Many questions have been raised regarding the protection of workers and the public during the pandemic. This presentation offers insight into the precautions necessary of preventing exposure and the controls needed to reduce risk.
I have one mission, To BE THE BEST CLINICAL IAQ TEAM!
I invite you to review this dated presentation. I am interested in incorporating new technology which minimizes risk for Autoimmune patients in the EOC. If you have an IAQ process, educational benefit or cutting edge tool, Please private message me or contact me at 619-559-3359.
Together we can make a difference!
PS
We are hiring qualified passionate hard working individuals interested in making a difference.
! Endless support
! Quality workers only! ( if you're lazy -keep moving ;)
! Benefits
I have one mission, To BE THE BEST CLINICAL IAQ TEAM!
I invite you to review this dated presentation. I am interested in incorporating new technology which minimizes risk for Autoimmune patients in the EOC. If you have an IAQ process, educational benefit or cutting edge tool, Please private message me or contact me at 619-559-3359.
Together we can make a difference!
PS
We are hiring qualified passionate hard working individuals interested in making a difference.
! Endless support
! Quality workers only! ( if you're lazy -keep moving ;)
! Benefits
Mold Remediation and Mold Remediation Protocol - Indoor Air Quality Solution...John P. Lapotaire, CIEC.
IAQ Solutions primary response to fungal contamination in buildings is the prompt Remediation of contaminated material and infrastructure repair while preventing further damage to the structure, personal belongings, and occupants.
In accordance with the ANSI Approved IICRC S-520 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation.
John P. Lapotaire, CIEC
Indoor Air Quality Solutions, IAQS
www.FloridaIAQ.com
Contamination Control in Cleanrooms_Dr.A. AmsavelDr. Amsavel A
Basic’s of Contamination
Sources of Contamination
Environment Specification
Elements of Cleanroom Design and Qualification
Definitions
Control of Contaminations
People, Cleaning, Environment & Material
Operation, Monitoring and Control
Documents and Records
Few engineering or administrative controls are used to protect workers in India's coal mines. Workers are exposed to coal dust which contains respirable crystalline silica and heavy metals. Workers suffer from silicosis and other pulmonary diseases from their workplace exposures in the mines. There is no health insurance and workers have a limited life expectancy.
The Health Safety Executive (HSE) published information on occupational lung disease statistics in Great Britain in 2023. The results underscore exposure to occupational illness in various industries in the UK.
More Related Content
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Mold Remediation and Mold Remediation Protocol - Indoor Air Quality Solution...John P. Lapotaire, CIEC.
IAQ Solutions primary response to fungal contamination in buildings is the prompt Remediation of contaminated material and infrastructure repair while preventing further damage to the structure, personal belongings, and occupants.
In accordance with the ANSI Approved IICRC S-520 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation.
John P. Lapotaire, CIEC
Indoor Air Quality Solutions, IAQS
www.FloridaIAQ.com
Contamination Control in Cleanrooms_Dr.A. AmsavelDr. Amsavel A
Basic’s of Contamination
Sources of Contamination
Environment Specification
Elements of Cleanroom Design and Qualification
Definitions
Control of Contaminations
People, Cleaning, Environment & Material
Operation, Monitoring and Control
Documents and Records
Similar to Back to Work Safely and COVID-19 Pandemic (20)
Few engineering or administrative controls are used to protect workers in India's coal mines. Workers are exposed to coal dust which contains respirable crystalline silica and heavy metals. Workers suffer from silicosis and other pulmonary diseases from their workplace exposures in the mines. There is no health insurance and workers have a limited life expectancy.
The Health Safety Executive (HSE) published information on occupational lung disease statistics in Great Britain in 2023. The results underscore exposure to occupational illness in various industries in the UK.
Individual work tasks and business operations vary from industry to industry as well as within each industry. OSHA has collected a wealth of industrial hygiene sample data prior to the change in collection methods. We looked at the OSHA data to determine where the risks occurred within each industry. The results were surprising and the level of effort to inform workers was limited at the same time. Since our investigation, the occupational exposure limits have also changed so we compared the past data sets to the new exposure limits. There were even more surprised in our analysis.
While some stress is good to help drive business excellence, too much stress can have the opposite effect. There are individual variabilities of performance based on experience, education, training, and other psychosocial issues. Understanding stress and how to cope is very important tool. We explore the concerns of workplace stress and stress withing interpersonal relationships.
Migrant children are being exploited as they enter into a new country in order to support their family. These children work in agriculture, construction, and maritime industries. Some are sold as slaves while others are held in bondage or contract labor. No controls are used to protect their health or wellbeing.
After the earthquake in Turkey, workers, public and private citizens were exposed to asbestos, respirable crystalline silica and heavy metals from the debris and cleanup operations. This slide deck helps to illustrate the health hazards created by this disaster. Controls should have been used to reduce the risk of exposure.
Workers, volunteers, and the public are exposed to respirable crystalline silica, asbestos, and heavy metals from both natural and manmade disasters. This presentation looks at the potential occupational health exposures and the controls that could be used to reduce risk.
Workplaces in China have few controls yet they display updated industrial operations showing the hierarchy of controls. In many industries, workers are exposed to very dusty operations from coal mining to construction. This presentation aims to highlight those operations and work tasks where improvements can be made. There are consultants and organizations that could provide support to reduce the risk of exposure and prevent occupational illness and disease.
Business and industry in Bangladesh are different from the remainder of the world. Occupational health and industrial hygiene are poorly represented in the country. Health hazards and risk of occupational illness and disease are prevalent. A hierarchy of controls should be developed by the government and rules of engagement enforced. Tax credits should be given to employers to improve their workplaces and business culture. Investments in human capital should be made to evaluate conditions and provide sustainable improvements to reduce the liability and risk of illness and promote prosperity.
The industrial hygiene profession is expanding far beyond protecting worker health. IHs are looking into climate change, environmental and public health concerns, sustainability, mental health and so much more.
Industrial hygiene is a science to protect workers from harm due to chemicals, biological and physical agents, radiological and ergonomic exposures. Our professions spans other concerns related to workplace health including drugs and alcohol, mental health and so much more.
