Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through Dynamic Modeling, Systems Simulation, Field Monitoring and Evaluation of Renewable Energy Applications
The annual energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors, in India is rising consistently at about 8% and the overall energy consumption in buildings has seen an increase from a low of 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in 2004/05. The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 254.049 GW as of end of September 2014. The research paper will deal with the modeling and optimization of the building energy performance by means of the application of the dynamic building simulation, the optimization of the energy systems and the verification of the energy consumptions and comfort conditions. An integrated tool is at an early stage of development to optimize the building energy performance to be expressed in terms of total energy use. The goal of the research paper is to optimize the building energy performance through the potential of the passive building technologies and the increase of efficiency of the building system.
An occupancy-based strategy employing computer vision for reducing cooling en...journalBEEI
The energy expended to cool the occupied areas by air conditioners represents a substantial share of the total energy exhausted in buildings. Therefore, developing strategies to reduce this energy is crucial. One of the preponderance strategies adopted to depreciate energy consumption in buildings is the occupancy-based strategy. In this research, an innovative model was established to achieve the goal of reducing cooling energy consumed in buildings based on occupancy-based combined with a constant temperature setpoint strategy in two phases, and each phase engrosses in 20 days. Phase one is to identify the extent of cooling energy employed according to the use of room occupants and its costs in consumption was 276.01 kWh after completion of this phase. Sequentially, constructing phase two intended to reduce cooling energy consumption by employing an automatic air-conditioner (AC) control strategy relying on an improved human detection algorithm with a 25℃ as temperature setpoint, resulting in 112.45 kWh of consumption. To complement the motives for elaboration, the human detection measurement using you only look once (YOLO) improved by applying pre-processing algorithms to reach an average human detection enhancement of 21.2%. The proposed model results showed that potential savings associated with the embraced strategy decreases by more than anticipated as the amount of reduced energy reached 59% savings.
Energy Evaluation and Processing Cost Reduction in Agudu Maize Processing Ind...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This study evaluated energy consumption by Agudu Farms Limited (AFL) that processes maize and cassava into flour for human consumption. The objectives of study included to determine energy contribution to processing cost, to minimize the processing cost and to propose a new selling price per unit of sale of the product. The study materials included; a multi-meter, stopwatch, electrical appliances’ nameplates and bills, fuel purchased receipts, and production records. Data was collected through detailed energy audits and measurements of present electricity consumption. This data was converted into energy intensities, rates and costs, and analyzed. The monthly energy intensity plotted on bar charts using Microsoft excel and the results showed that diesel had the highest consumption variation of 3500 kWh/t, electricity 200kWh/t and labor 110 kWh/t. The percentage of energy contribution to processing cost was 33%. In monetary terms, the processing cost per hour of operation showed average value of ₦830. Whereas, the minimum production cost per hour using Tora software showed ₦767. The new product price per ten-kilogram (10kg) unit of sale of maize flour, using break-even analysis, showed ₦2864. The study observed that diesel contributed more to production cost than electricity and labor and therefore, recommended the setting up of an energy monitoring team to monitor procurement and control utilization of diesel to reduce production cost.
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design Systemijtsrd
With development of smart grid technology, power generation and distribution network acts as new brain in this field. In this technology, the network will not only get going to integrated and set communicable all over the country but its demand will be tracked by the control centers in different aspect and at high time the usage of power is going to cost higher than the actual rate with intimation given to the customer through notification via sms or email. Through this research, the designing for Smart Grids was inspected from a logical aspect, monitoring its behavioral, and physical, and must observe the optimal integration of entire system. From the conventional distribution system, we can see the designed for the control of all the constituents as observe to be autonomous with each other. Thus, centralization in control and consolidated functionality are the main challenges discover by the distribution system. To minimize these matter of concern, the term ""distribution system and its responsibilities"" came into effect by using information and communications technology ICT to power the resolution in circulating distribution system. For preparing the outline in this aspect, this paper aims to present a layout in initiating smart grid technology and responsibilities. In contrast we argue to design an interest in the field of Smart Grid. Ashish Gangwar | Sadaf Qasim ""Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29840.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29840/key-aspect-for-approach-of-smart-grid-design-system/ashish-gangwar
An occupancy-based strategy employing computer vision for reducing cooling en...journalBEEI
The energy expended to cool the occupied areas by air conditioners represents a substantial share of the total energy exhausted in buildings. Therefore, developing strategies to reduce this energy is crucial. One of the preponderance strategies adopted to depreciate energy consumption in buildings is the occupancy-based strategy. In this research, an innovative model was established to achieve the goal of reducing cooling energy consumed in buildings based on occupancy-based combined with a constant temperature setpoint strategy in two phases, and each phase engrosses in 20 days. Phase one is to identify the extent of cooling energy employed according to the use of room occupants and its costs in consumption was 276.01 kWh after completion of this phase. Sequentially, constructing phase two intended to reduce cooling energy consumption by employing an automatic air-conditioner (AC) control strategy relying on an improved human detection algorithm with a 25℃ as temperature setpoint, resulting in 112.45 kWh of consumption. To complement the motives for elaboration, the human detection measurement using you only look once (YOLO) improved by applying pre-processing algorithms to reach an average human detection enhancement of 21.2%. The proposed model results showed that potential savings associated with the embraced strategy decreases by more than anticipated as the amount of reduced energy reached 59% savings.
