Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY TRAINING
FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE STAFF
29 CFR 1910.120
HAZWOPER
HAZARDOUS WASTE OPERATIONS
AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Labor
PARTS 1900 TO 1910
Revised as of
Jan 1, 1995
29
National
Archives
and
Records
Administration
1910.120
Hazardous
Waste
Operations
and
Emergency
Response
29
CFR

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Provide Training to the Emergency Response Staff
 Introduce HAZWOPER & Discuss Its Role in Today’s
Industry.
 Introduce Skills in the Recognition & Control of
Occupational Hazards.
 Introduce Emergency Response Techniques.
 Define HAZWOPER.

BASIS FOR THIS COURSE
 DAILY EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS BY
THOUSANDS OF WORKERS
 DAILY EXPOSURE TO NUMEROUS PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 RESPONSE AND CONTAINMENT OF HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS INCIDENTS MUST BE ADDRESSED
 OSHA HAZWOPER STANDARD REQUIRES:
 Establishment of a “HAZWOPER” program
 Training be conducted
 Hazards be assessed
 Hazards and precautions be explained
 Emergency Response Capability be Established

REGULATORY STANDARD
THE GENERAL DUTY CLAUSE
FEDERAL - 29 CFR 1903.1
EMPLOYERS MUST: Furnish a place of employment
free of recognized hazards that are causing or are likely
to cause death or serious physical harm to employees.
Employers must comply with occupational safety and
health standards promulgated under the Williams-
Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
OSHA ACT OF 1970

29CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
1910 - GENERAL INDUSTRY
120 - HAZARDOUS WASTE
OPERATIONS AND
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
(HAZWOPER)
DANGER
EYE PROTECTION
REQUIRED BEYOND
THIS POINT
APPLICABLE REGULATIONS

TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
THE EMPLOYER MUST PROVIDE TRAINING:
 THE USE OF EQUIPMENT.
 WHAT PPE IS NECESSARY.
 WHEN PPE IS NECESSARY.
 THE LIMITATIONS OF THE PPE.
 DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES.
 PROVIDE RETRAINING AS REQUIRED.
 CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT.
 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS.
 TRAIN ALL EMPLOYEES PRIOR TO JOB ASSIGNMENT.
JOB
SAFETY

Level 1 First Responder
Level 2 First Responder Operations Level
Level 3 Hazardous Materials Technician
Level 4 Hazardous Materials Specialist
Level 5 On-Scene Incident Commander
(Continued)
EMERGENCY RESPONSE STAFF

 First Responder Awareness
 Operations Level 8 Hours Initial*
 Hazardous Materials Technician 24 Hours Initial*
 Hazardous Materials Specialist 24 Hours Initial*
 On-Scene Incident Commander 24 Hours Initial*
*Plus Competency at the previous level and annual
refresher.
(Continued)

Level 1 = Witnesses or discovers a release of hazardous materials and who
are trained to notify the proper authorities.
Level 2 = Responds to releases of hazardous substances in a defensive
manner, without trying to stop the releases.
Level 3 = Responds aggressively to stop the release of hazardous substances.
Level 4 = Responds with and in support to HAZMAT technicians, but who
have specific knowledge of various hazardous substances.
Level 5 = Assumes control of the incident scene beyond the first-responder
awareness level
(Continued)

REQUIRED WHEN THERE IS A:
 CLOSE-CALL EVENT
 PROGRAM RELATED INJURY
 CHANGE IN JOB ASSIGNMENT
 NEW HAZARD OR EQUIPMENT
 NEW HAZARD CONTROL METHODS
 FAILURE IN THE SAFETY PROCEDURES
 REASON TO DOUBT EMPLOYEE PROFICIENCY
RETRAINING REQUIREMENTS
JOB
SAFETY

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
 DEDICATION
 PERSONAL INTEREST
 MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
IMPLEMENTATION OF A HAZWOPER PROGRAM
REQUIRES:
NOTE:
UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE
IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS means a substance or
material which has been determined by the
Secretary of Transportation to be capable of
posing an unreasonable risk to
 HEALTH
 PROPERTY
 ENVIRONMENT
when transported in commerce.
DEFINITION

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES means a material
and its mixtures or solutions, that is regulated by the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Protection of
Environment
PARTS 260 TO 299
Revised as of
Jan 1, 1995
40
National
Archives
and
Records
Administration
DEFINITION
40
CFR

HAZARDOUS WASTE means a material that is
subject to the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest
requirements of the EPA.
Protection of
Environment
PARTS 260 TO 299
Revised as of
Jan 1, 1995
40
National
Archives
and
Records
Administration
DEFINITION
40
CFR

CWA
MPRSA PWSA SDWA
CAA
WASTE
WASTE
HMTA
MANUFACTURER
OSHA
DEVELOPMENT
DISTRIBUTION
OSHA
USCG
FRA
FHWA
FAA
CPSA
FFDCA
OSHA
FIFRA
OSHA
CONSUMER PRODUCTS
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
TSCA
CAA
CWA
FIFRA
RCRA
FHSA
SDWA
HMTA
MRAS
THE LIFE CYCLE OF A CHEMICAL
AND THE LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITIES

CAA - CLEAN AIR ACT
CWA - CLEAN WATER ACT
FAA - FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
FHWA - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
FRA - FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION
CPSA - CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT
FFDCA - FED, FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT
FHSA - FED, HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT
FIFRA - FED, INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT
HMTA - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION ACT

USCG - UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
MPRSA - MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH AND SANCTUARIES ACT
OSHA - OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
PPPA - POISON PREVENTION PACKAGING ACT
PWSA - PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY ACT
RCRA - RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT
SDWA - SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT
TSCA - TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT

A solid waste is hazardous if it meets
any one of the following conditions:
 IGNITABILITY
 CORROSIVITY
 REACTIVITY
 EP TOXICITY
 A LISTED WASTE
 A MIXTURE (10% RULE)
 NOT EXCLUDED
A HAZARDOUS WASTE IS ...............

WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
IGNITABILITY - D001
CORROSIVITY - D002
REACTIVITY - D003REACTIVITY - D003
EP TOXICITY - D004EP TOXICITY - D004

5 LISTED WASTE
D General 261.20
D Ignitability 261.21
D Corrosivity 261.22
D Reactivity 261.23
D Toxicity 261.24
F Non-Specific 261.31 (a)
K Specific 261.32
U Commercial Chemicals 261.33 (e)
P Acutely 261.33 (f)

Ignitable Waste (I)
Corrosive Waste (C)
Reactive Waste (R)
Reactive Waste (E)
Acute Hazardous Waste (H)
Toxic Waste (T)
THE FOLLOWING HAZARDS CODES
ARE USED TO INDICATE THE
ADMINISTRATORS BASIS FOR LISTING
THE CLASSES OR TYPES OF WASTE:

O
S
H
A
CCUPATIONAL
AFETY
EALTH
CT
 Enacted in 1970
 Amended Continuously
 Workplace Hazardous
Substances

AZARDOUSH
M
T
ACT
RANSPORTATION
ATERIAL
 Enacted in 1970
 Amended 1990
 Transportation of
Hazardous Materials

C
A
A
LEAN
IR
CT
 Enacted in 1970
 Amended 1977 & 1990
 Covers Hazardous
air pollutants

EDERALF
W
P
C
ACT
ONTROL
OLLUTION
ATER
 Enacted in 1972
 Amended 1977 & 1990
 Toxic pollutants;
Hazardous Substances.

AFES
D
W
ACT
ATER
RINKING
 Enacted in 1974
 Amended 1977 & 1990
 Priority pollutants.

R
C
R
A
ESOURCES
ONSERVATION
ECOVERY
CT
 Enacted in 1976
 Amended 1980 & 1984
 Covers Solid and
Hazardous Waste and
Underground Tanks

T
S
C
A
OXIC
UBSTANCES
CONTROL
CT  Enacted in 1976
 Amended as needed
 Requires premarket
evaluation of all new
chemical substances
other than food additives,
drugs, pesticides, alcohol,
and tobacco.

