Community based disaster risk managementProfessor5G
Community Based Disaster Risk Management .
Communities are the first responders in case of any disaster. Therefore, community based disaster risk management approach should be the core of any risk reduction approach. Community based disaster risk management approach (CBDRM) is a process, which leads to a locally appropriate and locally ‘owned’ strategy for disaster preparedness & risk reduction. Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is the result of this realization and aims to create opportunities and build partnerships with the communities to establish disaster resilient societies .Yodmani (2001) defined community based disaster risk management as an approach that reduces vulnerabilities & strengthens people’s capacity to cope with hazards.
Communities are the first responders in case of any disaster. Therefore, a community-based disaster risk management approach should be the core of any risk reduction approach. Community based disaster risk management approach (CBDRM) is a process, which leads to a locally appropriate and locally ‘owned’ strategy for disaster preparedness & risk reduction. Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is the result of this realization and aims to create opportunities and build partnerships with the communities to establish disaster-resilient societies.
Community based disaster risk managementProfessor5G
Community Based Disaster Risk Management .
Communities are the first responders in case of any disaster. Therefore, community based disaster risk management approach should be the core of any risk reduction approach. Community based disaster risk management approach (CBDRM) is a process, which leads to a locally appropriate and locally ‘owned’ strategy for disaster preparedness & risk reduction. Community Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is the result of this realization and aims to create opportunities and build partnerships with the communities to establish disaster resilient societies .Yodmani (2001) defined community based disaster risk management as an approach that reduces vulnerabilities & strengthens people’s capacity to cope with hazards.
Communities are the first responders in case of any disaster. Therefore, a community-based disaster risk management approach should be the core of any risk reduction approach. Community based disaster risk management approach (CBDRM) is a process, which leads to a locally appropriate and locally ‘owned’ strategy for disaster preparedness & risk reduction. Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) is the result of this realization and aims to create opportunities and build partnerships with the communities to establish disaster-resilient societies.
A presentation I gave as part of a Disaster Leadership course at Tulane University in New Orleans. This presention is about the importance of good information management and how technology, especially social media can play a role.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Redefining Community Based Disaster Risk Management through Enhanced Early Wa...Mavic Pineda
This presentation was first delivered in ICKET 2014 held in Jeju, South Korea in July 2014. In the same month, the said presentation was echoed in Ateneo de Manila University.
Enhancement on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) operations of th...AkashSharma618775
The study aimed to determine the enhancement on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
operations of the schools in the 2nd Congressional District of Sorsogon for the years 2016-2019. It used the
descriptive-survey method since a questionnaire was devised in gathering the primary data as reflected in the
problem. The respondents were the 30DRRM coordinators of the public elementary schools in the 2nd
Congressional District of Sorsogon which were purposively chosen. The statistical tools utilized were frequency
and ranking.
The study revealed that the activities conducted by the school before the disaster were the conduct regular
earthquake and fire drills in rank 1 that were cited by 28 out of 30 respondents which is followed by the conduct of
disaster preparedness orientation with the pupils is favored by 18 respondents that is rank 2. Similarly, 15
respondents mentioned that they meet with PTCA and other stakeholders to discuss the preparedness of the school
in rank 3 then 13 respondents prepare the DRRM plan which is rank 4. Also, the integration of the disaster
preparedness in the lesson was revealed by 10 respondents in rank 5.
During the disaster, the activities were the provision of advisory and announcements about the disaster and
suspending classes as per DepEd guidelines were stated by 20 respondents which are tied in ranks 1 and 2. Then,
the implementation of the DRRM plan was cited by 16 respondents in rank 3 while the tracking of all the school
personnel and learners and coordination with LGU and barangay officials were revealed by 13 respondents that
are tied in ranks 4 and 5.
The activities of the school after the disaster were the conduct of inventory of the damages came out as the most
commonly done activities as cited by 24 respondents in rank 1. Then, the preparation and submission of reports of
damages to the Division Office was mentioned by 18 respondents in rank 2. Meanwhile, the inspection and
assessment of the condition of the infrastructures were revealed by 16 respondents that are tied in ranks 3 and 4.
Also, 13 respondents said that the coordination with the government agencies for immediate assistance was stated
by 13 respondents which is in rank 5.
Moreover, the top three lessons learned of the school after the disaster as revealed by the respondents were the
conducts to capability building activities for increasing the knowledge and skills to cope with the impact of
disasters with frequency of 23, preparedness of schools in time of disasters with frequency of 13, implementing
properly the continuous and sustained conduct of disaster risk assessment with frequency of 11.
Booz Allen Hamilton has extensive experience conducting digital forensics investigations for diverse clients in the defense, civil, commercial, and intelligence sectors.
A presentation I gave as part of a Disaster Leadership course at Tulane University in New Orleans. This presention is about the importance of good information management and how technology, especially social media can play a role.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Redefining Community Based Disaster Risk Management through Enhanced Early Wa...Mavic Pineda
This presentation was first delivered in ICKET 2014 held in Jeju, South Korea in July 2014. In the same month, the said presentation was echoed in Ateneo de Manila University.
Enhancement on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) operations of th...AkashSharma618775
The study aimed to determine the enhancement on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
operations of the schools in the 2nd Congressional District of Sorsogon for the years 2016-2019. It used the
descriptive-survey method since a questionnaire was devised in gathering the primary data as reflected in the
problem. The respondents were the 30DRRM coordinators of the public elementary schools in the 2nd
Congressional District of Sorsogon which were purposively chosen. The statistical tools utilized were frequency
and ranking.
The study revealed that the activities conducted by the school before the disaster were the conduct regular
earthquake and fire drills in rank 1 that were cited by 28 out of 30 respondents which is followed by the conduct of
disaster preparedness orientation with the pupils is favored by 18 respondents that is rank 2. Similarly, 15
respondents mentioned that they meet with PTCA and other stakeholders to discuss the preparedness of the school
in rank 3 then 13 respondents prepare the DRRM plan which is rank 4. Also, the integration of the disaster
preparedness in the lesson was revealed by 10 respondents in rank 5.
During the disaster, the activities were the provision of advisory and announcements about the disaster and
suspending classes as per DepEd guidelines were stated by 20 respondents which are tied in ranks 1 and 2. Then,
the implementation of the DRRM plan was cited by 16 respondents in rank 3 while the tracking of all the school
personnel and learners and coordination with LGU and barangay officials were revealed by 13 respondents that
are tied in ranks 4 and 5.
