1) HFpEF is the most common form of heart failure, affecting over 70% of heart failure patients over age 65. It is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.
2) HFpEF is challenging to diagnose because ejection fraction is normal and cardiac congestion is difficult to evaluate non-invasively. It is defined hemodynamically as a clinical syndrome associated with a lack of capacity of the heart to pump blood adequately without elevated cardiac filling pressures.
3) There is currently no effective pharmacological treatment for HFpEF. Treatment focuses on controlling congestion through diuretics, managing comorbidities, and promoting exercise. Future efforts to better characterize HFpEF phenotypes may allow individualized therapies
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction(HFpEF).ptxSarfraz Saleemi
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is not one disease but a clinical syndrome presenting with symptoms of Heart Failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50 percent and evidence of cardiac diastolic dysfunction. (abnormal LV filling pattern and elevated filling pressures)
It is more common among older patients and women, and results from abnormalities of active ventricular relaxation and passive ventricular compliance. HFpEF should be part of differential diagnosis in patients with typical symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema and clinical signs of chronic heart failure. Echocardiography features of normal ejection fraction with impaired diastolic function confirm the diagnosis.
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction(HFpEF).ptxSarfraz Saleemi
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is not one disease but a clinical syndrome presenting with symptoms of Heart Failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50 percent and evidence of cardiac diastolic dysfunction. (abnormal LV filling pattern and elevated filling pressures)
It is more common among older patients and women, and results from abnormalities of active ventricular relaxation and passive ventricular compliance. HFpEF should be part of differential diagnosis in patients with typical symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema and clinical signs of chronic heart failure. Echocardiography features of normal ejection fraction with impaired diastolic function confirm the diagnosis.
#flozins
🫀DAPA 🆚placebo in HFpEF
Now we have a positive trial!
⬇️18% in CV☠️ death or
worsening HF among LVEF>40%
⬇️ 21%heart failure
💥Results same for LVEF> 60% 🆚LVEF<60%
Heart failure Update as per, 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the
Management of Heart Failure and 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure
#flozins
🫀DAPA 🆚placebo in HFpEF
Now we have a positive trial!
⬇️18% in CV☠️ death or
worsening HF among LVEF>40%
⬇️ 21%heart failure
💥Results same for LVEF> 60% 🆚LVEF<60%
Heart failure Update as per, 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the
Management of Heart Failure and 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure
Nick H. Kim, MD, Richard N. Channick, MD, and Vallerie V. McLaughlin, MD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to pulmonary hypertension for this CME activity titled "Pulmonary Hypertension at the Crossroads of Current Clinical Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Strategies." For the full presentation, monograph, complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2O9QbOh. CME credit will be available until July 30, 2019.
10 Take-home messages of the 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and ...magdyelmasry3
Hemodynamic classification of pulmonary hypertension
Three categories of PH:
pre-capillary (Pre-PH),
combined pre-and-post capillary (Cpc-PH),
and isolated post-capillary (Ipc-PH).unexplained dyspnea or signs/symptoms suggesting PH .3 different drug classes
Nitric Oxide Pathway( PDE-5is and sGCs ).PAH (without cardiopulmonary comorbidities and non-vasoresponders
Endothelin Pathway( ERA )
Prostacyclin Pathway( PCA & PRA )Comprehensive risk assessment in PAH
Ponencia presentada por el Dr. Domingo Pascual Figal en el directo online ‘Lo mejor del Congreso Europeo de IC Atenas 2019’, realizado en la Casa del Corazón el 5 de junio de 2019
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
3. Nature Reviews | Cardiology 30TH MARCH 2020
Introduction – Incidence &
Prevalence
1. HFPEF-the most common form of HF, associated with substantial
morbidity and mortality. At present >70% of patients with HF aged >65
years have HFpEF.
2. The incidence and prevalence of HFpEF has been growing by 10% every
10 years relative to HFrEF.
3. This gap is expected to widen owing to the ageing of the general
population and the increasing prevalence of conditions associated with
the development of HFpEF, particularly Obesity, METs, and T2DM
4. Diagnosis of HFpEF - Challenging because ejection fraction is
normal; Cardiac congestion is difficult to evaluate non-invasively and
many patients have hemodynamic abnormalities only during exercise.
4. • HFpEF is defined hemodynamically as a clinical syndrome associated
with a lack of capacity of the heart to pump blood adequately without
the requirement for elevated cardiac filling pressures.
ACC/AHA/HFSA and the ESC continue to use an ejection fraction ≥50% as
the threshold to identify HFpEF
DEFINITION
Nature Reviews | Cardiology 30TH MARCH 2020
15. Mechanisms in HFpEF-- Six mechanisms are outlined —three hemodynamic (orange) and three
cellular/molecular (grey).Data for cardiometabolic abnormalities are largely from other
animal models and HFrEF, but hypothesized to be applicable toHFpEF . European Heart Journal
(2018) 39, 2780–2792
35. “Huffing & Puffing” (dyspnoea & exercise intolerance) are most common
symptom.
“Huff – Puff”
“To complain noisily about something but not be able to do anything about it”.