C
A
OMPENSATION
E
R
C
L
CT
IABILITY
OMPENSATION
ESPONSE
NVIRONMENTAL
SUPERFUND
 Enacted in 1980
 Amended 1986
 Cleanup of sites where
Hazardous substances are
improperly disposed.

UPERFUNDS
A
R
CT
EAUTHORIZATION
MENDMENTS
A  Enacted in 1986
 Cleanup of sites where
Hazardous substances are
improperly disposed.
 Adds right to know provision
RIGHT
TO
KNOW

1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response covers the following
operations, unless the employer can
demonstrate that the operations does not
involve employee exposure or the reasonable
possibility for employee exposure to safety or
health hazards:
 Clean-up operations required by a government body
 Corrective Actions covered by RCRA
 Voluntary clean-up operations
 Operations involving hazardous waste (TSD)
 Emergency response operations for releases

1910.120 DEFINITIONS
BUDDY SYSTEM - means a system of organizing employees
into work groups in such a manner that each employee of the work
group is designated to be observed by at least one other employee
in the work group. The purpose of the buddy system is to provide
rapid assistance to employees in the event of an emergency.
CLEAN-UP OPERATIONS - means an operation where hazardous
substances are removed, contained, incinerated, neutralized,
stabilized, cleared-up, or in any other manner processes or
handled with the ultimate goal of making the site safer for people
or the environment.

DECONTAMINATION - means the removal of hazardous
substances from employees and their equipment to the extent
necessary to preclude the occurrence of foreseeable adverse
health affects.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE - means a response effort by
employees from outside the immediate release area or by other
designated responder to an occurrence which results, or is likely to
result, in an uncontrolled releases of a hazardous substance.

FACILITY - means (a) any building, structure, installation,
equipment, pipe or pipeline, well, pit, pond, lagoon, impoundment,
ditch, storage container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, or aircraft, or
(b) any site or area where a hazardous substance has been deposited,
stored, disposed of, or placed, or otherwise come to be located.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE (HAZMAT) TEAM
- means an organized group of employees, designated by the
employer, who are expected to perform work to handle and control
actual or potential leaks or spills of hazardous substances requiring
possible close approach to the substance.

HAZARDOUS WASTE OPERATION - means any operations
conducted within the scope of 29 CFR 1910.120.
HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE - means any facility or location
within the scope of 29 CFR 1910.120 at which hazardous
waste operations take place.
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS - means the exposure,
inhalation or dermal permissible exposure limit specified in 29
CFR part 1910, subparts G and Z.

HEALTH HAZARDS - means a chemical, mixture of chemicals
or a pathogen for which there is statistically significant evidence
based on at least one study conducted in accordance with
established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects
may occur in exposed employees.
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH -
means an atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive or
asphyxiate substance that poses and immediate threat to life or would
cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would
interfere with an individual’s ability to escape from a dangerous
atmosphere.

OXYGEN DEFICIENCY - means that concentration of oxygen
by volume below which atmosphere supplying respiratory
protection must be provided. It exists in atmospheres where the
percentage of oxygen by volume is less than 19.5 percent oxygen.
QUALIFIED PERSON - means a person with specific training,
knowledge and experience in the area for which the person has the
responsibility and the authority to control.
SITE SAFETY AND HEALTH SUPERVISOR - means the
individual located on a hazardous waste site who is responsible to the
employer and has the authority and knowledge necessary to
implement the site safety and health plan and verify compliance with
applicable safety and health requirements.

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE MSDS (TYPICAL FORMAT)
SECTION CONTENTS
I PRODUCT IDENTITY
II HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS
III PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
IV FIRE/EXPLOSION/PHYSICAL HAZARD DATA
V REACTIVITY DATA
VI HEALTH HAZARDS DATA
VII PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE
VIII CONTROL MEASURES/PROTECTION INFORMATION
IX ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
TRADE SECRETS
INFORMATION WITHHELD FROM A MSDS MUST BE
PROVIDED DURING AN EMERGENCY OR AT THE
REQUEST OF A PHYSICIAN. THE USER OF THE
INFORMATION MUST AGREE TO KEEP THE
INFORMATION CONFIDENTIAL.

Material Safety Data Sheet
Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS) provide
the user general and specific
information regarding the
product.
* Must have a date.
* Must have a Manufacturer.
* Must not have any blanks.
* Must be update within
90 days of any new
changes.
* Must be available to all
employees within their
workday.
Chemical Name & Synonyms
Chemical Family
Proper DOT Shipping Name
Manufacturer
Manufacturer's Address
Trade Name & Synonyms
Formula
DOT Hazard Classification
Chemtrec Phone Number
Manufacturer's Phone Number
I. General Information
II. Ingredients
Principal Hazardous Components Percent Threshold Limit Value
Boiling Point (F)
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg.)
Vapor Density (Air = 1)
Solubility in Water
Appearance & Odor
Specific Gravity (H20 =1)
Percent Volatile By Volume (%)
Evaporation Rate (_____=1)
pH
III. Physical Data
Flash point (Test Method)
Flammable Limits
Special Fire Fighting Procedures
Unusual Fire & Explosion Hazard
Auto Ignition Temperature
LEL
IV. Fire & Explosion Hazard Data
Extinguishing Media
LEL

OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
Carcinogen - NTP Program
Symptoms of Exposure
Primary Route(s) of Entry
ACGIH Threshold Limit Value
Carcinogen - IARC Program
V. Health Hazard Data
VI. Reactivity Data
Stability Conditions to Avoid
Spill Response
Waste Disposal Method
VII. Environmental Protection Procedures
Eye Protection
Respiratory Protection (Type)
Precautions For Repair & Maintenance of Contaminated Equipment
Other Precautions
Skin Protection
VIII. Special Protection Information
Other Protection
Ventilation Recommended
Unstable
Stable
Materials to Avoid
Conditions to AvoidHazardous
polymerization
May Occur
Will Not
Incompatibility
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Hygienic Practices in Handling & Storage
IX. Special Precautions
During any type of
emergency, a copy of the
MSDS should be used in
assisting in what type of
action will be taken. From
Cleanup to using the correct
protective clothing.
The MSDS is not the only
source that you have. Some
other sources are:
 Technical Data Sheet
 The Manufacturer
 Scientific Studies
 Chris Manual
 Emergency Response Guidebook
 Others

Chemical Name & Synonyms
Chemical Family
Proper DOT Shipping Name
Manufacturer
Manufacturer's Address
Trade Name & Synonyms
Formula
DOT Hazard Classification
Chemtrec Phone Number
Manufacturer's Phone Number
I. General Information
Sulfuric Acid
Acids
H2O4S
Sulfuric Acid
8, UN1830
ABC Corporations
123 Face St
Save, Ohio 33333
Corrosive
1-513-555-1111
1-800-424-9300
Dipping Acid
Matting Acid
Sulfuric Acid

II. IngredientsPrincipal Hazardous Components Percent Threshold Limit Value
Sulfuric Acid
Water 7-0.5%93-99%
MSHA STD
TWA 1 mg/m3
OSHA PEL
8 H TWA
1 mg/m3
IDLH
80 mg/m3

Boiling Point (F)
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg.)
Vapor Density (Air = 1)
Solubility in Water
Specific Gravity (H20 =1)
Percent Volatile By Volume (%)
Evaporation Rate (_____=1)
pH
III. Physical Data
2900
1 mm @ 145.80
1.834
Infinitely soluble
2
N/A N/A
N/AAppearance & Odor
Odorless Liquid

Flash point (Test Method)
Flammable Limits
Special Fire Fighting Procedures
Unusual Fire & Explosion Hazard
Auto Ignition Temperature
LEL
IV. Fire & Explosion Hazard Data
Extinguishing Media
LEL
N/A
Dry Chemical
or CO2
N/A
N/A
N/A
Violent reaction with
water.

OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
Carcinogen - NTP Program
Symptoms of Exposure
Primary Route(s) of Entry
ACGIH Threshold Limit Value
Carcinogen - IARC Program
V. Health Hazard Data
TWA 1 mg/m3
NO
Inhalation
Ingestion
Skin
Eyes
Eye, Nose, Throat irritation
Pulmonary, Bronchitis
Emphysema, Stomatis, dental erosion
Burns
TWA 1 mg/m3
STEL 3 ppm
NO

VI. Reactivity Data
Stability Conditions to AvoidUnstable
Stable
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous
polymerization
May Occur
Will Not
Incompatibility
Hazardous Decomposition Products
Stable
Organic materials,
chlorates, carbides,
fulminates, water,
powdered metals
Will Not
Water
Neutralization
ph Adjust
CausticN/A

Spill Response
Waste Disposal Method
VII. Environmental Protection Procedures
Do not touch or walk through spilled material;
stop leak if you can do it without risk.
Fully-encapsulating, vapor protective clothing
should be worn
for spills and
leaks with no
fire.
Use water
spray to reduce vapor, do not put water
directly on leak, spill area or inside container.
Disposal must
comply with
Federal, State,
and local Rules
and Regulations.
Reference:
EPA 260-265.

Eye Protection
Respiratory Protection (Type)
Skin Protection
VIII. Special Protection Information
Other Protection
Ventilation Recommended
Chemical Safety Goggles
Full
Face
IAW 1910.134
Protective Clothing
Ventilate below airbonre
exposure limits.

Precautions For Repair & Maintenance of Contaminated Equipment
Other Precautions
Hygienic Practices in Handling & Storage
IX. Special Precautions
Keep all material on
pallets. Do not
store next to
incompatible
material.
Wear Safety glasses,
rubber gloves and other
appropriate safety equipment as
needed.
NONE
NONE

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific Gravity is an abstract or dimensionless number compared
to the mass of an equal volume of water.
Density of water is 8.33 lbs (Note: 8.33 lbs represents 1 gallon of
water).
1 Gallon of Sulfuric Acid is 15.33 lbs. Density = ------------------
mass
volume
Specific gravity = ------------------------- = 1.84
15.33 lb/gal (Sulfuric)
8.33 lbs/gal (Water)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Many chemicals are soluble in water, but when the liquid does not
appreciably dissolve in water, the term immiscible is used.
IMMISCIBLE IN WATER SOLUBLE IN WATER
Float on top if the
SG less than 1.0
Sink to the bottom
if the SG greater than 1.0
WATER
WATER

VAPOR DENSITY
Vapor Density is the mass of gases and vapors as it is compared
to the mass of an equal volume of air or other reference gas.
Air’s density is 1.29 g/L or 0.011 lb/gallons.
VD greater than 1.0, the
vapors are heavier than air
and lay in low areas.
VD less than 1.0, the
vapors are lighter than air
and will rise.

- pH. THE pH OF A LIQUID IS THE NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ITS RELATIVE
ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY. THE RANGE IS FROM 0 - 14 WITH A NEUTRAL
LEVEL EXPRESSED AS A pH OF 7.0. ABOVE 7.0 THE LIQUID IS MORE
ALKALINE OR BASIC. BELOW 7.0 THE LIQUID IS MORE ACIDIC.
COMMON ACIDS (pH 0-6) COMMON BASES (pH 8-14)
- HYDROCHLORIC ACID - SODIUM HYDROXIDE (LYE)
- HYDROFLUORIC ACID - SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (BLEACH)
- NITRIC ACID - AQUEOUS AMMONIA
- PHOSPHORIC ACID - POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (POTASH)
- CHROMIC ACID - AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
pH

pH
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
ACID
NEUTRAL
BASE
Limewater
Household ammonia
Milk of magnesia
Blood
Pure Water
Tap Water
Coffee
Wine
Vinegar
Lemon juice
Gastric juice

HAZARD RATING SYSTEMS
TWO SYSTEMS
 NFPA - NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
 HMIS - NATIONAL PAINT AND COATINGS ASSOCIATION
- HAZARDOUS MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

FOUR HAZARD PARAMETERS
 HEALTH
 FLAMMABILITY
 REACTIVITY
 SPECIFIC HAZARD (NFPA)

FIVE HAZARD LEVELS
HMIS NFPA
4 SEVERE 4 EXTREME
3 SERIOUS 3 HIGH
2 MODERATE 2 MODERATE
1 SLIGHT 1 SLIGHT
0 MINIMAL 0 INSIGNIFICANT

HOMEMADE LABEL
SAMPLE “HOMEMADE” LABEL FOR A SINGLE CHEMICAL (NON-MIXTURE)
CHEMICAL NAME (SEE MSDS) USE OF CHEMICAL
DOT HAZARD CLASS PPE REQUIRED
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY
 FLAMMABLE
 TOXIC
 IRRITANT
 CORROSIVE NAME EMERGENCY PHONE
 WATER REACTIVE ___________ __________________
 OXIDIZER
ADDRESS: __________________________________________________

HMIS LABEL
FIVE HMIS HAZARD LEVELS
 - 4 SEVERE
 - 3 SERIOUS
 - 2 MODERATE
 - 1 SLIGHT
 - 0 MINIMAL
REACTIVITY
PERSONAL PROTECTION
FLAMMABILITY
HEALTH

NFPA LABEL
4
12
W
FIRE HAZARD
REACTIVITY
SPECIFIC HAZARD
(WATER REACTIVE)
HEALTH HAZARD
FIVE NFPA HAZARD LEVELS
 - 4 EXTREME
 - 3 HIGH
 - 2 MODERATE
 - 1 SLIGHT
 - 0 INSIGNIFICANT

4
1
3
HEALTH HAZARDOUS
4 Materials that on very short exposure could
cause death or major residual injury even
though prompt medical treatment was given.
3 Materials that on short exposure could cause
serious temporary or residual injury even
though prompt medical treatment was given.
2 Materials that on intense or continued
exposure could cause temporary
incapacitation or possible residual injury
unless prompt medical treatment was given.
1 Materials that on exposure would cause
irritation but only minor residual injury
even if no treatment was given.
0 Materials that on exposure under fire
conditions would offer no hazard beyond
that of ordinary combustible material.

4
1 3
FLAMMABLE HAZARDOUS
4 Materials that will rapidly or completely
vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal
ambient temperature, or that are readily
dispersed in air, and will burn readily.
3 Liquids and solids that can be ignited under
almost all ambient temperature conditions.
2 Materials that must be moderately heated or
exposed to relatively high ambient
temperatures before ignition can occur.
1 Materials that must be preheated before
ignition can occur.
0 Materials that will not burn.

4
1
3
REACTIVITY HAZARDOUS
4 Materials that in themselves are readily capable of
detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction
at normal temperatures and pressures.
3 Materials that in themselves are capable of
detonation or explosive reaction but require a strong
initiating source or that must be heated under
confinement before initiation or that react
explosively with water.
2 Materials that in themselves are normally unstable
and readily undergo violent chemical change but
do not detonate.
1 Materials that in themselves are normally stable,
but which can become unstable at elevated
temperatures and pressures or which may react with
water with some release of energy but not violently.
0 Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even
under fire exposure condition, and which are not
reactive with water.