The activities of the school after the disaster were the conduct of inventory of the damages came out as the most
commonly done activities as cited by 24 respondents in rank 1. Then, the preparation and submission of reports of
damages to the Division Office was mentioned by 18 respondents in rank 2. Meanwhile, the inspection and
assessment of the condition of the infrastructures were revealed by 16 respondents that are tied in ranks 3 and 4.
Also, 13 respondents said that the coordination with the government agencies for immediate assistance was stated
by 13 respondents which is in rank 5.
Moreover, the top three lessons learned of the school after the disaster as revealed by the respondents were the
conducts to capability building activities for increasing the knowledge and skills to cope with the impact of
disasters with frequency of 23, preparedness of schools in time of disasters with frequency of 13, implementing
properly the continuous and sustained conduct of disaster risk assessment with frequency of 11.
Booz Allen Hamilton has extensive experience conducting digital forensics investigations for diverse clients in the defense, civil, commercial, and intelligence sectors.
We are optimistic that the United States can
strengthen critical infrastructure cybersecurity through
a government-industry partnership that builds a
robust Cybersecurity Framework, shares threat
data, and collaborates on achieving national cyber
goals. Although we don’t discount the challenges
of bringing together such large and diverse
groups of stakeholders, we believe that emerging
cyber technologies and capabilities have created
opportunities for success that did not exist 15
years ago when government first initiated "whole of
government" efforts similar to the Executive Order.
Theft of intellectual property is troubling, no matter what the victim’s identity. But theft of IP from the defense industry can be terrifying. IP that falls into the wrong hands can have devastating security and espionage repercussions, troublesome competitiveness implications, and can even be used to target employees and families for blackmail or kidnapping. Learn more: http://www.cyberhub.com/research/IP_threat
Booz Allen’s data lake approach enables agencies to embed security controls within each individual piece of data to reinforce existing layers of security and dramatically reduce risk. Government agencies – including military and intelligence agencies – are using this proven security approach to secure data and fully capitalize on the promise of big data and the cloud.
Booz Allen Hamilton is helping military organizations develop and implement readiness decision-support solutions that provide a clear understanding of the relationships and trade-offs among requirements, resources, capabilities, capacities, costs, and risks.
Cyber Training: Developing the Next Generation of Cyber AnalystsBooz Allen Hamilton
Part of the solution involves identifying and recruiting top thinkers into the field of cybersecurity, but the more immediate challenge is ensuring that cyber professionals have access to the training and information they need to keep their cyber intelligence analysis skills relevant and effective. Due to the rapidly evolving nature of the threat, education and training must be continuous, and this document focuses on strategies and best practices for developing a cyber force that maintains America’s position as a global leader in the information age.
Industry experts from health care and informatics ponder the future of electronic health records during the implementation of "meaningful use" and beyond.
Read more: http://www.chcf.org/publications/2012/02/whats-ahead-ehrs#ixzz1mTJUcSev
Republished with permission from the California HealthCare Foundation
This infographic outlines five recommendations for successful agency reform implementation. Booz Allen’s work with FedScoop has resulted in a Government Reform Study (available here: bit.ly/1y9jZgE). The study reveals that reform is necessary and welcomed by senior decision-makers in government and the private sector, but implementing reform is often met with challenges. The study highlights five key recommendations around ways senior decision-makers can navigate the complexities of reform.
At Booz Allen Hamilton, we saw many of our clients languishing with dispersed program artifacts, slow and inaccurate analysis, and complex project issues that required a new generation of program analysis software. We created Polaris™ to be fully equipped with advanced features to help solve the most complex project issues.
Radio, throughout the world, plays a vital role in educating the public about crisis, warning of hazards; gathering and transmitting information about affected areas; alerting government officials, relief organizations, and the public to specific needs; and facilitating discussions about crisis vigilance and response.In Pakistan Power99 FM outlets have a fair history of filling these roles most effectively in the past, in close collaboration with national and international relief organization and institutions specialized in crisis mitigation.
Hassan adamu danguguwa world bank_risk management_final projectHassan Danguguwa
Risk management in my own community
In my community, Community-based risk management refers to the strategies adopted by households to mitigate the impact of shocks and cope with risk. Risk can be classified as idiosyncratic, meaning one household’s experience is typically unrelated to neighboring households’, or covariate, meaning that many households in the same locality suffer similar shocks.
Key Concepts
• A local area might be exposed to a number of disaster risks. It will be necessary to understand the nature, and impact of these disasters in order to better prepare for future;
• A range of social groups may exist in a district, municipality or commune. The vulnerability of different groups may differ from each other. It is important for local authorities to understand the reasons for vulnerability of different groups;
• The communities, local authorities and civil society groups may have multiple resources and capacities to deal with disasters; e.g. indigenous knowledge, policies, disaster reduction programs, technical institutions, machinery and equipment, and social networks;
• Local authorities must identify the challenges faced and lessons learnt from the past experiences of responding to disasters;
HM510Week 1 AssignmentHazard Reduction ProgramsOver the laSusanaFurman449
HM510
Week 1 Assignment
Hazard Reduction Programs
Over the last 100 years, the government has put in place a number of hazard-reduction programs as the result of various disasters. Write a 5–7-page paper analyzing the current and past governmental reduction programs (for both natural and man-made hazards) and trace the history of hazard mitigation from the 20th Century to current times. Cover Page and Reference page does not count at the 5-7 pages.
The list below contains a sample of programs:
· Flood Control Act (FCA) of 1917
· FCA of 1936
· FCA of 1938
· Federal Disaster Relief Act of 1950
· National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
· Disaster Relief Act of 1970
· Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973
· Disaster Relief Act of 1974
· Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act-1977
· FEMA Established-1978
· Coastal Barriers Resource Act-1982
· Stafford Act-1988
· Hazard Mitigation Act of 2000
Your assignment should:
· Identify at least three (3) natural and three (3) man-made disaster mitigation programs, highlighting best practices
· Identify the sources for each of the programs and explain the influence of disasters on mitigation programs
· Explain how the programs were put in place
· Discuss the impact of such programs, including the program effectiveness and unresolved issues
.
4 or more references, In cite text a must !!!
