May need pleuro pneumon-ectomy
with higher mortality and
complications like BPF, Empyema and
space problems
13. Physiological Lung Exclusion
• Life saving Alternative/Adjunct to a difficult or
hazardous lung resection due to dense vascular
adhesions,fibrosis and calcification between chest
wall and lung
• PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS
INVOLVED PART OF LUNG ISOLATED BY DIVISION OF
* PULMONARY ARTERY
* BRONCHUS & BRONCHIAL ARTERIES
* VIABILITY OF ISOLATED LUNG MAINTAINED
BY
* VASCULAR ADHESIONS WITH CHEST WALL
* INTACT PULMONARY VEINS FOR DRAINAGE
14. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
• ANTERO LATERAL THORACOTOMY
• J STERNOTOMY
• MINIMUM LUNG MOBILISATION- NEAR
HILUM
• PULMONARY ARTERY LIGATION DONE
EXTRA OR INTRAPERICARDIALLY
* INVOLVED BRONCHUS DIVIDED AND
CLOSED
* PULMONARY VEINS PRESERVED
15.
16.
17. RESULTS
• Hospital mortality Nil
• Post Operative Empyema Nil
• Residual Space Nil
• Recurrance of Hemoptysis 1
(FOB - other side Bleeding )
• Follow up up to 18 yrs
No Problem
No BPF or Empyema
18. CONCLUSIONS
PHYSIOLOGICAL LUNG EXCLUSION
IS
AN EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE OPERATION
FOR
CONTROL OF MASSIVE OR RECURRENT
HEMOPTYSIS
WHERE
LUNG RESECTION IS DIFFICULT/HAZARDOUS
DUE TO
DENSE FIBROSIS, VASCULAR ADHESIONS &
CALCIFICATION
19.
20. Other Surgical techniques
• Collapse Therapy - Thoracoplasty or
plombage
• Cavernostomy and packing
• Bronchial arteries ligation & ligation of
chest wall collateral vessels