4
1 3
SPECIAL HANDLING
CORR
OXY
W
RADIOACTIVE
CORROSIVE
OXYGEN
WATER REACTIVE

EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK
1996
NORTH AMERICAN
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
GUIDEBOOK
A GUIDEBOOK
FOR FIRST RESONDERS DURING
THE INTIAL PHASE OF A
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS/DANGEROUS GOODS
INCIDENT

ID
No.
Guide
No.
Name of Material ID
No.
Guide
No.
Name of Material
1001 17 Acetylene
1001 17 Acetylene, dissolved
1001 12 Air, compressed
1003 23 Air, refrigerated liquid
(Cryogenic liquid)
1005 15 Ammonia
1005 15 Amonia, Anhydrous
liquefied
1005 15 Ammonia, Solutions
with more than 50%
ammonia
1005 15 Anhydrous Ammonia
1006 12 Argon, compressed
1008 15 Boron Trifluoride
1009 12 Bromotrifluoromethane
1010 17 Butadienes, inhibited
1011 22 Butanes or Butane
Mixtures
1011 22 Butylene
1013 21 Carbon Dioxide
1014 14 Carbon Dioxide and
Oxygen Mixtures
1015 12 Carbon Dioxide and
Nitrous oxide mixtures
1016 18 Carbon Monoxide
1017 20 Chlorine
1018 12 Chlorodifluoromethane
1020 12 Chloropentafluoro-
Ethane
1021 12 Chlorotetrafluoro-
Ethane
1022 12 Chlorotrifluoromethane
1022 12 Trifluorochloromethane
1023 18 Coal Gas
1026 18 Cyanogen
1026 18 Cyanogen, liquefied
YELLOW PAGESYELLOW PAGES

BLUE PAGESBLUE PAGES
ID
No.
Guide
No.
Name of Material ID
No.
Guide
No.
Name of Material
Acetic Acid Solution,
more than 80% acid
Acetic Anhydride
Acetone, and solutions
Acetone Cyanohydrin,
stabilized
Acetone Oils
Acetonitrile
Acetyl Acetone
Peroxide
Acety Benzoyl
Peroxide
Acetylene
Acetylene, dissolved
Acetylene Tetrabromide
29 2789
39 1715
26 1090
55 1541
26 1091
28 1648
48 2080
48 2081
17 1001
17 1001
58 2504
Acridine
Acrolein, inhibited
Acrolein Dimer,
stabilized
Acrylamide
Acrylic Acid, Inhibited
Acrylonitrile, inhibited
Activated Carbon
Adhesive
Adhesives, containing
flammable liquid
Adiponitrile
Aerosols
Air, Compressed
32 2713
30 1092
26 2607
55 2074
29 2218
30 1093
32 1362
26 1133
26 1133
55 2205
12 1950
12 1002

ORANGE PAGESORANGE PAGES
GUIDE 11
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
FIRE OR EXPLOSION
Flammable/combustible material, may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames
May ignite other combustible materials (wood, paper, oil, etc..)
Container May explode in heat of fire.
Reaction with fuels may be violent.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
HEALTH HAZARDS
May be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
EMERGENCY ACTION
Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry.
Stay up wind; keep out of low areas.
Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and structural
firefighter's protective clothing will provide limited protection.
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper
first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer.
CALL CHEMTREC AT 1-800-424-9300.
FIRE
Small Fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.
Large Fires: Water Spray, fog or regular foam.
SPILL OR LEAK
Shut off ignition sources, no flares, smoking or flames in hazard area.
Keep combustible (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
FIRST AID
Move victim to fresh air and call emergency medical are, if not breathing,
give artificial respiration, if breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

GREEN PAGESGREEN PAGES
TABLE OF INITIAL ISOLATION AND PROTECTIVE ACTION DISTANCES
1005 Ammonia
1005 Ammonia, Anhydrous,
liquefied
1005 Ammonia Solutions,
with more than 50%
ammonia
1005 Anhydrous Ammonia
1008 Boron Trifluoride
1016 Carbon Monoxide
1017 Chlorine
1023 Coal Gas
1026 Cyanogen
1026 Cyanogen, liquefied
ID# NAME OF MATERIAL
First
ISOLATE
in all
Direction
(feet)
500 0.1 0.6
500 0.1 0.6
500 0.1 0.6
500 0.1 0.6
500 0.3 2.0
500 0.3 2.0
500 0.7 2.8
500 0.1 1.2
500 0.1 1.1
500 0.1 1.1
Then, PROTECT
persons
DOWNWIND
DAY NIGHT
(Miles) (Miles)
First
ISOLATE
in all
Direction
(feet)
500 0.3 2.2
500 0.3 2.2
500 0.3 2.2
500 0.3 2.2
500 0.8 2.9
500 0.7 2.8
500 0.7 2.8
500 0.7 2.8
500 0.7 2.8
500 0.7 2.8
Then, PROTECT
persons
DOWNWIND
DAY NIGHT
(Miles) (Miles)
SMALL SPILLS LARGE SPILLS

TOXICOLOGYTOXICOLOGY
the
study
of
poisons

“ALL THINGS ARE
POISONS, FOR THERE
IS NOTHING WITHOUT
POISONOUS
QUALITIES. IT IS
ONLY THE DOSE
WHICH MAKES A
THING POISON.”
PARACELSUS
(1493 - 1541)

TOXICOLOGYTOXICOLOGY
TOXIN -TOXIN - Any of a group of poisonous, usually unstable
compounds generated by microorganisms,
plants or animals. Certain toxins are produced
by specific pathogenic microorganisms and are
the causative agents in various diseases, as tetanus,
diphtheria, etc.
TOXICITYTOXICITY- The effect a specific quantity or dosage of a
specific toxin (Chemical) has on a living
microorganism. This is not an absolute!

TOXICITY
INGESTION
ABSORPTION
INHALATION
Swallowing of a substance through the
mouth and into the stomach. Generally
followed by its entrance into the small
intestine.
Entering the body through the skin.
Substances that absorb through the skin
sometime further assimilate into the
blood system.
Breathing causes us to inhale substances
which in return travels en route to the
lungs. Our lungs are so rich in blood
vessels that any substance inhaled into
the lungs are readily absorbed into the
bloodstream.

TOXIC EFFECTS
ACUTE - Is generally regarded as a severe injury caused
by a one time, relatively short exposure to a chemical
substances harmful to the human body.
CHRONIC - Is an injury or disease that manifests itself after a
relatively long period of time has elapsed since the
initial exposure to the substance causing some type
of ailment.
LATENT - Is an injury or disease that remains undeveloped until
an incubation period has elapsed. The period of time
could be hours, days, months or years.
IRRITANT - Is a chemical substance that injures the tissues of the
respiratory system and lungs, thereby causing
inflammation of the respiratory passages.

AFFECTING FACTORS
 The Amount Entering the Body.
 The Length of Time.
 The Rate of Absorption Into the Blood.
 The Physical Nature of the Chemical.
 The Chemical Nature of the Chemical.
 The Age of the Individual.
 The Health of the Individual.

MEASURING THE TOXICITY
 PARTS PER MILLION - ppm
 PARTS PER BILLION - ppb
 PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt
 LETHAL DOSE - LD50
 LETHAL CONCENTRATION - LC50
 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV
 IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO
LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH

APPROXIMATIONS
1 INCH
1 1/4
1/2
3/4 = 16 MILES
=
1 DROP 80 FIFTHS
1 PENNY
=
$10,000.00
1 INCH
1 1/4
1/2
3/4 = 16,000,000
MILES
=
1 DROP 80,000,000
FIFTHS
1 PENNY
=
$10,000,000,000.00
1 INCH
1 1/4
1/2
3/4 = 16,000
MILES
=
1 DROP 80,000
FIFTHS
1 PENNY
=
$10,000,000.00
ppm ppb ppt

LETHAL DOSE - LD50
The LD50 is the amount of a material that, when administrated
to laboratory animals, kill half of them. The expression is made
in milligrams of the substance administered per body weight of
the animal expressed in kilograms (mg/kg).
When extrapolated to humans, the lethal dose of an average
person who weighs w kilograms is LD50 x w.

LETHAL CONCENTRATION - LC50
The LC50 is the concentration of a material that, normally
express as parts per million (ppm) by volume, that when
administrated to laboratory animals, kill half of them during the
period of exposure.

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV
The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin concentration to which an
average healthy person may be repeatedly exposed on an all-day,
everyday basis without suffering adverse health effects.
Gaseous substances in air, the TLV is usually express as parts
per million (ppm).
Fumes or mist in air, it is expressed in milligrams per cubic meter
(mg/m3
).
TLV values are set by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH).