Energy Evaluation and Processing Cost Reduction in Agudu Maize Processing Ind...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This study evaluated energy consumption by Agudu Farms Limited (AFL) that processes maize and cassava into flour for human consumption. The objectives of study included to determine energy contribution to processing cost, to minimize the processing cost and to propose a new selling price per unit of sale of the product. The study materials included; a multi-meter, stopwatch, electrical appliances’ nameplates and bills, fuel purchased receipts, and production records. Data was collected through detailed energy audits and measurements of present electricity consumption. This data was converted into energy intensities, rates and costs, and analyzed. The monthly energy intensity plotted on bar charts using Microsoft excel and the results showed that diesel had the highest consumption variation of 3500 kWh/t, electricity 200kWh/t and labor 110 kWh/t. The percentage of energy contribution to processing cost was 33%. In monetary terms, the processing cost per hour of operation showed average value of ₦830. Whereas, the minimum production cost per hour using Tora software showed ₦767. The new product price per ten-kilogram (10kg) unit of sale of maize flour, using break-even analysis, showed ₦2864. The study observed that diesel contributed more to production cost than electricity and labor and therefore, recommended the setting up of an energy monitoring team to monitor procurement and control utilization of diesel to reduce production cost.
Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design Systemijtsrd
With development of smart grid technology, power generation and distribution network acts as new brain in this field. In this technology, the network will not only get going to integrated and set communicable all over the country but its demand will be tracked by the control centers in different aspect and at high time the usage of power is going to cost higher than the actual rate with intimation given to the customer through notification via sms or email. Through this research, the designing for Smart Grids was inspected from a logical aspect, monitoring its behavioral, and physical, and must observe the optimal integration of entire system. From the conventional distribution system, we can see the designed for the control of all the constituents as observe to be autonomous with each other. Thus, centralization in control and consolidated functionality are the main challenges discover by the distribution system. To minimize these matter of concern, the term ""distribution system and its responsibilities"" came into effect by using information and communications technology ICT to power the resolution in circulating distribution system. For preparing the outline in this aspect, this paper aims to present a layout in initiating smart grid technology and responsibilities. In contrast we argue to design an interest in the field of Smart Grid. Ashish Gangwar | Sadaf Qasim ""Key Aspect for Approach of Smart Grid Design System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29840.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29840/key-aspect-for-approach-of-smart-grid-design-system/ashish-gangwar
Institutional smart buildings energy auditIJECEIAES
Smart buildings and Fuzzy based control systems used in Buildings Management System (BMS), Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) and Building Automation Systems (BAS) are a point of interests among researcher and stake holders of buildings’ developing sector due to its ability to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore this paper will review, investigates define and evaluates the use of fuzzy logic controllers in smart buildings under subtropical Australia’s subtropical regions. In addition the paper also will define the latest development, design and proposed controlling strategies used in institutional buildings. Furthermore this paper will highlight and discuss the conceptual basis of these technologies including Fuzzy, Neural and Hybrid add-on technologies, its capabilities and its limitation.