What we see does not always relate to the occupational health and safety hazards in the workplace. While doing surveys, our brain only sees 10% of what's actually going on. Learn more how to be more aware of your surroundings.
The business world is changing and the need to keep workers and leaders informed is ever more important. However, the time constraints to deliver the message must be provided in short sound bites so that it can be managed with the myriad of other daily responsibilities. The answer is to provide training when workers and leaders can attend online. Lessons need to be short and deliver meaningful information. The lessons need to build upon each other so the entire message is complete at the end of the training. By reimaging how we can deliver information in a timely fashion will improve our capacity to protect workers, public and the environment in the future.
Occupational and environmental health and safety have taken center stage in all market segments across the globe. The cost benefit of protecting workers, public, and the environment outweighs the cost of negligence and avoidance by limiting liability and risk while improving human performance, productivity, profitability and prosperity.
Mental health and psychosocial disorders are pervasive throughout the business world. Leadership needs to understand the cost benefits of incorporating these issues into existing safety and health management systems to improve the livelihoods of bot workers and their families. By improving policy, programs and procedures, everyone benefits from a better working environment, climate and culture.
Heat stress is a concern for baseball and softball officials doing multiple games over a tournament weekend. Some officials can officiate 9-11 games over a three day period with little rest in between. With elevated air temperatures and relative humidity during mid-day, officials are affected by the environmental conditions. This affects not only their cognitive skills but their physical ability to call plays. Wearing the protective gear places an additional heat strain on the officials behind the plate. This presentation discusses these issues and offers a basic model to judge the relative risk of heat stress for officials and assigners who are in good physical condition.
Industrial hygienists and occupational health professionals have been evaluating work environments and providing solutions to business for decades. With the advancement in technology and expansion of the profession into neighboring disciplines, they can provide total work health to more vulnerable populations across the globe.
The SARS CoV-2 virus has had a different effect on construction as opposed to other industries. These essential workers find themselves in various indoor and outdoor environments either working alone or along side with multiple trades. So the exposures vary with job work tasks and locations. This brief examines when it is necessary to employ more engineering or administrative controls to protect worker health.
Whenever a business is going to make a capital improvement to protect workers from harm, a cost benefit analysis should be done to determine if it is a sound decision. There are several ways to make the determination, which is explored in this brief.
The industrial hygiene profession protects worker health but they do much more to align with other professions to protect public and environmental health. Learn how people in every industry can be protected from health concerns in their business and why they have the answers to make change to reduce the risk and limit the liability for every business.
More from The Windsdor Consulting Group, Inc. (20)
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
1. BACK TO WORK SAFELY AND COVID-19
PANDEMIC
AIHA Tidewater Local Section
Presented by:
Bernard L. Fontaine, Jr., CIH, CSP, FAIHA
November 4, 2022
Courtesy of Scientific American
2. 2
Disclaimer
This transformative remix of scientific work constitutes a fair-use of published copyrighted
material as provided by section 107 of the United States copyright law. Some of the content
material contained herein including but not limited to statements or photographs may contain
content not authorized by its owner. However, for training and educational purposes only, the
use of this information is allowed based on fair-use and applicable licenses. AIHA nor the
AIHA Tidewater Local Section endorses either brand name of products, use or application
described in this presentation. The Windsor Consulting Group, Inc. has no financial interest.
The following presentation cannot be reproduced, sold, distributed, or otherwise used in any
other matter than training and educating people on the subject matter related to the SARS
CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 pandemic. The goal is to begin a dialog with occupational health
and safety professionals about returning employees back to work while protecting the
communities served. The information regarding any of the subject matter including, but not
limited to, building ventilation, air filtration, airflow, cleaning and disinfection, and
environmental testing are not all inclusive on the subject matter.
4. 4
Other Sources of SARS CoV-2
• Drinking water, wastewater, and fecal sludge
• Sanitation and plumbing discharge into global
oceans and streams
• Toilets and handling fecal material
• Management of healthcare waste
• Environmental cleaning and laundry
• Disposal of grey water from cleaning
• Safe management of corpses
• Water quality and facilities for hand hygiene
• Use of public pools, beaches and facilities
Where can SARS CoV-2 be found?
6. 6
Incubation Period
• Time from exposure to
symptoms onset
• With COVID-19,
symptoms may show
up 2-14 days after
exposure
• CDC indicates people
are most contagious
when clinically
symptomatic
• Several studies show
people also may be
contagious before
developing symptoms
27. SARS CoV-2 on Surfaces
Source: van Doremalen N,
Bushmaker T, Morris DH, et al.
Aerosol and Surface Stability of
SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with
SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med.
2020;382(16):1564‐1567.
aiha.org | 27
29. CLICK TO EDIT MASTER
TITLE STYLE
BUILDING
VENTILATION
aiha.org | 29
Courtesy of
Scientific American
30. • Building ventilation circulates air throughout a built
environment
• Outdoor ventilation or the heating, ventilating, and air-
conditioning (HVAC) system of a building supplies and
removes air naturally (windows) and/or mechanically to
and from a space
• HVAC systems most often consist of mechanical parts
which should provide air to building occupants at a
comfortable temperature and humidity that is free of
harmful concentrations of air pollutants
What is building ventilation?
aiha.org | 30
32. Natural Building Ventilation
• Ventilation design relies on natural sources such as
wind and temperature differences in order to flow
fresh air through a building
• Best suited for open plan layouts and minimize
noise pollution and external air
• Not suited for buildings with small spaces or
buildings needing a constant air temperature
• Not suited for buildings that need to control for
relative humidity
What is building natural ventilation?
aiha.org | 32
33. Building Ventilation
• Ensure there is an adequate flow of fresh air to workspaces and
optimize the ventilation system settings by:
• Maximize fresh air through your ventilation system
• Ensure restroom is under negative pressure
• Ensure that the proper filtration is being used to control SARS-
CoV-2 transmission
• Clean and disinfect all HVAC intakes and returns daily
• ASHRAE updates for more information.