T
I
M
E
DOSE0
TLV
PEL
LC50
LD50
EXPOSURE MODEL
SAFE
EXPOSURE

TOXIN
Toxins inhaled
can quickly travel
to vital organs and
the brain causing
either acute or
chronic effects.
RESPIRATORYRESPIRATORY
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
THE HEARTTHE HEART
THE STOMACHTHE STOMACH
THE LIVERTHE LIVER
THE INTESTINETHE INTESTINE
THE BRAINTHE BRAIN
TOXINS IN OUR BODY

HAIR
FOLLICLE
SEBACEOUS
(OIL) GLAND
BASAL
CELLS
EPIDERMAL
CELLS
(S)URFACE
LAYER
(K)ERATIN
LAYER (P)IGMENT
CELLS
DUCT
SWEAT
GLANDS
S
K
P
THE SKIN DEFENSES
WATER SOLUBLE CHEMICALS, CHANGES
IN pH, LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER.
ACIDS THAT ARE MILD, WATER LOSS,
PHYSICAL INJURIES, CHEMICALS,
ULTRAVIOLET, MICRO-ORGANISMS.
ULTRAVIOLET

HAIR
FOLLICLE
SEBACEOUS
(OIL) GLAND
BASAL
CELLS
EPIDERMAL
CELLS
(S)URFACE
LAYER
(K)ERATIN
LAYER (P)IGMENT
CELLS
DUCT
SWEAT
GLANDS
S
K
P
SKIN INJURED BY
WARM WATER, SOLVENTS,
ALKALIS AND SOAP
CHEMICALS, TRAUMA, SOLVENTS,
ALKALIS, DETERGENTS, AND
CERTAIN INTERNAL DISEASES
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL
TRAUMA, AND INTERNAL DISEASES

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO
LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from which
one could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any
escape-impairing symptoms or any irreversible adverse health
effects.
IDLH levels are published for many substances by OSHA
and NIOSH.
In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a
given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining
whether self-contained breathing apparatus is needed when
entering the area. If the concentration exceeds the IDLH level,
positive- demand, self-contained breathing apparatus should be
used.

TLV - Threshold Limit Value: One of three categories of chemical
exposure levels - TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL or TLV-C.
TLV-TWA - Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted Average: The
time weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour
workday and a 40 hour work week to which nearly all
workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.
Should be used as an exposure guide rather than an absolute.
TLV-STEL - Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit: A
15 minute time-weighted average exposure that should not be
exceeded at any time during the work day.
TLV-C - Threshold Limit Value- Ceiling: The concentration that
should not be exceeded even instantaneously.
SUMMARY OF TLV

FOOD CHAIN EXPOSURE
BARLEY
Depending on the chemical,
we could potentially
eat toxic food.

SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
AIR CONTAMINANTS
 GASES. GENERALLY USED IN A COMPRESSED FORM.
CAN EFFECT ALL ROUTES OF ENTRY.
 VAPORS. FORMED BY EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS OR
SOLIDS. AMOUNT USUALLY DEPENDS UPON EXPOSED
SURFACE AREA, TEMPERATURE, AND VAPOR PRESSURE
OF SUBSTANCE. CAN BE DEADLY.

AIR CONTAMINANTS
 FUMES. USUALLY METALLIC AND FORMED BY WELDING,
CUTTING, OR BRAZING OPERATIONS.
EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS TO INHALE.
 PARTICULATES. COMPOSED OF SOLID OR LIQUID
PARTICLES THAT ARE SUSPENDED OR DISPERSED IN AIR.
SUCH AS DUST, MISTS, OR SMOKES. CAN BE EXPLOSIVE
AND HAZARDOUS TO BREATH.

ACIDS AND BASES
- pH. THE pH OF A LIQUID IS THE NUMERICAL MEASURE
OF ITS RELATIVE ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY. THE RANGE
IS FROM 0 - 14 WITH A NEUTRAL LEVEL EXPRESSED AS
A pH OF 7.0.
 ABOVE 7.0 THE LIQUID IS MORE ALKALINE OR BASIC.
 BELOW 7.0 THE LIQUID IS MORE ACIDIC.

COMMON ACIDS (pH 0-6)
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
 HYDROFLUORIC ACID
 NITRIC ACID
 PHOSPHORIC ACID
 CHROMIC ACID
COMMON BASES (pH 8-14)
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (LYE)
 SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (BLEACH)
 AQUEOUS AMMONIA
 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (POTASH)
 AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
ACIDS AND BASES
ACID BASE

CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY!
HIGH pHBASEACIDLOW pH

BASEACID

 IF YOU’RE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE CHEMICAL, FIND OUT!
 READ THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET!
 READ THE LABELS ON CONTAINERS.
 OBSERVE WRITTEN WARNINGS!
 DON’T EAT, DRINK, OR SMOKE AROUND CHEMICALS.
 CHANGE YOUR CLOTHS! DON’T TAKE IT HOME!
 ENSURE WORK AREA IS VENTILATED.
 WEAR APPROPRIATE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
ACIDS and BASES - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

 CLEAN UP SMALL SPILLS TO PREVENT BEING MISTAKEN
FOR WATER.
 STORE ACIDS FROM BASES TO PREVENT REACTIONS.
 KNOW THE REACTIONS THAT CAN OCCUR FROM OTHER
MATERIALS.
 ALWAYS ADD ACID TO WATER, NEVER WATER TO ACID!
ACIDS and BASES - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

- ORGANIC (CARBON BEARING) SOLVENTS:
 ORGANIC SOLVENTS CONTAIN CARBON.
 ORGANIC SOLVENTS INCLUDE: ACETONE, GASOLINE,
STODDARD SOLVENT, AND TRICHLOROETHYLENE.
 EFFECTS ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CAN
OCCUR IF PROPER VENTILATION IS NOT USED.
CLASSES OF SOLVENTS

- AQUEOUS (WATER BEARING) SOLVENTS:
 AQUEOUS SOLVENTS CONTAIN WATER.
 SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, ALKALIS ARE CLASSED
AS AQUEOUS SOLVENTS.
 ENGINEERING CONTROLS ARE USUALLY REQUIRED.
 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IS NEEDED WHERE VAPORS
CANNOT BE ADEQUATELY CONTROLLED WITH ENGINEERING
CONTROLS.
CLASSES OF SOLVENTS

ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR SOLVENTS
- INHALATION:
 MOST COMMON ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 CAUSES HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, CONFUSION, AND
DROWSINESS.
 ODOR INTENSITY USUALLY NOT GOOD DETERMINATION
OF TOXICITY. MORE COULD MEAN LESS, LESS COULD
MEAN MORE.
 DIFFERENT SOLVENTS SEEK DIFFERENT TARGET ORGANS
IN THE BODY.

- INGESTION:
 EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING WITHOUT WASHING
HANDS FIRST.
 EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING CONTAMINATED
CONSUMABLES.
 CAN CAUSE SEVERE IRRITATION OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL
TRACT.
 EASILY PENETRATES MUCOUS MEMBRANES TO ENTER
THE BLOOD STREAM.

- ABSORPTION:
 PREVENT SKIN CONTACT, WEAR GLOVES, APRONS, ETC.
 CAN OCCUR THROUGH UNBROKEN SKIN OR MUCOUS
MEMBRANES.
 ANY ABSORPTION GENERALLY WILL CAUSE IRRITATION OF
SKIN.
 FLUSH SKIN FOR AT LEAST FIFTEEN MINUTES, SEEK MEDICAL
HELP.
 NEVER WASH EXPOSED SKIN WITH ANY SOLVENT.

- INJECTION:
 USUALLY CAUSED BY PUNCTURE WOUNDS.
 COMPRESSED AIR CAN ALSO CAUSE INJECTION OF SOLVENTS.
 RAPID INTRODUCTION OF SOLVENTS INTO BLOODSTREAM.
 MAY BE OTHER DEBRIS IN WOUND OF CONCERN.