In addition to fulfilling the specifics of the assignment, a successful paper must also meet the following criteria:
· Your submission should include a title page and reference page and be in 10- to 12-point font. (Arial, Courier, and Times New Roman are acceptable.)
· Viewpoint and purpose should be clearly established and sustained.
· Assignment should follow the conventions of Standard English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.).
· Writing should be well ordered, logical, and unified, as well as original and insightful.
· Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics.
· Appropriate citation style should be followed.
You should also make sure to:
· Include a title page with full name, class name, section number, and date.
· Include introductory and concluding paragraphs and demonstrate college-level communication through the composition of original materials in Standard English.
· Use examples to support your discussion.
· List all sources on a separate reference page at the end of your paper and cite them within the body of your paper using APA format and citation style. For more information on APA guidelines, visit Academic Tools.
HM510
Week 1 DQ
Topic #1:
Mitigation, Preparedness, and Resilient Communities
What is the difference between mitigation and preparedness? How does mitigation play a role in the development of resilient communities? Why is this important to community sustainment? Provide examples of where this has occurred.
Reply to Student #1
Aston Smallwood
Mitigation, Preparedness, and Resilient Communities
In its classical meaning, mitigation refers to a sustained action ...
Disaster Management Systems: Building Capacity for Developing Countries and ...Connie White
Some societies are more disaster prone than others due to their geographic location and the benefits provided by it. Man has co-existed in this sort of high risk/high return relationship with mother nature throughout history. Poorer societies tend to pay a higher price both in lives taken and damage – left with many secondary and equally devastating disasters that are sure to come. We know that for every $1 USD put into preventative measures, we save ~$7 that would have gone into post-disaster recovery and rebuilding efforts. There are many international agencies working to support a variety of needs in these grief stricken areas to help them build capacity and to help these societies better prepare for and respond to the disasters they will face. These efforts are guided by the Millennium Project Goals outlined in 2000. A lot has changed since then with respect to technology, mobile devices and humanitarianism. The objective of this paper is exploit how current efforts are creating capacity on the individual, organizational and 'enabling environment' levels. This paper explores the notion that a more concerted effort can be made at building Information and Communication Disaster Management Capacity in developing countries who are most susceptible due to proximity and to a lack of funds. A 'proof of concept' is provided
Application of resilience framework to covid 19 nov 2021 Rustico Biñas
“We are all in this together but with differential disaster risk.”
Many would say that resilience is just a convenient buzz word used by development and humanitarian workers. But resilience is a framework and a tool determining the degree of risk. It describes measures to increase capacities and reduce hazard impact on people and element at risk to avert disaster.
“Disaster Risk Analysis” is a systematic process of consolidating the findings on a hazard, vulnerability, and capacity assessments to determine the risk levels for various elements at risk which are person, livelihood, infrastructures, ecosystem services, etc. The analysis contributes to the community’s awareness of potential COVID-19 risks for each element at risk and enables the community to define community action to reduce disaster risk. The “Resilience Framework” helps in understanding the interrelatedness of the capacities and guides the risk assessment. It is an essential precursor to decision-making in COVID-19 risk reduction, as well as the formulation of development policies, strategies, plans (development and contingency), programs, and projects.
Resilience is hazard-specific!
Resilience is people and element at risk specific!
Resilience is space-specific!
Resilience is time-specific!
Resilience requires specific attention which can be realized by the application of the “Resilience Framework”!
Similar to Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community (20)
You Can Hack That: How to Use Hackathons to Solve Your Toughest ChallengesBooz Allen Hamilton
“Hackathon” has become a trendy word in today’s business vernacular, and for good reason. The word “hackathon” comes from both “hack” and “marathon.” If you think of a “hack” as a creative solution and “marathon” as a continuous, often competitive event, you’re at the heart of what a hackathon is about. Hackathons enable creative problem solving through an innovative and often competitive structure that engages stakeholders to come up with unconventional solutions to pressing challenges. Hackathons can be used to develop new processes, products, ways of thinking, or ways of engaging stakeholders and partners, with benefits ranging from solving tough problems to broader cultural and organizational improvements.
This playbook was designed to make hackathons accessible to everyone. That means not only can all kinds of organizations benefit from hackathons, but that all kinds of employees inside those groups—executives, project managers, designers, or engineers—should participate and can benefit, too. Use this playbook as a reference and allow the best practices we outline to guide you in designing a hackathon structure that works for you and enables your organization to achieve its desired outcomes. Give yourself anywhere from six weeks to a few months to plan your hackathon, depending on the components, approach, number of participants, and desired outcomes.
Contact Director Brian MacCarthy at MacCarthy_Brian2@bah.com for more information about Booz Allen’s hackathon offering.
Booz Allen's U.S. Commercial Leader and Executive Vice President, Bill Phelps, recently released his list of 10 Cyber Priorities for Boards of Directors. As we peer into how business, technology, regulatory, and cyber threat realities are evolving in the coming year, here is a reference guide for board members to use in validating their company's cybersecurity approach.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
Our Military Spouse Forum built a roadmap to help you navigate your career between deployments, moves, and the unpredictable. Interested in how Booz Allen can help you navigate your career? Check out our opportunities at www.boozallen.com/careers
In August 2016, Booz Allen partnered with Market Connections to conduct a survey of National Security Leaders and the General Public to understand their perspectives on the current threats. Fifteen years after the September 11 attacks, we wanted to know what keeps them up at night today, and what they will be worried about in 15 years. This infographic provides the high-level results of our survey and we will be releasing a more detailed report later in the month of September – so stay tuned. #NationalSecurity2031
Booz Allen convened some of the smartest minds to explore making healthcare more accessible. This report shares the latest healthcare payment trends and what policy experts discovered when planning for different health reform scenarios.
An interactive workshop that guides you through the many relationships that exist in an agile team, with a business value emphasis. Team members gain empathy, discover expectations of others and the importance of these agile team relationships.
An immersive environment allows students to be completely “immersed” in a self-contained simulated or artificial environment while experiencing it as real. With immersive learning, you can show realistic visual and training environments to teach complex tasks and concepts.
Nuclear Promise: Reducing Cost While Improving PerformanceBooz Allen Hamilton
To remain competitive, nuclear operators must take aim at all addressable costs, ensuring maintenance is optimized, taking proactive steps to minimize unplanned outages and, where possible, reducing administrative and other overhead costs. There are multiple opportunities to reduce capital and operational spending, while improving safety and reliability.