Data Warehouse Structure for Energy Monitoring System Towards Campus Sustaina...ijtsrd
"ICT gadgets are turning out to be increasingly widespread in all parts of human life. ICT devours energy, additionally a significant method for sparing energy. In a university campus, it is not unusual for students to own and use more than one gadgets for personal or academic purpose. Conservatively, it has done as such by making energy using systems performance faster. Taking into contrast the worldwide emphasis of the effect of energy consumption in general, there is a developing focus to the power utilization connected with ICT hardware. This work is designed to calculate energy consumption for ICTs and to show analyzed reports and charts for top managers. To accomplish the research, the author needs to depend on the methodology that permitted us to address ways in which energy can be calculated. In regard to the research, we proposed a program that will calculate total cost of ICT devices used, show charts and reports and store these devices in the database. Precious Oaseru Johnson | Precious Oaseru Johnson | Manimala Veeraiyah | Tee Kiam Khai ""Data Warehouse Structure for Energy Monitoring System Towards Campus Sustainability"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Information Technology , November 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19152.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/19152/data-warehouse-structure-for-energy-monitoring-system-towards-campus-sustainability/precious-oaseru-johnson"
The buildings that aren’t “connected” are the same they were decades ago and have retained fundamentally the same purpose i.e. to provide shelter, temperature control, and safety at the same efficiency level. Globally the built environments account for significant energy use and equivalent production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon footprint. Growing concerns about safety, comfort, global warming, and climate change are leading to technological evolution, that will make the buildings smart, more comfortable, and nearly zero energy buildings. The building architectures are obviously smarter today than they were a few years ago and will continue to do so as the people become more energy aware and efficiency focused. Smart architectures and smart technologies are effective means to make buildings more comfortable, secure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint. Smart metering, smart grid, energy storage, and smart energy management system are some of the technologies that find their use in smart architectures along with ubiquitous digital technologies. These evolving technologies being relatively new can indeed make the buildings smart, intelligent, energy efficient and environmentally sustainable which will attract higher rentals and more resale values in the near future. For commercial real estate, the savings can be impressive. A reduction in energy use is equivalent to an increase in building’s asset value and net operating income. This paper provides a contemporary look at the potential of smart architectures and evolving smart energy technologies to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in built environments. The scope of this paper is limited to the brief overview of these technologies and their applications.
This presentation gives the basic definition of Energy Audit, the need for it, objectives of energy audit, stages of audit, types of audit, Three-Phases of conducting the energy audit, steps to be carried out in preliminary or walk-through or diagnostic audit, targeted audit, Ten Step Methodology for conducting detailed audit and the instruments used to conduct energy audit.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Presentation on energy management, energy audit and carrier opportunities Arivalagan Arumugam
Energy Management, Energy Auditing
and Career opportunities in Industries by
Dr.P.Dharmalingam, BEE Accredited Energy Auditor,GOI,
Former Director ,National Productivity, Council,GOI
Executive Director, EnSave Consultancy and Training Pvt.Ltd,
pdlingam@gmail.com
, www.ensaveindia.com ,
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
Human Habits and Energy Consumption in Residential BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Looks into users’ heating habits in residential buildings.
* Discusses the term ‘rebound’ - the fact that improved efficiency can result in more spending.
* Gives factual proof that direct rebound plays leading role in energy consumption in residential buildings.
"This paper represents the preliminary result from an ongoing research project. The purpose of the project is to map the geographical and temporal development of the 1918 flu in at a local community. In this case, the Danish provincial marked town Holbæk. By including a variety of concurrent records, the patterns of infection will be analyzed from a socioeconomic perspective by using different kinds of graph theory and methods. For example, social networks analy-sis (SNA).
The overall aim of the project is to contribute to our understanding of the preconditions for the route of pandemics and annually epidemics. In particular, provide results and methods that can be further developed and included in real time surveillance (the loop) and evaluations on wherever a seasonal epidemic has the potential to go pandemic. "
Condition Monitoring and Vibrational Analysis of Proposed Shaft through Exper...IJERA Editor
Condition Monitoring is an advanced and very useful tool of predictive maintenance techniques.When a
machine fails or break down, the consequences can range from annoyance to the financial disaster or personal
injury and possible loose of life. For this reason early detection, identification and correction of machinery
problems is paramount to anyone involved in the maintenance of industrial machinery to insure continued, safe
and productive operation. In order to run the machines efficiently condition monitoring of machines is
important.Vibrations are found almost everywhere in rotating shaft. shaft vibrates due to unbalances,
misalignments and imperfect bearings. .Here in this project condition monitoring of rotating shaft is done using
vibration analysis and also crack detection analysis, accelerometeris used along with a device called as Fast
Fourier Transform (F.F.T.) Analyzer.