• If pedestal, desk or hard mounted fans are used, minimize air
from fans blowing from one person directly to another.
• Fans may be useful to reduce the heat-related illness in plants
Prior to re-occupancy, review configuration of workspaces
aiha.org | 33
42. Building Ventilation for Industry
• Engineering Controls
• General exhaust ventilation
• Local exhaust ventilation
• Fans
• Air filtration
• Building and room filtration
• Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
• Administrative Controls
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Important suggested measures
Hierarchy of Controls
aiha.org | 42
43. CLICK TO EDIT MASTER
TITLE STYLE
AIRFLOW
DISTRIBUTION
aiha.org | 43
Courtesy of
Scientific American
49. CLICK TO EDIT MASTER
TITLE STYLE
AIR FILTRATION
aiha.org | 49
Courtesy of
Scientific American
50. Air Filtration
• Use the most efficient filters possible to maintain
ability to supply adequate air flow
• Consider using stand alone portable HEPA units
• Change to MERV 13-14 or HEPA filter
• Ensure that filters are installed in the correct
orientation relative to airflow, that they are the
appropriate size, and that they are seated in the
filter rack properly
• Minimize air flowing around filters instead of
through them
Regularly clean or replace HVAC system filters
aiha.org | 50
52. CLICK TO EDIT MASTER
TITLE STYLE
BUILDING INSPECTION
aiha.org | 52
Courtesy of
Scientific American
53. Building Inspection
• Open all outdoor air intakes
that are closed
• Adjust or repair those that are
not working properly
• Regardless of air flow required
for heating and cooling, the
minimum outdoor air flow
recommended by ASHRAE
should always be provided to
each interior space
Inspect outdoor air intakes
aiha.org | 53
54. Building Inspection
• Dysfunctional exhaust fans can
result in suboptimal pressure
differences throughout the building
• Exhaust fans can create or
exacerbate IEQ problems. Odors
and harmful vapors can circulate
throughout the entire interior space
being supplied by an HVAC system
Inspect building exhaust fans
to work properly
aiha.org | 54
55. Building Inspection
• WHO’s 3-foot rule based on 1930’s
research by Harvard’s William Wells
• CDC 6-foot rule based on research of
SARS 2003 pandemic
• MIT research suggests “turbulent gas
clouds” released by individuals travel
up to 23-27 feet
• Suggested new rule – 30 feet. Being
implemented by San Francisco DPH
Why 6-Feet and How Close is Too Close?
aiha.org | 55
56. Building Inspection
• Minimum HVAC inspection and maintenance
requirements that preserve a system’s ability to
achieve acceptable thermal comfort, energy efficiency,
and indoor air quality in commercial buildings
• Does not apply to single family or multiple dwelling
residential occupancy, buildings used for commercial,
industrial or manufacturing process, and
• Does not apply as a means to circumvent any safety,
health or environmental requirements
Inspect HVAC Systems
aiha.org | 56
57. Building Inspection
• Technology was developed and tested at the
University of Oregon
• By swabbing air ducts and surfaces, researchers
believe they can identify places of exposure and
public at risk
• One expert was encouraged by the results, but
suggested more consideration about reliability,
cost and practicality related to the technology
Testing Surfaces and HVAC Systems
aiha.org | 57
59. CLICK TO EDIT MASTER
TITLE STYLE
AIR SAMPLING FOR SARS
CoV-2
aiha.org | 60
Courtesy of
Scientific American
60. Air Sampling for SARS CoV-2
• Air testing is an investigative tool used to characterize
the nature and extent of contaminants in air and to
determine whether contaminant sources affect indoor
air quality to the workforce, public or environmental
air quality
• Pre-sampling inspection should be done prior to each
sampling event to identify working or environmental
conditions that may affect or interfere with testing.
• Inspection should evaluate the structure, floor layout,
physical conditions, and airflows of the building(s)
being studied
• Number of personal and area samples depends on
information to identify a workplace hazard/risk
aiha.org | 61
61. Air Sampling for SARS CoV-2
• Fourteen of 40 air samples in ICU (35%) tested positive
and 2 of 16 from the general ward (12.5%)
• Eight of 12 ICU air vent swabs (66.7%) tested positive,
as did 1 of 12 (8.3%) general ward swabs, results confirm
risk of aerosol exposure
• Aerosol was near air vents (5/14 [25.7%]), in patient
rooms (8/18 [44.4%]), and doctor's offices (1/8 [12.5%]), indicating
that aerosolized virus near and downstream of patients
• Upstream areas posed a risk based on virus in a doctor's office, max
transmission distance of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol 4 m (13 ft)
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/04/study-finds-evidence-covid-19-air-hospital-
surfaces
aiha.org | 62
62. Air Sampling for SARS CoV-2
Daniel Verreault et al. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2008;
doi:10.1128/MMBR.00002-08
aiha.org | 63
63. Air Sampling for SARS CoV-2
Daniel Verreault et al. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2008;
doi:10.1128/MMBR.00002-08
25 mm
PTFE filter
aiha.org | 64
64. Air Sampling for SARS CoV-2
Daniel Verreault et al. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2008;
doi:10.1128/MMBR.00002-08
aiha.org | 65
65. Air Sampling for SARS CoV-2
“BioSpot-
VIVAS” Sampler
MAGIC™
CPC
aiha.org | 66
66. Air Sampling for SARS CoV-2
PAM
S
High Resolution ELPI®+ DLPI+ LISST-Portable|XR
Fluke TSI Alnor
TSI
Dusttra
k
Aerosol and
Dust Monitors
aiha.org | 67
67. Air Sampling for SARS CoV-2
• PTFE filter and NIOSH cyclone sampler at a
rate of 3.5 l/m for 10 min collected similar
amounts of viral RNA in artificial generated
aerosols and variable relative humidity (RH)
• Using a ferret model, the PTFE filter, NIOSH
cyclone sampler and Andersen impactor
collected up to 3.66 log10 copies of RNA/liter
air, 3.84 log10 copies of RNA/liter air and 6.09
log10 copies of RNA/liter air at peak recovery
periods
Ref: Bekking C, Yip L, Groulx N, Doggett N, Finn M, and Mubareka S.