General Motors and Lyft; Target and Walmart; Netflix and Amazon - we call these “frenemies”. A strange trend is emerging as unlikely partner companies join forces, and they’re transforming industries around the world. Understanding what's driving the frenemies trend, knowing what options best fit your needs, and making yourself an effective partner are all critical to success.
Threats to industrial control systems are on the rise. This briefing explores potential threats and vulnerabilities as well as what organizations can do to guard against them.
Booz Allen Hamilton and Market Connections: C4ISR Survey ReportBooz Allen Hamilton
Booz Allen Hamilton partnered with government market research firm Market Connections, Inc. to conduct the survey of military decision-makers. The research examined the main features of Integrated C4ISR through Enterprise Integration: engineering, operations and acquisition. Two-thirds of respondents (65 percent) agree agile incremental delivery of modular systems with integrated capabilities can enable rapid insertion of new technologies.
Modern C4ISR Integrates, Innovates and Secures Military NetworksBooz Allen Hamilton
A majority of the military believe Integrated C4ISR through Enterprise Integration would provide utility to their organization. Check out other key findings from our study in this infographic http://bit.ly/1OZOjG2
Agile and Open C4ISR Systems - Helping the Military Integrate, Innovate and S...Booz Allen Hamilton
Integrated C4ISR is a force multiplier that significantly improves situational awareness and decision making to give warfighters a decisive battlefield advantage. This advantage stems from Booz Allen Hamilton’s Enterprise Integration approach http://bit.ly/25nDBRg: bringing together three disciplines and their communities—engineering, operations, and acquisition.
Booz Allen Hamilton created the Field Guide to Data Science to help organizations and missions understand how to make use of data as a resource. The Second Edition of the Field Guide, updated with new features and content, delivers our latest insights in a fast-changing field. http://bit.ly/1O78U42
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
3. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
Megan Clifford
Megan Clifford, a Principal at Booz Allen, is a leader of the firm’s Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) market
team. She oversees the firm’s support to FEMA clients, providing support in the areas of policy analysis, program design
and development, stakeholder engagement, grants management, and program management focused on efficiencies and
effectiveness. Ms. Clifford has more than 14 years of experience serving a variety of clients, including the Department
of Homeland Security, Department of Justice, Department of Energy, and Department of Defense. She is a member of
the Association of Flood Plain Managers, National Grants Management Association, and Project Management Institute.
Marko Bourne
Marko Bourne, a Principal at Booz Allen, is a leader of the firm’s Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
market team and is on the leadership team of Booz Allen’s Justice and Homeland Security practice. He oversees
the firm’s support to emergency management clients and provides strategic planning for the homeland security and
emergency management market. Mr. Bourne has more than 27 years of experience in emergency services, emergency
management, policy, governmental and legislative affairs, and public affairs. Previously, he was the director of policy
and program analysis for FEMA and director of business development for Homeland Security at Earth Tech Inc./Tyco
International. Mr. Bourne also served as acting director of the Department of Homeland Security’s National Incident
Management System Integration Center and deputy director of FEMA’s Preparedness Division. He has authored several
articles; has extensive media and public speaking experience; and is a member of the DomPrep Journal’s DomPrep40
Advisory Board, an interactive advisory board focusing primarily on all-hazard preparedness, as well as response and
recovery operations. He is a member of the National Emergency Managers Association and the Association of State
Flood Plain Managers.
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
4. INTRODUCTION
In the United States, losses from natural disasters1
and the frequency of events are both on the rise; 2011 150
set a record with 99 major disaster declarations.2 With
state and federal budgets declining, the emergency 100
management community is challenged to do more
50
with less while continuing to improve resilience to all
hazards. The whole community approach to mitigation 0
offers a collaborative way forward to improve community 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
resilience to all hazards on federal, state, local, tribal,
and territorial levels. Annual U.S Major Disaster Declarations2
Great strides are being made in the field of hazard mitigation at the community and federal levels. The Federal Emergency
Management Agency’s (FEMA) Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning (MAP) program works alongside communities to
build a better understanding of local flood risks. In addition, FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS) incentivizes local
mitigation action through discounted flood insurance rates. The number of communities participating in the program
since its inception in 1999 has increased by nearly 25 percent,3 demonstrating increased mitigation action across 18
proven mitigation actions within the areas of public information, mapping and regulations, flood damage reductions, and
flood preparedness.
However, our work as a nation is not finished. With total national losses exceeding $573 billion4 for the years 1960 to 2009
(2009 dollars), we must come to a better understanding of what it means to mitigate our risks, both individually and as
communities. This involves continuing to improve community and individual risk awareness through persistent and better risk
communication efforts—and encouraging ownership of risk and responsibility for action. In addition, we must encourage better
building codes and community planning and building practices, and expand the participants in mitigation activities to include
the whole community.5 Examples of whole community often include citizen groups, and local and national businesses. For
mitigation, the whole community must also include the insurance, real estate, building, and lending industries, as well as local
planning officials and media.
1 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
5. SURVEY AND PANEL DISCUSSION:
CALLING UPON THE WHOLE COMMUNITY
Booz Allen Hamilton has been actively engaged in resiliency and recovery issues for a number of years through our work
with FEMA and our Megacommunity™ 6 approach. Recently, we have gained additional insight and perspectives on the
hazard mitigation challenges we face as a nation by connecting directly with the hazard mitigation community. In March
2012, we conducted a Hazard Mitigation Survey, polling the nation’s hazard mitigation and insurance professionals
on the status of hazard mitigation today and their beliefs on the best approaches to community disaster resilience.
With a 60 percent response rate, the survey had 120 respondents with the largest group identifying themselves as
State Hazard Mitigation Officers or State Floodplain Managers—47 in total, with all 10 FEMA regions represented. In
addition to offering their opinions on emergency preparedness and hazard mitigation issues, participants provided
concrete views on how to improve community natural hazard resilience, including accountable development, increased
risk awareness at all levels of community, improved action on known risks, and a responsible and insured citizenry.
Complete survey results are included in this report in Appendix A.