 IF YOU’RE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE SOLVENT, FIND OUT!
 DON’T EAT, DRINK, OR SMOKE AROUND SOLVENTS.
 ENSURE WORK AREA IS WELL VENTILATED.
SOLVENTS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

 USE A BARRIER CREAM, IF YOU’RE SOLVENT SENSITIVE.
 SPILLS MUST BE CONTAINED, IMMEDIATELY!
 KNOW THE REACTIONS THAT CAN OCCUR.
 NEVER DISCOUNT ANY ROUTE-OF-ENTRY!
SOLVENTS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS (CONTINUED)

ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR METALS
- INHALATION:
 MOST COMMON ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 SMALLER PARTICULATES ARE TRAPPED IN LUNGS
AND ABSORBED.

- INGESTION:
 EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING WITHOUT WASHING HANDS
FIRST.
 EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING CONTAMINATED
CONSUMABLES.

- ABSORPTION.
 CAN OCCUR THROUGH UNBROKEN SKIN OR MUCOUS
MEMBRANES.
 ABSORPTION GENERALLY LEAST HAZARDOUS ROUTE
OF ENTRY.

- INJECTION.
 USUALLY CAUSED BY PUNCTURE WOUNDS INVOLVING
METALS.
 COMPRESSED AIR CAN ALSO CAUSE INJECTION OF
METALS.

SPECIFIC METALS
- METAL PARTICULATES:
 COME FROM SAND BLASTING, DEBURRING, AND LIKE
OPERATIONS.
 METALS CAN TAKE THE FORM OF AIRBORNE DUSTS.
 ENGINEERING CONTROLS ARE USUALLY REQUIRED.
 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IS NEEDED WHERE DUSTS
CANNOT BE ADEQUATELY CONTROLLED WITH ENGINEERING
CONTROLS.

- FUMES:
 FUMES ARE MADE UP OF VERY TINY SOLID METAL PARTICLES.
 PARTICLES ARE THE CONDENSATES OF VAPORIZED METAL.
 EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY CAN BE DISASTROUS IF PROPER
VENTILATION IS NOT USED.
 THINK OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF METALS AND BONDING
MATERIALS USED USED IN A WELDING OPERATION.
SPECIFIC METALS

SPECIFIC METALS
- CADMIUM.
 HIGHLY TOXIC, INHALATION MOST COMMON ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 SMALLER PARTICULATES ARE TRAPPED IN LUNGS AND
ABSORBED.
 DANGEROUS DOSES CAN BE ASYMPTOMATIC FOR HOURS.
 KNOWN HUMAN CARCINOGEN.
 TARGET ORGANS INCLUDE, KIDNEYS, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

- COPPER AND ZINC.
 HIGHLY TOXIC, INHALATION MOST COMMON ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 CAN CAUSE “METAL FUME FEVER” RESULTING IN
(SEVERE FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS).
 TARGET ORGANS INCLUDE, KIDNEYS, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
SPECIFIC METALS

- NICKEL.
 CAN BE ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN, OR LUNGS.
 ABSORPTION GENERALLY LEAST HAZARDOUS ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 TARGET ORGANS INCLUDE; CNS, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
SPECIFIC METALS

METALS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
 IF YOU’RE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE METAL, FIND OUT!
 DON’T EAT, DRINK, OR SMOKE AROUND METAL DUSTS.

 ENSURE WORK AREA IS VENTILATED.
 SPILLS OF METALS MUST BE CONTAINED, NOT RAISED!
 FOR LARGE SPILLS, CONTACT SAFETY OFFICER.
 STORE ACIDS FROM BASES TO PREVENT REACTIONS.
 MAGNESIUM IS WATER REACTIVE, USE DRY SAND TO
EXTINGUISH MAGNESIUM FIRES.
METALS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS (CONTINUED)

P
P
E
ersonal
rotective
quipment
“YOUR BEST FRIEND”

PERMEATION
To pass through the protective clothing
through a period of time. This passing
through may not be noticeable without
a microscope.

BREAK THROUGH TIME
The amount of time it takes
to “Break Through” the material.

DEGRADATION
The changing of the physical properties
of the protective equipment due to the
chemicals being introduced.

PENETRATION
The large flow of any chemical
through the protective clothing
and/or material.

1. Evaluate the job and then select protective clothing.
2. Know the types of exposures that are likely to occur.
3. Know the effects when contact is made with a chemical.
4. Know the physical resistance.
5. Know the chemical resistance.
6. Consider Human factors
7. Evaluate the cost associated with the equipment.
KEYS TO SELECTING
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

4 TYPES OF PROTECTION
LEVEL - ALEVEL - A
LEVEL - BLEVEL - B
LEVEL - CLEVEL - C
LEVEL - DLEVEL - D

Level A is used when the greatest level of skin, respiratory and
eye protection is required.
 Level A protection should be used when:
The hazardous substance has been identified and requires the highest level of
protection for skin, eyes and the respiratory system based on either the
measured (or potential for) high concentration of atmospheric vapors, gases, or
particulate; or the site operations and work functions involve a high potential
for splash, immersion, or exposure to unexpected vapors, gases, or particulate
of materials that are harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through the
skin.
Substances with a high degree of hazard to the skin are known or suspected to
be present, and skin contact is possible.
Operations are being conducted in confined, poorly ventilated areas, and the
absence of conditions requiring Level A have not yet been determined.
LEVEL - A PROTECTIONLEVEL - A PROTECTION

LEVEL - B PROTECTIONLEVEL - B PROTECTION
Level B is used when the highest level of respiratory protection is necessary
but a lesser level of skin protection is needed.
 Level B protection should be used when:
The type and atmospheric concentration of substances have been identified
and require a high level of respiratory protection but less skin protection.
The atmosphere contains less than 19.5 percent oxygen.
The presence of incompletely identified vapors or gases is indicated by a
direct reading organic vapor detection instrument, but vapors and gases are
not suspected of containing high levels of chemicals harmful to skin or
capable of being absorbed through the skin.
NOTE: This involves atmospheres with IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to
Life and Health) concentrations of specific substances that present severe
inhalation hazards and that do not represent a severe skin hazard.

LEVEL - C PROTECTIONLEVEL - C PROTECTION
Level C is used when the concentration(s) and type(s) of airborne
substance(s) is known and the criteria for using air purifying respirators
are met.
 Level C protection should be used when:
The atmospheric contaminants, liquid splashes, or other direct contact will
not adversely affect or be absorbed through any exposed skin.
The types of air contaminants have been identified, concentrations
measured, and an air purifying respirator is available that can remove the
contaminants.
All criteria for the use of air purifying respirators are met.

LEVEL - D PROTECTIONLEVEL - D PROTECTION
Level D is used for nuisance contamination only. A work uniform affording
minimal protection.
 Level D protection should be used when:
The atmosphere contains no known hazards.
Work functions preclude splashes, immersion, or the potential for
unexpected inhalation of or contact with hazardous levels of any chemicals.

LEVEL - A PROTECTION:LEVEL - A PROTECTION:The following constitute
1. Positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive pressure
supplied air respirator with escape SCBA, approved
by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH).
2. Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suit.
3. Coveralls. (Optional, as applicable)
4. Long underwear. (Optional, as applicable)
5. Gloves, outer, chemical resistant.
6. Gloves, inner, chemical resistant.
7. Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank.
8. Hard hat (under suit). (Optional, as applicable)
9. Disposable protective suit, gloves and boots (depending
on suit construction, may be worn over totally-encapsulating suit.)

