This document discusses different types of hemorrhages including arterial, capillary, and venous hemorrhages. It describes signs and symptoms of hemorrhaging such as restlessness, anxiety, increased pulse rate, and pallor. The effects of hemorrhaging are also outlined including increased heart rate, decreased blood volume, and loss of red blood cells. First aid management of minor and major external bleeding as well as internal bleeding is provided. Specific types of hemorrhages occurring in special sites like the nose, lungs, stomach, and joints are also mentioned along with first aid approaches.

1. HAEMORRHAGES
Mr. Mahesh Chand
Nursing Tutor

2. • It is loss of blood from a blood vessel.
• it is caused due to injury or accident which
result in the rupturing of blood vessels.

3. TYPES OF HAEMORRHAGES
1)ARTERIAL : The blood is bright red.
The escape is from both ends of
vessel.
2)Capillary : The blood is deep red in
color oozing over several hours can
result in considerable blood loss.

4. 3)Venous : the blood is dark in color,
the rate of loss is much less than
arterial .

5. Sign & Symptoms
• Restlessness
• Anxiety
• Pulse rate slightly increase
• Pallor
• Patient feel thirsty
• Dryness of mouth
• Profuse sweating
• Blurring of vision
• Uncosciousness

6. EFFECT OF HEAMORRHAGE
• The heart pumping rate increase
• Decrease blood volume
• Loss of red blood cell
• Cardiac output

7. Aim
• Control bleeding as soon as possible
• Keep the wound clean & dress it
minimize blood loss prevent infection
• Arrange urgent transfer to hospital

8. Management
1) Natural arrest of bleeding:
When the skin is broken & blood
vessels are injured ,bleeding starts,
when bleeding start, blood vessels
contract & from injured tissue & blood
cell thromboplastin is released which
form clot.

9. 2) MINOR BLEEDING: This bleeding stop by
firm pressure with bandaging.
3)Major bleeding: it may be internal or
external. it result from injury to large blood
vessel .

10. 4)External bleeding:
Clean the area with clean cloth or pad if
available
Give pressure over the area where the
bleeding present as to reduce blood loss
Apply the bandage over wound & that
should be tight so that bleeding get
stopped
Press over the pressure point firmly over
10 minutes, if the bleeding is not still
stopped.

11. Give comfortable position
Elevate the affected limb .
Give fluids to the patient
Reassure the patient
Shift the patient to the hospital

12. • 5) internal bleeding: in this case
blood may be collected in the
abdominal cavity.
• Exa: spleen,liver,stomach,kidney etc
• Pressure can not be done internally.
• In this case patient feel pain over the
site of injury & swelling is also there.

13. First aid of internal bleeding
 Put the patient on the bed & give
comfortable position
 Provide psychological support to the patient
& his relatives
 Do not give anything through mouth
because it may lead to injury & patient may
do vomiting

14. If the patient is unconscious then turn
the head of the patient toward one
side so that patient may not aspirate
secretion
There may be need to do blood
transfusion so that prevent shock
Blood should collected from healthy
donor.
Shift the patient to hospital

15. Hemorrhages' in special site
1. Epistaxis :Bleeding from nose
2. Haemoptysis:Blood present in
sputum
3. Haematemesis: Blood present in
vomiting
4. Melaena: Blood present in stool
5. Haematuria: Blood present in urine
6. Haemothorax: Blood present in chest

16. 7.Haemoperitoneum: Blood present in
peritoneum
8.Haemarthrosis: bleeding in joint
9.Menorrhagia: excessive menstruation
at normal intervals
10.Haemopericardium: bleeding into
pericardium
11.Haematomyelia: bleeding into the
spinal cord

17. First aid in Epistaxis
Give psychological support to the
patient
Give sitting position
Loosen the clothes of the patient
Pinch nose softly for 10-15 min
Apply the cold compress over nose for
10-15 minutes
Even bleeding stop take the patient to
the hospital.

18. Ask the patient not to blow the nose
because it may increase bleeding
Ask the patient to breath through
mouth