To further this important discussion and build on the survey findings, we called together industry thought leaders in late
April 2012 in Washington, DC. The event, “Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks: Calling Upon the Whole Community,” provided an
open forum to gain a deeper insight into the critical issues facing the hazard mitigation industry. Event panelists included:
• Mr. Dave Miller, Associate Administrator, Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration, FEMA
• Dr. C.J. Huff, Joplin Schools Superintendent
• Mr. Larry Larson, Executive Director, Association of State Flood Plain Managers
• Mr. Matt Gannon, Assistant Vice President, National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies
• Admiral Thad Allen (USCG, Ret.), Senior Vice President, Booz Allen Hamilton.
With the survey results as a starting point, the panelists discussed the need for a sustainable model that engages
the whole community at all levels. They emphasized the importance of understanding and communicating risk—and
translating that awareness of risk into appropriate mitigation action by the community and individual.
This report combines the panelists’ perspectives and lessons with several important findings from our survey. It offers a
comprehensive view of the current state of the nation’s hazard mitigation efforts and how whole community thinking can
significantly improve mitigation. This report explores several areas—including communications and mitigation action—
that are essential for the whole community approach to succeed. By sharing this insight, we hope to further the dialogue
on this vital and compelling national issue.
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 2
6. UNDERSTANDING AND COMMUNICATING RISK
Community awareness and response to risk are a central component in the whole community approach to mitigation.
Panelists stressed the importance of local officials fully understanding their community’s risks, that they know what
drives and sustains their community, and that officials are able to prioritize mitigation actions and engage communities
based on those understandings. By understanding and engaging their community’s drivers alongside their risks, and
communicating and planning for those risks within a framework of community priorities, officials raise risk awareness
and increase ownership by co-producing solutions among community members.
Complicating the challenge to improve risk awareness is variable media coverage. 62 percent of survey respondents
indicated that local media only covers the issues after a disaster or when citizens complain. National and local media
needs to be more proactive, rather than reactive, in educating communities about risk awareness and risk ownership.
Improved media education before crises occur and resultant reporting before an incident may improve awareness and
understanding in communities and potentially influence individual and community behaviors and attitudes about mitigation
and resilience. With a better informed, proactive media reporting on resiliency and mitigation issues prior to disasters,
individuals who are at risk may be more ready to make informed decisions and take appropriate mitigation action.
Community outreach, working with elected officials, and engaging the media may lead to a better discussion, and
ultimately decisions and actions in response to risk; however, survey respondents and industry panelists are keenly
aware of the gap between individuals learning about risks and believing those risks will impact them directly. In general,
citizens’ beliefs that they are vulnerable (or immune) to risks varies widely in communities (some fully understand
their risk; some know of risks in their community, but do not internalize the risk; and others are simply unaware of the
risk). However, 85 percent of industry professionals surveyed stated regardless of their level of understanding, most
individuals do not take proper precautions. One respondent wrote, “Most people flat out understand the risks, but figure
the government will help if something bad happens.” Another wrote, “People know the risk, [they are] just not willing to
accept it will happen to them.” Information may be readily available and public outreach may draw attention to necessary
hazard mitigation efforts, and yet, most still do not actively take steps to protect themselves from risk. This led panelists
to discuss the importance of behavioral influence and change approaches, the need to address current actions that lead
to ignoring, even denying risks, and the importance of progressive building codes and planning regulations.
For behavioral change to occur, the panelists discussed the need for personal accountability, where individuals reach
a level of “risk acceptance,” being aware of the risk and its associated costs, and consciously choosing to accept that
risk. Public campaigns, marketing, and incentive-based strategies are essential to raise risk awareness on an individual
level. Even then, communication efforts must appeal to individual interests to overcome an inherent bias that “risk is
something that happens to everyone else, not me.” Panelists underscored the need to change the community dynamic,
with a focus on communicating the value proposition to the whole community. Prompting individuals to understand and
act on their risk must include targeted messages that speak directly to consequences to them and to their community’s
overall safety and economic wellbeing, not just about the perils of the hazard.
3 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
7. TRANSLATING AWARENESS INTO ACTION
For increased disaster resilience, communities and individuals must move beyond risk awareness to effective mitigation
action. In the survey, 62 percent of respondents indicated that individuals taking effective mitigation action (e.g.,
purchasing adequate insurance to cover most perils or making their homes and businesses safer structures) based
on a better overall understanding of risk would most improve resiliency at the personal and family level. In addition, 40
percent of those surveyed believe that development occurs without regard to natural hazards. Since mitigation must
protect all citizens, in addition to striving for behavioral change, panelists discussed the importance of community
mitigation actions that work for all members of the community such as progressive building codes and insurance.
Mitigation action of this kind can only occur if communities coordinate across the community for informed decisionmaking.
One survey respondent wrote, “Strong codes and greater coordination between emergency managers and building
professionals” are the hallmarks of a whole community approach to mitigation. The panelists indicated that as we
develop and redevelop our communities, stakeholders must consider the economic, social, and environmental value of
each decision. This suggests a need for better education on the benefits of planned mitigation actions and an expansion
of the whole community of mitigation to include businesses, community organizations, developers, planners, lenders,
and real estate professionals.
Industry thought leaders discussed as examples of behavior change the successful outreach efforts of the automobile
safety industry and their work with crash-test dummies, as well as recovery activities of individuals in Joplin, Missouri
who experienced extreme tornado events on May 22, 2011. In the automobile safety example, as a result of outreach
campaigns that demonstrated in graphic detail what happens to crash-test dummies in vehicular accidents, the general
public began to demand vehicle safety features, and car producers began to compete for vehicle safety awards.
Ultimately, this directly led to safer individuals and communities. In Joplin, Missouri, officials and the community have
purposely, and at times organically, adopted a whole community approach to recovery with numerous examples of
individuals and organizations contributing to the recovery effort. Although Joplin’s behavioral change examples may have
been the result of a disaster, panelists suggested these behavioral changes may have taken root pre-disaster within
the community’s school system. Regardless of when the changes within the community occurred, they are positive
and appear to be long-lasting. School children appear to be emotionally closer to one another with a deeper sense of
community, and rebuilding efforts include improved building codes and tornado safe rooms.
In this industry, the Institute of Business and Home Safety’s (IBHS) research center in South Carolina replicates the
effect of natural disasters on commercial and residential buildings. One panelist suggested communication campaigns
illustrating the benefits of improved building codes could do for building and home safety what crash-test dummies did
for cars. Further, by demonstrating the benefits of model building codes and safe building incentives, development may
also begin to compete on safety issues. As with car safety standards, consumers will better understand their risks
and start to demand higher safety standards. Industry thought leaders believe that these measures will lead to more
responsible and accountable development. However, taking this action will also require a willingness on the part of
State, local, and tribal governments to take on potentially difficult decisions on adopting and enforcing safe building
codes and standards.