Evaluation of bioaerosol samplers for the detection and quantification of
influenza virus from artificial aerosols and influenza virus-infected
ferrets. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2019;13(6):564‐573.
doi:10.1111/irv.12678
aiha.org | 68
68. Air Sampling for SARS CoV-2
• On a pig farm, several air samples were
collected using liquid cyclonic collector
(Midwest Micro-Tek) processing 400
l/min of air – 0.9 to 2.1 km downwind.
• Aliquot of 10 mL minimum essential
medium (MEM) solution supplemented
the 4% bovine albumin serum (BAS).
The cyclonic collector was run for 30
minutes allowing airborne particles to
be mixed with collection media solution.
Ref: Corzo CA, Culhane M, Dee S, Morrison RB, Torremorell
M. Airborne detection and quantification of swine influenza a
virus in air samples collected inside, outside and downwind
from swine barns. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71444. Published
2013 Aug 8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071444
aiha.org | 69
69. CLICK TO EDIT MASTER
TITLE STYLE
BACK TO WORK SAFELY
GUIDES
aiha.org | 70
Courtesy of
Scientific American
70. Risk Levels for Vulnerable Populations
• Very High Exposure Risk - jobs with high potential for
exposure to known or suspected sources of COVID-19 during
specific medical, postmortem, or laboratory procedures
(healthcare workers performing aerosol-generating procedures
on infected persons).
• High Exposure Risk - jobs with high potential for exposure to
known or suspected sources of COVID-19 (healthcare delivery
and support staff exposed to infected persons, medical
transport and mortuary workers.
• Medium Exposure Risk - jobs requiring frequent and/or close
contact with infected people who may be infected COVID-19.
Areas with ongoing community transmission including travelers
in shared rides or returning from domestic or international
locations with widespread COVID-19 transmission.
aiha.org | 71
73. Hierarchy of Infection Controls
Engineering Controls
• Evaluate building ventilation system
• Improve air filtration and airflow
• Open windows and doors, and use fans
• Drive-thru or delivery service
• Plastic shields, physical barriers and sneeze
guards
• Signs on floor for standing and operating
equipment and machinery
• Alter workspace for greater distancing between
work stations
aiha.org | 74
74. Hierarchy of Infection Controls
Engineering Controls for High Risk Operations
• Examples include healthcare, dental and laboratories:
• Negative pressure isolation rooms
• Biological safety cabinets/HEPA filtration
• UV germicidal irradiation systems
• Patient enclosures
aiha.org | 75
75. Hierarchy of Infection Controls
• Patient check-in areas and healthcare workers in hospital
emergency rooms
• Protect receptionists from patients checking in for
appointments.
• Plastic sneeze guards around cashiers, bank tellers,
pharmacy drop-off and pick-up windows and other customer
service areas
• Hung in restaurants between tables to protect guests
• Heating and air conditioning technicians and plumbers can
place barriers around their work activity
• Installed in between workers on the production line where
physical distancing cannot be maintained
Plastic Partitions and Sneeze Guards
aiha.org | 76
78. Hierarchy of Infection Controls
Administrative Controls
• Monitor public health communications
• Encourage workers to report symptoms, stay home
• Develop strategies to: manage worker concerns and
communicate with workers
• Remind workers of support services
• Communicate to partners, suppliers, other contractors
on policies and practices
• Encourage social distancing and the use of cloth face
coverings
• Cancel group events or mass gatherings
• Close/limit use of shared spaces
• Consider policies for flexible sick leave, staggered and
alternative work schedules
• Schedule stocking during off-peak hours
aiha.org | 79
79. Hierarchy of Infection Controls
Administrative Controls
• Enable sick workers to stay home or worker time off to care
for someone sick at home
• Report illness and record as potential workers’
compensation claim and OSHA illness
• Establish work from home policy
• Minimizing contact among workers and clients inside rooms
and other interior spaces
• Discontinue non-essential travel domestic
• Prevent use of reusable bags in grocery and convenience
stores,
• Limiting the number of staff present for high potential
exposure tasks
• Use drop boxes and travel in separate vehicles
• Training and education of staff and contractors
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82. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
Tips to prevent Legionella growth
• Develop a comprehensive water management
program (WMP) for all devices that use water
• Ensure water heater is properly maintained and
temperature is correctly set
• Flush your water system
• Clean all decorative and drinking water fountains
• Ensure hot tubs/spas are safe for use
• Keep cooling towers clean and well maintained
• Ensure fire sprinkler systems, eye wash stations,
and safety showers are clean and well-maintained
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83. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
Tips to prevent mold growth
• Keep humidity levels as low all day long
• Allow free exchange of airflow throughout building
• Fix any leaks in the roof, walls, or plumbing
• Clean up and dry out building fully and quickly
(within 24–48 hours) after a flood or sewer backup
• Remove or replace carpets and upholstery that
are soaked and cannot be dried right away
• Don’t store cardboard boxes on concrete floor
• Drain stormwater away from property
• Report any musty odors to the property manager
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84. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
Tips for pest management
Category Concern Solution
Pluming traps Evaporated sewer traps Rehydrate and flush system
Ejector pits and sumps Stagnant water Run water and purge ejectors
Grease and oil traps Stagnant water Pump and clean traps
Trash – sanitary garbage Organic material, residues Clean receptacles and trash
Food, beverages, candy Food and nutrient sources Inspect areas frequently
Kitchenette/office appliances Food rot and source Clean and unplug appliances
Windows and doors Entry through openings Check and inspect often
Food facilities Storage, grease, food debris Clean and check gaskets
Fireplaces Harborage in flues Install screens and close dampers
Rugs and carpets Human occupancy and spillage Vacuum, steam clean and shampoo
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85. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
Key elements of a back to work plan
• Management leadership and employee participation
• Hazard identification and assessment
• Hazard prevention and control
• Risk communication, education, and training
• System evaluation and improvement
• Family preparedness
• Emergency operations procedures
• Post pandemic recovery and return back to work
• Integrate with business continuity and emergency
preparedness plans
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86. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
• Be informed and prepared
• Maintain social distancing (6 feet)
• Wash hands frequently
• Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer
• Avoid touching eyes, nose, and mouth
• Stay home when you are sick
• Cough or sneeze into a tissue or your elbow
• Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and
surfaces such as cell phones
• Be prepared if child’s school, daycare facility, or
worksite is temporarily closed
What can individuals do?
