5. Hemorrhage – Bleeding
Escape of the blood from vessels due to the damage of vessels.
Uncontrol bleeding may cause in shock or death.
There are three types.
Arterial bleeding
venous bleeding
capilary bleeding
6. Characteristics of bleeding
1. Arterial bleeding
Must always be treated first. ( Major arterial bleeding is the
most serious )
o Blood carried in the arteries
rapid pulsing spurts normally fully oxygenated
bright red in colour
16. Capillary bleeding
o Common type of bleeding.
o Slightly comes from injured capillaries.
o Very slow and small in quantity.
o Can cause infections.
17.
18. TYPES OF BLEEDING
• External bleeding
Bleeding that flows out of the body
• Examples:
Nose bleeding
Bleeding from a minor skin cut.
19. INTERNAL BLEEDING
• Bleeding that occurs inside the body when a blood vessel is damaged.
• Examples:
may occur in :
abdominal cavity
chest cavity
digestive tract
tissues surrounding broken large bones:
the thighbone (femur)
pelvis
20. The most serious sources of internal bleeding
due to trauma
• Head trauma with internal bleeding (intracranial hemorrhage)
• Bleeding around the lungs (hemothorax)
• Bleeding around the heart (hemopericardium and cardiac
tamponade)
24. Treatment or First aid for external bleeding
• Wash your hands.
• If the wound is dirty, lightly rinse with running water, until clean.
• Temporarily protect the wound with a sterile cotton.
• Apply direct pressure until bleeding is control.
(Press down firmly on either side)
25.
26. Cont: external bleeding care:
• Raise the injured part and support it.
• Handle the bleeding part carefully. (If there is fracture)
• Wrap the site by using cloth or bandage if possible.
• Send the person to the hospital as soon as possible.
27. First aid for internal bleeding
• Causes –
1) Fracture
2) Crush or penetrating injuries (Bullet injuries)
3) Head injuries
4) Organ injuries
5) Ruptured aneurisms
31. Internal bleeding may be more serious than external bleeding.
Get a quick assessment.
• Haematemesis
- Vomiting out blood
• Haemoptysis
- Coughed out blood
32. • Malaena-dark tarry stool
-Blood in stool
•Epistaxis
-nose bleeds
•Blood in urine
-Haematurea
33. Signs and symptoms for internal bleeding
Pallor
Shallow rapid respiration
Weak or thread pulse
Restlessness
Confusion
35. First aid for internal bleeding
Lay the casualty down with his head low
– supine position
Loosen the clothing
Reassure the patient
( For relaxation )
37. Examine for other injuries and treat.
If unconscious:
Open his mouth and remove foreign particles
Check for ABCDE
Start resuscitation.
Do not give anything by mouth
Arrange urgent transportation to hospital
38. Techniques to control bleeding
Apply terniquet
A scarf or large handkerchief can be used.
Applied the terniquet over the wound.
Do not applied too tightly.
Release pressure within 5 - 15 minutes. ( Gangrene )
Raised the injured part.
39.
40.
41. Epistaxis (Nose bleeds)
Bleeding from the blood vessels inside the nostrils.
Common condition
Causes :-
1. Head injury
2. Fracture of the skull and nasal bone
42. First aid or treatment
1) Reassure the patient.
2) Firmly pinch the entire soft part of the nose just above the nostrils.
3) Sit and lean forward (this will ensure that blood and other secretions
do not go down your throat).
43. 4) Breathe through your mouth.
5) Hold this position for 5 minutes.
6) Loosen any tight clothing.
7) Do not plug the nose.
.
44. 8) Avoid speak swallowing and cough.
9) Apply a cold swabs onthe nose.
10) Release the applied pressure after 10 minutes.
11) Still bleeding reapply pressure.
12) Seek medical aid
45. Bleeding from the ear
Bleeding from inside the ear canal.
Causes :-
Ear drum rupture
Skull fracture
46. First aid
Reassure the patient.
Cover the ear with a sterile dressing. Do not plug the ear.
Head is turn to the injured side.
Arrange removal to hospital.
47. Bleeding from the mouth
Causes :-
• Laceration of the gums
• Fracture of the jaw
• Tooth socket after accidental loss of a tooth
• Dental extraction
48. First aid
1) Sit down with his head forward and inclined (bend towards the
injured side)
2) Place clean dressing.
3) Allow him to dribble out any blood in his mouth.
4) Maintain pressure on the dressing. After 10-20 minutes carefully
remove dressing.
If the bleeding persists, seek medical advice.
49. Haematemesis (Vomitting of blood)
Causes :-
- Can occur any site of GI Tract
- Usually from gastric ulcers
.
50. First aid
• Keep the patient in supine position.
• Raise the patient head.
• Nil by mouth.
• Seek medical advice
51. Shock
The state due to stop blood supply into vital organs of the
body.
Life threatening situation.
Medical condition of lower blood perfusion to the tissues,
resulting inadequate tissue function.
It is not treated as early as possible vital organ such as heart
and brain may fail, can lead to death.