In addition to responsible development, the role of insurance was discussed in relation to mitigation action. With the
goal of a better insured citizenry, approximately 66 percent of survey respondents indicated that the insurance and
reinsurance industry needs to develop and market multi-hazard products and coverage. In addition, about 32 percent
of participants see an advantage in greater risk pooling across regions of the country of insured to create greater
economies of scale in pricing.
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 4
8. The panelists also discussed Congressional reauthorization of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and
comprehensive flood insurance reform. Although they agreed the current state and challenges facing NFIP need to be
addressed, they differed on approaches. Specifically, some panelists stated that subsidized insurance encourages
deferred risk and development in floodplains, while others countered federal insurance is the only insurance available to
everyone whereas unsubsidized private insurance would be cost prohibitive to some. In the survey, most respondents
disagreed that the federal government should increase subsidies for hazard insurance based on risk, and a majority of
respondents believe education of risks to all natural hazards will lead to an increased number and comprehensiveness
of all-hazard insurance policies. One panelist suggested that the program needs to be reauthorized now, and that these
questions will then be investigated further.
CONCLUSION
This report illustrates the many challenges—for individuals, families, communities, and as a nation—on the path of
natural hazard resiliency. From Booz Allen’s Hazard Mitigation Survey and panel discussion, it becomes clear that
stakeholders at all levels see the overall importance of a whole community approach to hazard mitigation, but also
recognize that dealing with the surrounding strategic, political, and legislative issues makes implementation of a whole
community approach a challenging process.
In realizing a whole community approach, the overarching theme involves expanding hazard communication and
mitigation efforts of current and new stakeholders in order to understand community drivers as well as all-hazard risks,
and utilizing strategic measures such as behavioral change and improving building codes and planning regulations to
increase individual responsibility and individual resilience. Industry thought leaders agree that risk communication is
the starting point. Community stakeholders need to effectively communicate that mitigation activities save lives. People
must understand that they are not safe unless they take action to protect them from risk.
Translating that risk awareness into mitigation action on an individual and community level entails collaboration
and cooperation across the whole community. Responsible development, model building codes and safe building
initiatives, and appropriate insurance levels balancing risk and affordability—these discussions must involve community
stakeholders coming together from across different industries. To successfully achieve this level of risk awareness
and mitigation action requires leadership. Industry thought leaders underscore the importance of building leadership
capacity. In today’s current economic climate—where doing less with more is the norm on local, state and federal
levels—effective and capable leaders on the community level can help guide the whole community towards resiliency.
5 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
9. SOURCES AND CITATIONS
1. Hazards & Vulnerability Research Institute (2011). The Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States, Version 9.0 [Online
Database]. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina (http://www.sheldus.org).
2. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Declared Disasters by Year or State webpage (http://www.fema.gov/news/disaster_totals_
annual.fema).
3. FEMA, Resource Record Details, CRS Communities by State webpage (http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=5818).
4. Raw data for years 1999–2009, provided by Wesley E. Highfield, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M Uni-
versity at Galveston, April 2011.
5. Hazards & Vulnerability Research Institute (2011). The Spatial Hazard Events and Losses Database for the United States, Version 9.0 [Online
Database]. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina (http://webra.cas.sc.edu/hvri/products/sheldusproducts.aspx#Losses).
6. FEMA, Whole Community webpage (http://www.fema.gov/about/wholecommunity.shtm).
Booz Allen wishes to express its appreciation to the survey participants; the panelists; Dr. Sam Brody and Dr. Wes
Highfield from Texas A&M University for their contributions of the CRS data; Association of Flood Plain Managers (ASFPM);
the National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies (NAMIC) and Raymond Morrell, North Dakota State Hazard
Mitigation Officer, for their assistance in disseminating the survey; Will Meyer for his survey development and research;
and Bill Lesser, Federal Emergency Management Agency, for his insight and guidance.
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 6
10. APPENDIX A
Hazard Mitigation and Hazard Insurance Professionals Survey Results
7 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
11. Hazard Mitigation and Hazard Insurance Professionals Survey Results
[Survey graphics and conclusions as presented in the preliminary report]
Q1 & Q2: The survey had 120 respondents with the largest group identifying as State Hazard Mitigation Officers or State
Floodplain Managers (39.5%), followed by Mitigation Subject Matter Experts (SME) (29.4%), and Local or Tribal Mitigation
Planners (16%). Respondents work or reside in at least one FEMA Region, with all 10 FEMA Regions represented.
1. Please identify your area of responsibility (select one).
Response Response
Percent Count
State Hazard Mitigation
39.5% 47
Officer/State Floodplain Manager
Local/Tribal Mitigation Planner 16.0% 19
Mitigation Subject Matter Expert 29.4% 35
Federal Mitigation Specialist 7.6% 9
Hazard Insurance Agent 0.8% 1
Hazard Insurance Subject Matter
4.2% 5
Expert
Federal Insurance Specialist 2.5% 3
Other (please specify) 25
answered question 119
skipped question 1
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 8
12. 2. Please identify the geographic FEMA Region in which you reside/work (select one).
Response Response
Percent Count
Region I 7.6% 9
Region II 1.7% 2
Region III 19.5% 23
Region IV 8.5% 10
Region V 11.9% 14
Region VI 7.6% 9
Region VII 9.3% 11
Region VIII 28.0% 33
Region IX 1.7% 2
Region X 4.2% 5
answered question 118
skipped question 2
9 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
13. Q3: What do you believe is the greatest reason damages from natural disasters continue to rise every year?
The majority of respondents (approximately 40%) stated that the greatest reason disaster damages continue to rise
is because development occurs without regard to natural hazards. Another 23% of respondents stated that damages
from natural disasters rise primarily due to a failure to incorporate hazard mitigation requirements in land use planning.
Overall, the responses show that industry professionals believe that addressing problems with community development
is central to improving community resilience.
3. Of the options below, what do you believe is the greatest reason damages from natural
disasters continue to rise every year?