LEVEL - B PROTECTION:LEVEL - B PROTECTION:The following constitute
1. Positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive pressure
supplied air respirator with escape SCBA, approved
Health (NIOSH).
2. Hooded chemical resistant clothing (overalls and long-
sleeved jacket; coveralls; one or two piece chemical splash
suit; disposable chemical resistant overalls.
6. Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank.
7. Boot covers, outer, chemical resistant (disposable)
8. Hard hat. (Optional, as applicable)
9. Face shield. (Optional, as applicable)

The following constitute
1. Full face or half mask, air purifying respirators, approved
Health (NIOSH).
2. Hooded chemical resistant clothing (overalls, two piece chemical splash
suit; disposable chemical resistant overalls.
6. Boots (outer), chemical resistant, steel toe and shank.
7. Boot covers, outer, chemical resistant (disposable)
10. Escape mask. (Optional, as applicable)
LEVEL - C PROTECTION:LEVEL - C PROTECTION:

LEVEL - D PROTECTION:LEVEL - D PROTECTION:The following constitute
1. Coveralls.
2. Gloves. (Optional, as applicable)
3. Boots/Shoes, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank.
4. Boot outer, chemical resistant (disposable)
5. Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles.
8. Escape mask. (Optional, as applicable)

PERCENTAGE OF USAGE
LEVEL - ALEVEL - A 1 - 2 %1 - 2 %
LEVEL - BLEVEL - B 15 - 20 %15 - 20 %
LEVEL - CLEVEL - C 70 - 80 %70 - 80 %
LEVEL - DLEVEL - D 5 - 10%5 - 10%

TIME DISTANCE SHIELDING
CONSIDER THESE THREE FACTORS WHEN
ATTEMPTING TO INFLUENCE THE RATE AND
DEGREE OF EXPOSURE:

TIME - - -
As with any type of exposure,
such as a sunburn, the longer
the exposure the more probable
an injury will occur.

DISTANCE - - -
The further away from the source
the less the concentration
available for exposure.

SHIELDING - - -
Generally considered as a wall
or lead shield. With reference to
hazardous materials it also refers
to PPE worn by the worker.

P P E CONSIDERATIONS
 Age of the Equipment
 Chemical Resistance
 Cleanability
 Comfort
 Communication
 Design
 Durable
 Flexibility
 Temperature Resistance
 Visibility
The actual properties of the hazard must be known to make
a decision on the specific type of equipment to be used!

PROTECTIVE GLOVES
 Butyl
 Latex - Vinyl
 Neoprene
 PVA
 PVC
 PVC/Nitrile

PROTECTIVE GLOVES
Natural Rubber - Alcohol's, diluted acids and bases
Neoprene - Bases, peroxides, fuels, oils
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, glycol,
phenols, alcohol
Nitrile Rubber - Phenols, PCB, oil and fuels, amines,
bases, peroxides
Polyvinyl Alcohol - Most organic

PROTECTIVE BOOTS
 Butyl
 Natural Rubber
 Neoprene
 Nitrile
 PVC
 PVC/Nitrile

COVERALL SIZING CHART
6’8”
6’6”
6’4”
6’2”
6’
5’10”
5’8”
5’6”
5’4”
5’2”
5’
110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290
small
medium
large
x-large
2x-large
3x-large
4x-large

EQUIPMENT INSPECTION
 Inspect for tears
 Inspect for seams
 Inspect for cracks
 Inspect for signs of swelling
 Inspect for signs of stiffness
 Inspect for signs of deterioration
 Inspect for signs of discoloration
 Inspect for non-uniform coatings
 Inspect for pinholes (hold to light)
 Inspect for malfunctioning closures
 Check clothing for compatibility with material.

Description Heat Exhaustion Heat Stroke
Face Pale Red and Flushed
Skin Moist Hot and Dry
Sweating Profuse None
Temperature Normal Extremely High
Pulse Weak and rapid Strong and rapid
Behavior Subdued May be erratic at onset
Unconscious Not usually Usually
HEAT STRESS - is caused by a number of
interacting factors, including environmental conditions,
clothing, workload and the individual characteristics of the
worker.
SIGNS and SYMPTOMS for heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Air Temperature
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Relative Apparent
Humidity Temperature
0% 64 69 73 78 83 87 91 95 99
10% 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
20% 66 72 77 82 87 93 99 105 112
30% 67 73 78 84 90 96 104 113 123
40% 68 74 79 86 93 101 110 122 137
50% 69 75 81 88 96 107 120 135 150
60% 70 76 82 90 100 114 132 149
70% 70 77 85 93 106 124 144
80% 71 78 86 97 113 136 157
90% 71 79 88 102 122 150 170
100% 72 80 91 108 133 166
HOW TO USE HEAT INDEX:
1. Across top (Air Temperature)
locate today’s predicted high
temperature.
2. Down left side (Relative Humidity) locate today’s
predicted humidity.
3. Follow across and down to find APPARENT
TEMPERATURE” or “WHAT IT FEELS LIKE”
Heat Index 90 - 100 -
Sunstroke, heat cramps &
heat exhaustion are possible
with prolonged exposure
and physical activity.
Heat Index 105 - 129 -
Sunstroke, heat cramps &
heat exhaustion likely.
Heatstroke possible with
prolonged exposure and
physical activity.
Heat Index 130 or higher -
Heatstroke or sunstroke
imminent.

FIRST AID /HEAT STROKE
* call EMS
* remove victim from heat
* cool victim fast
* immerse victim in cool bath or
wet sheets
* care for shock
* offer cool water..four ounces
every 15 minutes
FIRST AID /HEAT EXHAUSTION
* remove victim from heat
* place on back with feet up
* loosen or remove clothing
* cool victim by fanning or with cold
packs
* care for shock
* offer cool water..four ounces every
15 minutes
Heat exhaustion can become heat
stroke if not treated promptly.
FIRST AID

If you work with hazardous chemicals, there could be a danger
in the air. You can not always see or smell the hazards, but
dust, smoke, fog, mist, fumes, gases, vapors and sprays can be
very hazardous to your health and safety. So, you need to ask
yourself the following questions?
1. What are the exposure limits allowed for the particular
contaminants?
2. Have the hazard levels in your work area been measured?
3. Do you have the correct amount of oxygen in your work
area?
4. Are you trained to use and wear a Respirator?
Remember - Respirators play a big part in your Safety.
DO I NEED A RESPIRATOR?

Types of Respirators -
Air-purifying or Filtering - The APR is used
where there is enough oxygen present ( approx.
20%), but the air in the area is contaminated with
gases, vapors, and dust. These respirators filter
out dangerous materials or diverts air through a
chemical filter.
WARNING - Some substances can not be safely
filtered out requiring you to wear a Air - Supplied
Respirator.

Supplied-Air Respirators - The SAR is used
whenever there is not enough oxygen in a confined
space or area and the concentration of the airborne
substances present is immediately dangerous to life
and health (IDLH).
All respirators must be approved for the contaminant
for which the employee is exposed too. Approval
is done jointly by the Mine Safety and Health
Administration of the Department of Labor and the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) of the Department of Health and
Human Services.

Self - Contain Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) -
SCBA uses a source of breathable air carried by the
wearer. Although this greatly enhances the mobility
of the wearer it limits the duration of protection.
At a moderate work rate, using approximately 40
liter minute volume, most SCBA used in hazardous
situations have a rated duration of 30 to 60
minutes.
SCBA consist of the following: Face piece, Breathing
tube, Air supply tube, Regulator, Exhalation valve and
Air Cylinder and valve.

Respirators places a strain on the wearer’s cardiovascular
system. All workers must exert a greater degree of effort to
inhale and exhale when wearing a respirator.
Some people are claustrophobic and cannot wear respirators.
OSHA requires that anyone assigned a task requiring the use
of respirators be examined and certified as being able to safely
wear the respirator. Furthermore, the worker and supervisor
must have a basic understanding of respirator selections,
operations, fitting, limitations and maintenance.
THE PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS

PROPER FITTING
The proper fitting of a respirator is determined by a fit
tests and seal checks. Fit tests can be “Qualitative” or
“Quantitative”. Some OSHA Standards have specific
requirements for fit testing.
QUALITATIVE
 Upon issue and
semi-annually
 Irritant smoke or
banana oil
 Recite “Rainbow”
passage
 Subjective response
QUANTITATIVE
 Measure concentration
inside mask
 Port drilled into mask
 Takes approximately 1 hour
 Requires expensive equipment
and trained personnel
 Ensures correct fit for model

Do a fit test.
Receive training.
Provide proper care.
Measure hazard levels.
Receive a Medical test.
Review exposure limits.
Select correct Respirator.
Receive Annual Physical.
Receive Annual Training.
Check the Oxygen levels.
Provide proper maintenance.
Look for signs of deterioration.
Follow policies and procedures.
Wear only approved respirators that you have
received instruction.
R
E
S
P
I
R
A
T
O
R
Y
C
H
E
C
K
L
I
S
T

Spill Control
The control of any inadvertent release of hazardous
materials can be as simple as turning off a valve,
turning a drum on its side, to performing a complete
day of clean-up in a totally encapsulating suit.