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87. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
Five steps for proper hand washing
• Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or
cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap.
• Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the
soap. Lather the backs of your hands, between your
fingers, and under your nails.
• Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer?
Hum the “Happy Birthday” song from beginning to end
twice.
• Rinse your hands well under clean, running water.
• Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them.
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88. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
Basic hygiene and social distancing
• Stay home when sick or caring for someone sick
• Wash hands or use sanitizer frequently and after
coughing, sneezing, blowing nose, or using
restroom
• Avoid touching your nose, mouth, and eyes.
• Cover coughs and sneezes with tissues or do it
in your sleeve
• Dispose of tissues in no-touch bins
• Avoid close contact with coworkers or customers
• Avoid shaking hands or other physical contact
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89. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
PPE for jobs with high potential exposure
• Face/eye protection
• Gloves
• Gowns
• Respirators
• At least N95 disposable
• PAPR or full or half face elastomeric for greater
protection
• Counterfeit respirators in the supply chain
• NOTE: a worldwide shortage of PPE!
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92. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
An N95, KN95, FFP2 respirator is the minimum level of
protection to prevent inhaling coronavirus. Some
disposable respirators are sold as counterfeit devices.
Respirators are needed for a potential for aerosol
transmission
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93. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
Non-NIOSH
approved
respirators
filtration
performance by
International
Standards
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94. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
KN95
mask
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95. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
• Written program
• Selection according to hazard
• Medically fit to wear
• Fit-testing (quantitative/qualitative)
• Proper use of respirators
• Respirator maintenance
• Labeling/color coding filters
• Employee training
• Program evaluation
• Recordkeeping
Respiratory programs must comply with all elements of
OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.134
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96. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
FDA recalls 100+ brands of hand sanitizer
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98. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
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• Must be hands-on and frequent
• Should not be primarily computer based
or lecture
• Must include an opportunity to drill the
actual process of donning and doffing
PPE and respirators
• Should include a trained observer
• Cover site specific decontamination
procedures
Training and practical demonstrations
99. AIHA Back to Work Safely™
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OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
The hazard communication standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200,
establishes a worker’s right to know about chemicals in the
workplace
Employers are required to develop:
• List of all hazardous chemicals in the workplace
• Labels on containers
• Chemical information (safety data sheets)
• Training
• Written program and worker access to information
These rights may be relevant to the cleaning and disinfecting of chemicals
104. Building Reopening Readiness
• Ensure HVAC systems operate properly
• Increase circulation of outdoor air
• Evaluate building and its mechanical
and life safety systems
• Conduct a thorough hazard assessment
• Identify work and common areas
• Include all workers in a workplace
communication plan
• Communicate with contracting company
CDC Reminds Us
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105. Building Reopening Readiness
• Engineering
• Facilities/equipment
• Administrative
• Management and
communications
• Clean and disinfect
• Worker training
• Reporting illness
• Personal protective
equipment (PPE)
Prior to re-occupancy
use checklist
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106. Building Reopening Readiness
• Prevent transmission among employees
• Monitor federal, state, and public health
communications
• Reinforce how workers can protect themselves and
others from COVID-19
• Plan to conduct daily in-person or virtual health
checks
• Conduct a hazard assessment of the workplace
• Plan for when employee is sick at work or move them
away from co-workers, customers, and visitors
• Develop action plan for suspected/confirmed cases
• Maintain healthy business operations
• Maintain a healthy work environment
Prior to re-occupancy use checklist
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107. Building Reopening Readiness
• Eliminate reception seating areas and request guests phone ahead
• Install a plastic partition at the reception area
• Review floorplans and remove or reconfigure seats, furniture and
workstations to preserve physical distancing
• Reconfigure workstations so employees don’t face each other, or
place partitions between them
• Temporarily replace amenities with high contact frequency, such as
water coolers, coffee makers, and bulk snacks and use alternatives
(e.g., touchless sensor water dispensers; request workers bring their
own water bottles/coffee mugs
• Provide individually wrapped snacks
Prior to re-occupancy, review configuration of workspaces
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108. Building Reopening Readiness
• Consider using signage to deter use of such amenities
• If vending machines are used, provide and require cleaning and
disinfectants to wipe down after each use
• Reduce tasks for a large number of people to congregate in one
area
• Design work to reduce or eliminate trade stacking in the same area
• Encourage employees to use virtual meeting tools, including phone
and virtual teleconference, in lieu of in-person meetings
• If in-person meetings are essential, limit 10 people or less
depending on local, state, and federal guidelines
Prior to re-occupancy, review configuration of workspaces
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109. Building Reopening Readiness
• Disinfectant wipes or spray should be left in each
conference room and employees should wipe
down all surfaces and equipment (e.g., mouse,
keyboard, phone) touched during the meeting
• Consider limiting in-person meetings to 10 people
or less, if virtual meetings are not feasible
• In-person meetings should be done promptly to
avoid prolonged airborne exposure.
• Lingering or socializing before/after meetings
should be discouraged
Disinfect conference rooms daily
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110. Building Reopening Readiness
• Common areas (lobby, security check-in)
• should be cleaned and disinfected on a daily
• Regulate the use of common areas with clear
signage (including maximum occupancy) and
physical distancing measures in accordance
with public health guidelines
• Provide cleaning supplies to use before/after in
common spaces and contact surfaces
• Encourage staff not to linger or socialize
• Use physical distancing or partitions between
sitting areas and work stations
Disinfect lobby and common areas daily
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111. Building Reopening Readiness
• Disinfect all surfaces and commonly touched
equipment (e.g., check-in tablets)
• Avoid communal meals/food in common areas
where employees may congregate
• In buildings with cafeteria-style service or food
courts, protective measures should be
implemented like reduced capacity, staggered
lunch schedules, pick-up only, removal of self-
serve food and dinnerware/ drinkware, physical
distancing, physical barriers, limiting people who
can sit together, enhanced disinfection and
sanitization, and touchless payment options
Disinfect lobby and common areas daily
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112. Building Reopening Readiness
• Clean and disinfect kitchen work areas daily
• Kitchen equipment should be cleaned routinely
• Disinfect coffee machines, refrigerator handles, and
ice machine handles at least 3-times/day.