Response Response
Percent Count
A lack of risk assessments and a
framework to plan and execute 3.5% 4
structural mitigation projects
Low responsibility for personal
12.3% 14
preparedness in citizens
Failure to incorporate hazard
mitigation requirements in land use 22.8% 26
planning
Development occurs without
39.5% 45
regard to natural hazards
Greater population density and
11.4% 13
population movement
The frequency and severity of
events is increasing due to climate 10.5% 12
change
answered question 114
skipped question 6
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 10
14. Q4: To achieve maximum community disaster resilience:
Most respondents (approximately 62%) indicated that mitigation should be treated equally with preparedness,
prevention, protection, response, and recovery activities to achieve maximum community resilience. However, about
35% of respondents stated mitigation should be a top priority. The conclusion, based on the responses, is that to
achieve maximum disaster resilience, mitigation in communities needs to be in balance with, or even prioritized above,
other emergency management activities.
4. To achieve maximum community disaster resilience:
Response Response
Percent Count
Mitigation should be a top priority 34.5% 39
Mitigation should be treated
equally with preparedness,
61.9% 70
prevention, protection,
response, and recovery activities
Other activities (e.g.,
preparedness, response) should be 3.5% 4
prioritized over mitigation
answered question 113
skipped question 7
11 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
15. Q5: Which of the following would most improve a community’s disaster resilience?
Most respondents (approximately 41%) indicated that better development regulations and enforcement would most
improve a community’s disaster resilience. Following closely behind, approximately 32% of respondents selected improved
local threat recognition, warning, response, and recovery capabilities. Approximately 20% of respondents indicated that
improved comprehensive planning and tools would most improve community resilience. The most selected response
indicates that community development once again surfaces as key to improving a community’s disaster resilience.
’
5. Which of the following would most improve a communitys disaster resilience?
Response Response
Percent Count
Improved comprehensive planning
19.5% 22
tools and capabilities
Improved local threat recognition,
warning, response and recovery 31.9% 36
capabilities
Better development regulations
40.7% 46
and enforcement
An increase in those insured
8.0% 9
against natural disasters
answered question 113
skipped question 7
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 12
16. Q6: Which of the following would most improve resiliency at the personal and family level?
The majority of respondents (approximately 62%) indicated that the way to most improve resiliency at the personal and
family level is to improve the ability for the individual to understand risk and account for it in safer structures and/or
adequate insurance. Another significant percentage (approximately 26%) indicated that improving risk awareness and
prioritization and encouraging individual and family emergency plans be developed would most improve personal and
family resiliency. In summary, the respondents believe that risk awareness, understanding, and associated mitigating
actions will most improve individual and family resilience.
6. Which of the following would most improve resiliency at the personal and family level?
Response Response
Percent Count
Improve risk awareness and
prioritization and encourage
25.7% 29
individual and family emergency
plans be developed
Require adequate hazard insurance
by individuals based on the risk 12.4% 14
associated with their location
Improve the ability for individual
to understand risk and account
61.9% 70
for it in safer structures and/or
adequate insurance
answered question 113
skipped question 7
13 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
17. Q7: Generally, citizens in my community:
Respondents stated that in general, citizens in their community are aware of the most likely and/or consequential risk
but do not take proper precautions or citizens in their community are unaware of the most likely and/or consequential
risk and do not take proper precautions (approximately 46% and 41%, respectively). About 13% of respondents indicated
that citizens in their community are aware of the most likely and/or consequential risk and take proper precautions.
Based on the responses, nearly 88% of respondents believe citizens in their community do not take proper precautions
to mitigate their consequential risk, regardless of the level of awareness.
7. Generally, citizens in my community:
Response Response
Percent Count
Are aware of the most likely
and/or consequential risk but do 46.4% 52
not take proper precautions
Are aware of the most likely and/or
consequential risk and take proper 12.5% 14
precautions
Are unaware of the most likely
and/or consequential risk and do 41.1% 46
not take proper precautions
answered question 112
skipped question 8
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 14
18. Q8: Generally, citizens in my community are aware of flood map initiatives.
A large majority of respondents (nearly 71%) stated that the extent that citizens in their community are aware of flood
map initiatives was “little” or “not at all.” Fewer than 2% of respondents indicated that citizens in their communities are
“aware of flood map initiatives.” Together, the responses suggest a need to increase outreach to heighten awareness
of flood maps in communities.
8. Generally, citizens in my community are aware of flood map initiatives.
Response Response
Percent Count
To a great extent 1.8% 2
To a moderate extent 27.7% 31
To little extent 58.0% 65
Not at all 12.5% 14
answered question 112
skipped question 8
15 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
19. Q9: Generally, citizens in my community are aware of National Flood Insurance.
Nearly 95% of respondents indicated that citizens in their community had “moderate” to “no” awareness of National
Flood Insurance. Approximately 5% of respondents indicated that citizens in their community are aware of National Flood
Insurance “to a great extent.” Approximately 4% of respondents indicated that citizens had no awareness of National
Flood Insurance. Together, the responses suggest citizen awareness of National Flood Insurance could be increased.
9. Generally, citizens in my community are aware of National Flood Insurance.
Response Response
Percent Count
To a great extent 5.4% 6
To a moderate extent 42.0% 47
To little extent 49.1% 55
Not at all 3.6% 4
answered question 112
skipped question 8
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 16
20. Q10: Generally, to increase the number of flood insurance policies in force, the National Flood Insurance Program
(NFIP) needs:
Answers varied across the respondents. Nearly 34% of respondents stated that a larger and more informed population
of insured individuals would create economies of scale in pricing and increase the number of insured; another 30% of
respondents indicated that better educated members of the insurance, real estate, and banking industries on NFIP
requirements would do so. A small number of respondents (6%) indicated that more federal subsidies for premiums to
offset reluctance to purchase insurance were needed to increase the number of flood insurance policies. Overall, the
majority of responses indicate that a more informed population, including members of the insurance, real estate, and
banking industries would help increase the number of flood insurance policies in force.
10. Generally, to increase the number of flood insurance policies in force, the National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP) needs (select one):
Response Response
Percent Count
Better educated members of the
insurance, real estate and banking 30.0% 33
industries on NFIP requirements
A larger and more informed
population of insured that
33.6% 37
would create economies of scale
in pricing
Less federal subsidies for
premiums to allow for better cost 12.7% 14
realization and risk understanding
More federal subsidies for
premiums to offset reluctance to 5.5% 6
purchase insurance
Less government involvement as a
primary insurer and more as a re-
18.2% 20
insurer for all perils as opposed to
direct provider of flood insurance
answered question 110
skipped question 10
17 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
21. Q11: The insurance and reinsurance industry need to develop and market multi-hazard products/coverage
Approximately 66% of respondents indicated that they agree the insurance and reinsurance industry need to develop
and market multi-hazard products/coverage. A small percentage of respondents (9%) disagreed with the statement.