CONTAINMENT
Any procedures taken to keep the material in its original
container, Contaminate activities are generally undertaken
by a Hazardous Material Technician or Specialist and
require many hours of training and practice. Your
imagination is a good place to begin to develop containment
methods.
Super glue, underwater patching materials for boats and fast
setting materials for casts are just some of the simple
examples.

CONFINEMENT
Any procedures taken to keep all the material in a defined
area. These activities will vary from plant to plant and will be
determined by the company emergency response plan. Spills
or releases can be confined by our A, B, C, D materials.
Absorption
Blocking
Collection
Diking

A
B
S
O
R
P
T
I
O
N
Materials like dirt, sand, soda ash,
saw dust, vermiculite, or even kitty litter
can absorb the spill. The absorption
material should be placed in front of the
material with consideration of any slope
or grade. A key note to remember, the
absorption materials MUST be
COMPATIBLE with the spilled material.

B
L
O
C
K
I
N
G
Means the protection of drains, ditches,
or storm sewers from run-off of any
spilled material. These items should be
blocked by dams, rubber covers, pillows,
booms.

C
O
L
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
The collection of these materials can
be placed in approved DOT containers,
or other types of containment for proper
disposal.

D
I
K
I
N
G
Diking materials like sand, earth, or
other similar materials can be used to
contain the perimeter of the leak.
The material used for diking MUST
also be COMPATIBLE with the spilled
material.

DECONTAMINATION is a very important part
of Training. Emergency response workers at the
First Responder, Operations Level, Hazardous
Materials Technician, Hazardous Materials
Specialist, and On-Scene Incident Commander
levels are all required to know and understand
decontamination procedures.
DECONTAMINATION

DECONTAMINATION
Contamination is derived from the Latin verb meaning
“To Touch”, while the prefix De means “Do the
opposite of.”
So we can not stress this importantly enough, “Do Not
Touch” these materials.
TOUCH

DECONTAMINATION
Contamination at hazardous waste sites can occur to people,
vehicles, equipment, buildings and to the environment, both
plants and animals. By avoiding contamination through proper
positioning of people, apparatus and equipment, you eliminate
the need to decontaminate.
Decontamination is performed whenever any the following
conditions are present:
 When there is obvious contamination by a know substance.
 When there is suspected contamination by a know substance.
 When there is likelihood of exposure to a deadly substance.
 When you don’t want to spread the contamination.
 When you want to protect the environment.

GOAL OF
DECONTAMINATION
Is to minimize the potential harm to people and the
environment by eliminating or reducing the hazards
of the chemical contaminant.

METHODS OF
DECONTAMINATION
 DILUTION
 ABSORPTION
 DEGRADATION
 ISOLATION
 NEUTRALIZATION
 DISPOSAL

DILUTION
THE THINNING OUT OR WEAKENING OF A
SUBSTANCE BY ADDING ANOTHER
MATERIAL, CALLED A DILUTENT. DILUTION
IS A VALID STEP IN DECONTAMINATION,
BUT THE END MATERIAL WILL STILL HAVE
TO BE DISPOSED OF.

ABSORPTION
THE PROCESS WHERE ONE SUBSTANCE
COMBINES WITH ANOTHER BY
MOVING INTO IT OR ENTERING THE
INTERIOR OF THE OTHER SUBSTANCE.
WHEN ABSORBENT ARE USED IN THE
DECONTAMINATION PROCESS, THE
COMBINED MATERIAL MUST BE
CONSIDERED AND HANDLED AS
CONTAMINATED.

DEGRADATION
THE MOLECULAR BREAKDOWN OF A
MATERIAL. IN THE CASE OF A CONTAMINANT
IT CAN RENDER THE MATERIAL LESS
HAZARDOUS. THE PROCESS CAN BE USED IN
DECONTAMINATION, BUT THE EXTENT OF
DEGRADATION MUST BE MONITORED AND
VERIFIED.

ISOLATION
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A BOUNDARY OR
PERIMETER WHERE A MATERIAL IS
LOCATED OR PLACED, AND WHERE ENTRY
IS RESTRICTED TO UNAUTHORIZED
PERSONNEL. ISOLATION IS NOT ALWAYS
ACHIEVABLE OVER THE LONG TERM, BUT
IT DOES PROVIDE A TEMPORARY METHOD
OF DEALING WITH A CONTAMINATED
SUBSTANCE.

NEUTRALIZATION
THE PROCESS THAT OCCURS WHEN
ACID AND BASES NEUTRALIZE EACH
OTHER; I.E. THE CHARACTERISTIC
PROPERTIES OF BOTH ACID AND AND
BASES DISAPPEAR OR HAVE A NEUTRAL
VALUE. WHERE IT CAN BE ACHIEVED
NEUTRALIZATION IS AN EFFECTIVE
TECHNIQUE IN DECONTAMINATION.

DISPOSAL
THE FINAL STEP IN A PROCESS WHEREBY A
SUBSTANCE IS TRANSFERRED TO AN
AUTHORIZED PARTY, OR TO A FINAL
RESTING PLACE.

LEVEL 1
DECONTAMINATION
Used when the nature of the incident indicates
that there is at least a possibility that an
exposure has occurred but no one is certain
that it has. An example would be if a
reconnaissance team entered a waste site, in
appropriate clothing and SCBA, to identify the
markings on a leaking 55 gallon drum.
3 LEVELS OF DECON

LEVEL 2
DECONTAMINATION
Used when you can physically see that
contamination of clothing has occurred, but the
skin has not been exposed. An example would be
a drum is rolled over and you step in the spilled
liquid. No one on the team experiences skin
contact.
3 LEVELS OF DECON

LEVEL 3
DECONTAMINATION
Used whenever the chemical has come into
contact with the skin. An example would be a
member of the team is splashed by the liquid and
the liquid has eaten a small hole in the clothing
and is burning the skin.
3 LEVELS OF DECON

DECONTAMINATION
CORRIDOR CRITERIA
 Topography - The decon corridor should be located on a
level surface, upwind and upgrade from the site.
 Distance from spills - A minimum of 100 feet shall be
maintained between the decon area and the spill for minor
incidents. 500 feet for major incidents.
 Perimeters - An inner and outer security perimeter will be
established. The entrance into the hot zone must be a
controlled access point.
 Markings - Use stakes or cones and brightly colored
perimeter tape to clearly identify the decon corridor.

 REMEMBER, YOU CONTROL YOUR FACILITY OR AREA!
 REVIEW THEIR PROCEDURES WITH THEM BEFORE
STARTING THE JOB!
 DETERMINE THEIR SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORD!
 DETERMINE WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THEIR PEOPLE!
 DETERMINE HOW THEY WILL AFFECT YOUR EMPLOYEES!
TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS

OSHA'S PERCEPTION
OF A SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM
1. DETAILED WRITTEN HAZARD ASSESSMENTS
2. DETAILED WRITTEN SAFETY PROCEDURES
3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS
4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF TRAINING
5. SUFFICIENT DISCIPLINE REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION
6. FOLLOW-UP

WORK AT WORKING SAFELY
Training is the key to success in managing safety in the
work environment. Attitude is also a key factor in
maintaining a safe workplace. Safety is, and always will
be a team effort, safety starts with each individual
employee and concludes with everyone leaving at the
end of the day to rejoin their families.
Patricia A. Ice
Industrial Hygienist

Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

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