• Clean dishwashers at beginning and end of shift
• Clean silverware and dinnerware in dishwasher or
use disposable option
• Store silverware so that it’s not easily touched when
a worker is retrieving item
• Ice machines with hand scoop shouldn’t be used
• Clean hand-operated beverage and water faucets
• Don’t congregate in the kitchen or galley area
Disinfect kitchens and galley areas
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113. Building Reopening Readiness
• Reduce occupant capacity during peak times, or
stagger breakfast/lunch or dinner schedules
• Consider pick-up only to manage crowds
• Remove self-serve food, hot/cold food bars and
communal serving stations
• Remove reusable dinnerware/drinkware
• Replace condiments with individually wrapped items
• Implement physical distancing by allowing seating at
every other table, or expanding the dining area to
include more space.
• Consider physical barriers in between seating
Changes for cafeterias and break rooms
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114. Building Reopening Readiness
• Limit the number of people sitting together
• Implement enhanced disinfection/sanitization
• Consider adding touchless payment options
and/or pre-ordering of food items
• Require gloves for all back of house staff
• If hand-washing protocols are not rigorously
followed, consider providing gloves to servers
• Require face coverings front of the house staff
• Encourage all other employees to wear face
coverings and gloves, and use hand sanitizer
Changes for cafeterias and break rooms
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115. Building Reopening Readiness
• Coordinate with vendors and reduce loading dock
worker contact with delivery drivers;
• Allow workers to wear face masks
• Report any safety and health concerns
• Encourage workers to stay home if sick
• Maintain at least 6-feet between co-workers
• Discourage sharing of tools or equipment.
• Disinfect shared tools after each use
• Wash hands and alcohol-based hand rubs
• Routinely clean and disinfect surfaces and equipment
EPA) approved cleaning chemicals
Changes for loading and delivery operations
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116. REALM Project
• After 2-days of quarantine in stacked configuration, SAR
CoV-2 virus was not detectable on archival folders
• After four days of quarantine in stacked configuration,
virus was not detectable on braille pages, glossy book
pages, and board book
• Magazine pages had trace amounts of virus at 4-days
• After 3-days of quarantine no virus was detected in hard-
and soft-back covered books, plain paper pages inside a
book and plastic book coverings
• Other materials examined include: DVD/CD
polycarbonate audio books, video, and music, talking
books, USB cassettes, storage bags and containers
Reopening Archives, Libraries and Museums
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118. CLICK TO EDIT MASTER
TITLE STYLE
CLEANING AND
DISINFECTION
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Courtesy of
Scientific American
119. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Designed for essential
workspaces and
environmental communities
• Specific principles, procedures
and work practices
• Requires periodic oversight
and confirmation of
workmanship
• Establish trained team of
environmental service
technicians
• Selection and use of EPA N-
listed registered disinfectants
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129. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Water helps remove and dislodge surface grim and dirt but doesn’t
dissolve any fats and oils
• Soaps and detergents remove fats and oils and reduce surface water
tension
Method:
• Quarter fold clean cloth/wipe and turn to a new surface with each stroke
• Use parallel, linear and overlapping strokes working for dirtiest to
cleanest – never in a circular motion
• Air or wipe dry with clean disposable paper towels, clean cloth or towel
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132. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
Ref: https://youtu.be/pbSd7gjFgvs
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133. Clean, Santize and Disinfect
• Wear disposable or reusable gloves
• Wipe in one direction
Tips to Clean and Disinfect
Surfaces
• Surface stay wet with disinfectant for 10
minutes/sanitize after 30 secs
• Read manufacturer’s instructions
• Large surfaces use a spray and dry
• Avoid using the same wipe or cloth
• Frequently replace wipes or cloths
• Discard everything in the trash
Clean inside crevasses
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134. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Doorknobs, light switches, handrails, kitchen appliances, countertops,
drawer handles, tables, sinks, faucet and toilet handles, drinking
fountains, elevator buttons, push plates, phones, key/remote controls
• When cleaning workspaces, cubicles and other office areas, make
sure to disinfect frequently touched surfaces and objects, such as
sign-in areas, desks, chairs, phones, printers, keyboards and
computer mice
• Clean restrooms frequently
• For vehicles: clean door handles, window buttons, locks, payment
machines, arm rests, seat cushions, buckles and seatbelts.
• Wipe down surfaces that drivers touch, steering wheel, radio buttons,
turn indicators and cup holders
Focus on Shared and High-Touch Non-Porous Surfaces
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135. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Enveloped viruses like coronaviruses – SARS CoV-2 are
easily deactivated by proper cleaning and disinfection
• Not all disinfectants are created equal
• Use EPA N-listed registered chemical substances
• Use the product as directed by the manufacture for
effectiveness and safety
• Don’t rush – adhere to proper dwell times as prescribed
• Wear gloves and wash hands often
• Don’t waste good disinfection efforts by using poor work
practices to clean first
Clean and Disinfect Interior Building Surfaces
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136. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• If surfaces are dirty, clean with detergent or soap and water prior to
disinfection
• For disinfection, diluted household bleach solutions, alcohol solutions
with at least 60% alcohol, and EPA-registered household disinfectants
• Prepare a bleach solution with 1/3 cup of bleach with 1-gallon of water or
4 teaspoons of bleach with 1-quart of water
Methods to Clean and Disinfect Non-Porous Surfaces
• Do not shake dirty laundry; this can disperse virus in the air
• Wash items according with the manufacturer's instructions. Launder
using the warmest water setting for the items and dry completely.