Clinician may approach HFpEF with diagnostic & therapeutic nihilism &
consider there patient as untreatable and difficult to manage because of lack of
guidelines & treatment options.
Diagnosis & treatment of HFpEF requires diligence
hypervigilance.
59
HFpEF: “Huff Puff”
36. 1. Symptoms of heart failure:- Dyspnea – Orthopnea - Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea –
Fatigue -
Reduced exercise capacity.
2. Signs of heart failure on physical examination:- Jugular venous distention -Positive
hepatojugular
reflux - Lower extremity edema - Displaced point of maximal apical impulse -S3 heart sound.
3. Echocardiography – LVEF ≥50 % and at least one ECHO finding:-
- Diastolic dysfunction – LAA or LVH
- Left atrial volume Index >34 mL/m2
- Left ventricular mass index greater than or equal to:
115 g/m2 in male patients ;95 g/m2 in female patients
- E/e’ greater than or equal to 13
4. Elevation of natriuretic peptides
-B-type natriuretic peptide >35 pg/ml - NTpro-BNP >125 pg/ml
Diagnostic Criteria
REF—US Cardiology Review 2018;12(1):8-12. DOI:10.15420/usc.2017:21:1
43. haracterization of Subgroups of Heart Failure
Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction
P et al European Journal of Heart Failure (2015) 17, 925-935
49. Adapted from Tromp J et al., JAHA 2017
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
hs-CRP (mg/L)
Pentraxin-3 (ng/mL)
RAGE (ng/mL)
NT-proBNP (ng/mL)
VEGFR (ng/mL)
HFpEF
HFrEF
Total cohort
0 5 10 15 20 25
proANP (ng/mL)
HFpEF
HFrEF
Total cohort
Angiogenesis, P = 0.009
Cardiomyocyte stretch, P < 0.001
Inflammation, P = 0.053
Inflammation, P = 0.009
Inflammation, P = 0.001
Cardiomyocyte stretch, P = 0.002
Pathophysiological process and uncorrected P value
Biomarker levels in HFpEF and HFrEF patients
33 Biomarkers were measured. Only biomarkers that were significantly differently
expressed between HFpEF and HFrEF are indicated.
J AM HEART ASSOC. 2017;6:E003989.
57. Patient with unexplained dyspnoea
Assessment of pre-test
probability:
clinical evaluation +ECHO
H2 FPEF score HFA-PEFF score
Low probability, unlikely HFpEF
(H2FPEF score of 0–1, HFA-PEFF score of 0–1)
Intermediate probability
(H2FPEF score of 2–5, HFA-PEFF
score of 2–4)
High probability, likely HFpEF
(H2FPEF score of 6–9, HFA-PEFF score o
Haemodynamic exercise test
INTEGRATED Diagnostic
Approach for HFpEF
Nature Reviews | Cardiology 30TH MARCH 2020
80. Predicted effectiveness of sacubitril/valsartan (arrows) across
the heart failure spectrum
European Journal of Heart Failure (2020) doi:10.1002/ejhf.1837
81.
82.
83.
84. NTproBNP in PARAMOUNT (n=301 – Phase 2 Proof of
Efficacy)
Most compelling evidence to date for development of treatment for HFpEF
94. Non-pharmacological therapy
Complete revascularization- CAD with HFpEF Pts.
HFpEF with AF– CATHETER ABLATION
Therapies targeting cardiometabolic r
Exercise training
Sodium restriction
Weight loss
Caloric restriction
SGLT2I can improve clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF
Nature Reviews | Cardiology 30TH MARCH 2020
95. Device-based therapies
1. Strategy of rate-adaptive atrial pacing is currently
being tested in the RAPID-HF trial.
2. Percutaneously implanted intra-atrial septostomy
device- studied
3. Opening the anterior pericardium through a minimally
invasive subxiphoid approach-currently being tested
No device-based therapy has been approved for
HFpEF.
Nature Reviews | Cardiology 30TH MARCH 2020
98. Hypertension
Obesity
Coronary microvascular and
macrovascular disease
Diabetes mellitus and metabolic
syndrome
LV dysfunction only
LV and LA dysfunction and/or atrial
fibrillation
Pulmonary vascular dysfunction
RV dysfunction
LVFP with exercise only
Pulmonary vasodilatation with exercise
LVFP at rest with pulmonary
hypertension
RVFP and LVFP at rest
Arterial stiffness
Endothelial and coronary microvascular
dysfunction
Sarcopenia and mitochondrial dysfunction
Tissue fibrosis
Normal natriuretic peptide levels
Pro-inflammatory markers
Cardiac injury markers
Fibrotic markers
Phenotyping in patients with HFpEF
99. Future efforts to more rigorously characterize and
group patients into discrete phenotypes hold great
promise to allow the individualization of therapy
to improve outcomes.
CONCLUSION
HFpEF has grown to become the dominant form of HF
worldwide and continues to present a diagnostic and
therapeutic challenge.
Treatment of HFpEF is aimed at control of congestion
and involves the use ofMRAs, managementof
comorbidities and promotion of a healthy active
lifestyle, with prescription of exercise training
where feasible.
Nature Reviews | Cardiology 30TH MARCH 2020