Approximately 25% of respondents indicated a neutral response to this question. Overall, the responses suggest that
there may be a gap in understanding and/or availability of multi-hazard products and coverage offered by the insurance
and reinsurance industry.
11. The insurance and reinsurance industry need to develop and market multihazard -
products/coverage
Response Response
Percent Count
Agree 66.4% 73
Neutral 24.5% 27
Disagree 9.1% 10
answered question 110
skipped question 10
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 18
22. Q12: The federal government should increase subsidies for hazard insurance based on the risks present in specific
locales and environments.
Most respondents (nearly 60%) disagreed with the statement that the federal government should increase subsidies
for hazard insurance based on risk. Another set of respondents (approximately 21%) remained neutral on this
statement. Although responses varied, when considered together with responses to question 13, it is clear that the
majority of respondents believe that if subsidies are to be increased, increases should not be based on risks present
in specific locales.
12. The federal government should increase subsidies for hazard insurance based on the
risks present in specific locales and environments.
Response Response
Percent Count
Agree 19.3% 21
Neutral 21.1% 23
Disagree 59.6% 65
answered question 109
skipped question 11
19 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
23. Q13: Generally, to increase the number and comprehensiveness of all-hazard insurance policies in force, the insurance
industry needs:
The majority of respondents (62%) indicated that a better informed community of their risks to all natural hazards will
lead to an increase in number and comprehensiveness of all-hazard insurance policies. Also significant, about 32% of
respondents believe that greater risk pooling across regions of the country of insured to create greater economies of
scale in pricing would be advantageous. In summary, the most selected response suggests that educating the community
about their risk is the most important factor in increasing the number and breadth of active insurance policies.
13. Generally, to increase the number and comprehensiveness of all-hazard insurance
policies in force, the insurance industry needs (select one):
Response Response
Percent Count
A better informed community of
62.0% 67
their risks to all natural hazards
Greater risk pooling across regions
of the country of insured to create
32.4% 35
greater economies of scale in
pricing
Federal subsidies for premiums 0.9% 1
More government involvement as a
4.6% 5
re-insurer
answered question 108
skipped question 12
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 20
24. Q14: How well do your local media (print, broadcast, and online) cover hazard mitigation and insurance issues (e.g.,
reports about local mitigation projects, new flood maps, insurance needs, etc.)?
A clear majority of respondents (62%) indicated that local media only cover the issues after a disaster or when citizens
complain. This response suggests that most respondents believe the media is reactive rather than proactive when
it comes to providing news about hazards and insurance. Improved media education and resultant reporting before
an incident may improve awareness and understanding in communities and potentially result in greater community
engagement and action related to mitigation activities.
14. How well do your local media (print, broadcast and online) cover hazard mitigation and
insurance issues (e.g., reports about local mitigation projects, new flood maps, insurance
needs, etc.)? Select one:
Response Response
Percent Count
They generally do not understand
18.5% 20
or report on the issues
They only cover the issues after
a disaster or when citizens 62.0% 67
complain
They occasionally report on the
6.5% 7
issues, but typically get it wrong
They generally do a good job at
12.0% 13
reporting the issues
They cover the issues very well
and regularly promote responsible
0.9% 1
action by citizens living in areas
subject to hazards
answered question 108
skipped question 12
21 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
25. Q15: What are the most important hazard mitigation efforts?
Development and associated building codes and regulations once again top survey responses. More than 53% of
respondents indicated that building codes and regulations that accurately reflect the local risk and mitigations measures
that address those risks are the most important hazard mitigation efforts. Perhaps just as significantly, less than 4%
chose increased numbers of insured against identified hazards as the most important hazard mitigation effort. These
results emphasize the importance of working closely with the building industry to ensure awareness of local risks and
mitigation measures.
15. What are the most important hazard mitigation efforts? Please select one.
Response Response
Percent Count
Structural mitigation projects (i.e.,
home buy outs, building retrofits,- 22.4% 24
storm water improvements)
Building codes and regulations
that accurately reflect the local
53.3% 57
risk and mitigations measures
that address those risks
Increased numbers of insured
3.7% 4
against identified hazards
Risk assessment, hazard
identification, and effective risk 20.6% 22
public communication
Other (please specify) 10
answered question 107
skipped question 13
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 22
26. Q16: What is the most significant barrier to improving a community’s disaster resilience?
The majority of respondents (approximately 54%) selected a lack of community action to take precautions on known
risks as the most significant barrier to improving a community’s disaster resilience. These responses emphasize the
importance of moving beyond risk awareness to changing behavior and taking action to overcome the barriers to
improving a community’s disaster resilience.
16. From the list below, what is the most significant barrier to improving a community’s
disaster resilience?
Response Response
Percent Count
A lack of understanding of risks
26.2% 28
within the community
Obtaining and maintaining accurate
19.6% 21
risk knowledge
A lack of community action to
54.2% 58
take precautions on known risks
Other (please specify)
17
answered question 107
skipped question 13
23 Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community
27. Q17: In your opinion what are the important hallmarks of a comprehensive whole community approach to mitigation?
We received written responses from 104 survey participants. Reponses ranged from a single sentence to several
paragraphs. A diverse group of hazard mitigation and insurance professionals provided responses. The following themes
emerged regarding important hallmarks of a comprehensive whole community approach to mitigation:
• Educating citizens about risks and promoting individual accountability through appropriate insurance at the individual
and municipality levels
• Identifying vulnerable people, property, and critical facilities and directing resources to projects that reduce risks
• Further integrating preparedness and mitigation activities
• Educating citizens about what it means to live in a high-risk area and/or promoting a reduction in inhabiting high-risk
areas
• Further integrating emergency managers with other disciplines.
17. In your opinion what are the important hallmarks of a comprehensive whole community
approach to mitigation?
Response
Count
104
answered question 104
skipped question 16
Mitigating Our Nation’s Risks – Calling Upon the Whole Community 24