• Clean and disinfect hampers or carts for transporting laundry
Linens, Towels, Clothing, and Other Laundry Items
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137. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• For other soft items (carpeted floor, drapes, upholstered sofas
and rugs), follow the manufacturer’s instructions or use a cleaning
product specifically for that item
• For example, use a steam cleaner or apply a disinfectant product
that is appropriate for type of fabric, and vacuum as usual
• Wear appropriate gloves or other personal protective equipment
(PPE) as instructed on the product label
• Throw away gloves after each cleaning, and wash hands with
soap and water for at least 20 seconds
Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect Porous Surfaces
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138. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Consider putting a wipeable cover on electronics
• Follow manufacturer’s instruction for cleaning and disinfecting
• If no guidance, use alcohol-based wipes or sprays containing at
least 70% alcohol. Dry the surface thoroughly.
• Spraying, misting, or fogging cloud computing servers and other
similar hardware should not be done to avoid damage unless
prescribed by the manufacturer
Clean electronics (tablets, touch screens, keyboards, and
remote controls)
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139. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Sprays electrostatically charged mist (“dry fog”) onto surfaces and
objects with disinfecting solution and atomized air by sprayer
electrode
• Coats surfaces uniformly even if the mist is only sprayed from one
side
• Positively charged particles adhere to surfaces and objects
Electrostatic Sprayers
• Disinfectant applied as fog, fumigate, or electrostatic spray
• Areas should be vacant during application and afterward (~1-2 hours)
• Safe for sensitive surfaces, such as wood, upholstery and electronics,
but not paperwork, clothing, food, dishware, wall decorations
• Only works on surface that can be electrostatically charged
Caution
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140. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Applied as a low-temperature antimicrobial vapor used to
disinfect air and surfaces
• Special equipment generates HPV by passing aqueous
H2O2 with a vaporizer and circulates the vapor
• After HPV mixes in the interior space it is circulated back to
the generator, where it is deconstructed into water and
oxygen
• Only safe to enter when HPV concentrations fall to safe
levels <1 ppm or vented to the outside air
• Considered a "dry process" that leaves no surface residue
• Requires skilled application and monitoring since H2O2
concentrations could exceed occupational exposure limits
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Vapor
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141. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Two-step process ionizes 7.8% H2O2 solution into fine mist/fog
of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that inactivates virus
• Electrostatically charged mist improves dispersion and surface
coverage as droplets repel each other’s attraction to oppositely
charged items in the area
• After disinfecting, solution decomposes into oxygen and water
Ionized Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
• Requires skilled application and monitoring as H2O2
concentrations could exceed occupational exposure limits
• Fine mist may activate smoke detectors
Cautions
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142. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Can produce a range of droplet sizes to create a
mist using pressure to vaporize and deliver
disinfectants
• Fogging machines generate a fog or mist form
droplets between 5-50 microns (μm) in diameter
• Droplets <10 microns can remain airborne for hours
increasing chance of bonding with aerosols and
particulates
• Can be applied to hard surfaces after effective
cleaning
Ultra Low Volume (ULV) Foggers
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143. Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Create large droplets to deliver best surface wetting
application
• Relatively easy to use, portable and can cover large
areas with longer contact time
Airless Sprayers
• Disinfectant “sticks” to surface providing even
application and longer contact time
• User can see what areas are covered with spray
• Relatively easy to use and portable
• Somewhat slower application than airless sprayer
Foaming Sprayer
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144. PPE to Clean, Sanitize and Disinfect
• Cleaning staff should wear disposable gloves and gowns for all tasks in the
cleaning process, including handling trash
• Remove gloves after cleaning a room occupied by ill person
• Wash hands immediately after removing gloves
• Report tear in gloves or any potential exposures to supervisor
• Cleaning staff should clean hands often by washing hands with soap and
water for 20 seconds
• If soap and water are not available and hands are not visibly dirty, use
alcohol-based hand sanitizer containing 60-95% alcohol may be used
• If hands are visibly dirty, first wash hands with soap and water
• Follow normal preventive actions, including hand washing and avoid
touching eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands
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145. RIA, IICRC, and AIHA Report
• Professional cleaning for restoration
contractors
• Pre-work preparations
• Wiping touchpoints and applying
disinfectants
• Post work project evaluation
• Managing service operations
• Risk assessment and management
• Joint task force with stakeholders
• Training and education
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146. CLICK TO EDIT MASTER
TITLE STYLE
UV GERMICIDAL RADIATION
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Courtesy of
Scientific American
147. Ultraviolet (UV) Light
• All wavelengths of UV
radiation are
carcinogenic to humans
• Predominant frequency
is 254 nm in the UV
spectrum
• Most vulnerable are
eyes and skin
• Some UV lamps
generate ozone vapor
in air
• ACGIH TLV® -
ultraviolet radiation
exposure
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148. Health Hazards from UV Radiation
• Skin cancer
• >1M cases of non-melanoma skin cancer diagnosed annually. Other
UV skin concerns are basal and squamous cell carcinomas.
• Most skin cancers appear after age 50, but begins at an early age
• Actinic keratoses and premature aging (photoaging)
• Chronologically-aged skin shows changes after age 40 or older
• Freckling, fine wrinkling, and dilation of capillaries seen at early age
• Cataracts and other eye disorders
• Change in crystalline lens causes blurred vision leading to blindness
• Immune system damage
• Suppresses immune responses to fight certain diseases like skin cancer
Health Effects from UV Exposure
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149. Ultraviolet (UV) Light
• UV non-ionizing energy first used to disinfect surfaces in 1877
• Ultraviolet (UV) light inactivates fungi, bacteria and virus - cannot be used on
“dirty” surfaces – damages paint, plastics and air filters
• Three categories of UV radiation spectrum:
• UVA (320 – 340 nm) longest wavelength, least harmful, and least
effective (> 15 min.) to inactivate viruses – useful in air ducts
• UVB (290 – 320 nm) responsible for sunburns with prolonged exposure
along with risk of skin cancer and cellular damage
• UVC (200 – 290 nm) is extremely harmful but effective in inactivating
viruses – damage plants and affect eye retina from exposure
• ACGIH TLV for UV radiation exposure limits but no standards for disinfecting
in air or surfaces
• Effectiveness depends on wavelength, exposure and contact time
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156. Germicidal Irradiation
• UV irradiation is used in
three ways:
• Upper room UVGI
fixtures with air mixing to
disinfect room air near
the ceiling
• Mobile UVGI units to
disinfect high touch
surfaces (lamps, robots,
etc.)
• UVGI lamps in HVAC
exhaust ventilation and
supply air ducts
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158. Germicidal Irradiation
Mobile UV light source placed into
hotel room before reoccupancy.
UV robot scans stores in a mall
after hours of operations.
UV light disinfects a large ballroom
after ceremony at convention.
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159. Germicidal Irradiation
Handheld UV light devices good
sterilization tool for small objects.
A bus is being disinfected by UV light
on March 4, 2020 in Shanghai, China.
UV light inside a subway train car at a
New York City maintenance facility.
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160. UVC Instrumentation
Design Specifications
• Professional UV tester, wavelength range:
248nm - 262nm; peak wavelength: 254nm;
irradiance measurement range: 3999uW/cm²
(39.99mW/cm²); resolution 1uW/cm2.
• UV probe consists of visible light isolation
diaphragm, narrow band filter and gallium
arsenide sensor. Very sensitive and gives a
fast response.
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161. CLICK TO EDIT MASTER
TITLE STYLE
POST CLEANING
VERIFICATION
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Courtesy of
Scientific American
162. Post Cleaning Verification
• Training personnel
• Monitoring workers
• Artificial intelligence
• Deconning work areas
• Decontamination of workers
• Decontamination of equipment
• Measuring cleanliness
• Respirator fit-testing
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163. Post Cleaning Verification
• Background information relative the concern and need to sample
• Locations within the building to sample
• Plan should consider randomness of contact surfaces and uniformity of
areas for sample collection
• Need for collecting sample controls for quality assurance
• Parameters for assay – quantitative or qualitative
• Outcome of test results and determinate of cleanliness
• Changes to cleaning and disinfection plan or methods
• Periodicity of collecting environmental surface samples for quality control
Consideration when collecting environmental surface
samples
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165. Post Cleaning Verification
• Performed by third party consultant providing oversight of
the cleaning and disinfection process
• Checks of engineering controls used, proper methods for
cleaning, and spot checks of surfaces for signs of visible
debris after cleaning is done
• Surface samples (counters, floors, tables, knobs,
appliances, computers) and heavy-use areas
• Sample solid surface area of 25 cm2 and refrigerate
samples until shipping overnight
• Sampling can take as little as a few minutes and expedited
to a certified lab. Test results 2-3 days
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166. Post Cleaning Verification
• Hospitals and other healthcare facilities
• Physician, dental and veterinarian offices
• Government and municipal buildings
• Service and hospitality work environments
• Nursing homes and assisted living facilities
• Offices buildings, tenant and retail spaces
• Schools and child care centers
• House of worship and religious gatherings
• Meat packers, prisons, ships and cruise lines
• Warehouses and public transportation
• Restaurants and bars
• Nail, hair, and other beauty salons
Collecting environmental samples
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167. Post Cleaning Verification
• ATP is a bioluminescence test that quickly determines the amount of
living organisms present through the detection of ATP
• Test is done by measuring the light produced through ATP’s reaction
with luciferase, a natural firefly enzyme
• The more light produced by using the luminometer is indicative of the
quantity of ATP in the sample
• While this science continues to expand into new fields, this type of
biologic test method has existed for 50 years
• It is not useful method for the detection of viruses since they are not
living organisms
• Use primarily in sanitation, infection control, and safe drinking water
• Test results shown in Relative Light Units (RLU) in 10 seconds
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Testing
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168. Post Cleaning Verification
• Lab analysis called PCR to detect small amounts of
the RNA (genetic material) that is very specific to a
virus or other organism
• PCR testing methods for are still evolving
• Relatively simple and widely used molecular biology
technique to amplify and detect DNA and RNA
sequences
• PCR test cannot differentiate between viable and
non-viable virus
• May give false positive results from surfaces cleaned
with antimicrobial and not wiped-down
• RT-PCR is used for qualitative analysis while qRT-
PCR is more quantitative and used for validation
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Testing
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169. Post Cleaning Verification
• Used to improve cleaning and disinfection
of high-touch surfaces
• Liquid sprayed on surface before cleaning
that leaves an invisible marker when dry
• Fluorescent light used to see if the
marker was removed by the cleaning
Fluorescent Marker Testing
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175. National Safety Council
• Phasing. Create a transition to return to work aligned with risk
and exposure levels
• Sanitize. Before employees return, disinfect the workplace, and
make any physical alterations needed for physical distancing
• Screenings. Develop a health status screening process for all
employees
• Hygiene. Create a plan to handle sick employees, and
encourage safe behaviors for good hygiene and infection control
• Tracing. Follow proper contact tracing steps if workers get sick
to curb the spread of COVID-19
Outline 10 Actions for Safer Reopening
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176. National Safety Council
• Mental health. Commit to supporting the mental and emotional
health of your workers by sharing support resources and policies
• Training. Train leaders and supervisors in the fundamentals of
safety, risk assessment and hazard recognition, but the impacts of
COVID-19 on mental health and well-being
• Engagement plan. Notify employees in advance of the return to
work, and based on job roles, bringing groups back one at a time
• Communication. Develop an open and transparent plan for
workers on return-to-work process
• Assessment. Outline main guidance to provide a simplistic
structure to the extremely complex return-to-work decision
Outline 10 Actions for a Safer Reopening
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177. Other Considerations
• Fear and worry about own health and the health of loved ones, financial
situation or job, or loss of support services
• Increase in workplace and domestic violence issues
• Xenophobic anxiety from discrimination of Chinese immigrants
• Changes in sleep or eating patterns
• Difficulty sleeping or concentrating based on fear of uncertainty
• Worsening of chronic or mental health conditions
• Loss of social interaction with coworkers, family and friends
• Increased use of tobacco, and/or alcohol and other substances.
Mental health, anxiety, depression and stress
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