Institutional smart buildings energy auditIJECEIAES
Smart buildings and Fuzzy based control systems used in Buildings Management System (BMS), Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) and Building Automation Systems (BAS) are a point of interests among researcher and stake holders of buildings’ developing sector due to its ability to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore this paper will review, investigates define and evaluates the use of fuzzy logic controllers in smart buildings under subtropical Australia’s subtropical regions. In addition the paper also will define the latest development, design and proposed controlling strategies used in institutional buildings. Furthermore this paper will highlight and discuss the conceptual basis of these technologies including Fuzzy, Neural and Hybrid add-on technologies, its capabilities and its limitation.
Data Warehouse Structure for Energy Monitoring System Towards Campus Sustaina...ijtsrd
"ICT gadgets are turning out to be increasingly widespread in all parts of human life. ICT devours energy, additionally a significant method for sparing energy. In a university campus, it is not unusual for students to own and use more than one gadgets for personal or academic purpose. Conservatively, it has done as such by making energy using systems performance faster. Taking into contrast the worldwide emphasis of the effect of energy consumption in general, there is a developing focus to the power utilization connected with ICT hardware. This work is designed to calculate energy consumption for ICTs and to show analyzed reports and charts for top managers. To accomplish the research, the author needs to depend on the methodology that permitted us to address ways in which energy can be calculated. In regard to the research, we proposed a program that will calculate total cost of ICT devices used, show charts and reports and store these devices in the database. Precious Oaseru Johnson | Precious Oaseru Johnson | Manimala Veeraiyah | Tee Kiam Khai ""Data Warehouse Structure for Energy Monitoring System Towards Campus Sustainability"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Information Technology , November 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19152.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/19152/data-warehouse-structure-for-energy-monitoring-system-towards-campus-sustainability/precious-oaseru-johnson"
The buildings that aren’t “connected” are the same they were decades ago and have retained fundamentally the same purpose i.e. to provide shelter, temperature control, and safety at the same efficiency level. Globally the built environments account for significant energy use and equivalent production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon footprint. Growing concerns about safety, comfort, global warming, and climate change are leading to technological evolution, that will make the buildings smart, more comfortable, and nearly zero energy buildings. The building architectures are obviously smarter today than they were a few years ago and will continue to do so as the people become more energy aware and efficiency focused. Smart architectures and smart technologies are effective means to make buildings more comfortable, secure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint. Smart metering, smart grid, energy storage, and smart energy management system are some of the technologies that find their use in smart architectures along with ubiquitous digital technologies. These evolving technologies being relatively new can indeed make the buildings smart, intelligent, energy efficient and environmentally sustainable which will attract higher rentals and more resale values in the near future. For commercial real estate, the savings can be impressive. A reduction in energy use is equivalent to an increase in building’s asset value and net operating income. This paper provides a contemporary look at the potential of smart architectures and evolving smart energy technologies to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in built environments. The scope of this paper is limited to the brief overview of these technologies and their applications.
This presentation gives the basic definition of Energy Audit, the need for it, objectives of energy audit, stages of audit, types of audit, Three-Phases of conducting the energy audit, steps to be carried out in preliminary or walk-through or diagnostic audit, targeted audit, Ten Step Methodology for conducting detailed audit and the instruments used to conduct energy audit.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions for residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability and demand of energy resources is the dynamic and seasonal changes. Human beings are unaware of the cost of energy consumed by various appliances and the energy resources available for the next generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in different seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30589.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/30589/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
Presentation on energy management, energy audit and carrier opportunities Arivalagan Arumugam
Energy Management, Energy Auditing
and Career opportunities in Industries by
Dr.P.Dharmalingam, BEE Accredited Energy Auditor,GOI,
Former Director ,National Productivity, Council,GOI
Executive Director, EnSave Consultancy and Training Pvt.Ltd,
pdlingam@gmail.com
, www.ensaveindia.com ,
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
Human Habits and Energy Consumption in Residential BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Looks into users’ heating habits in residential buildings.
* Discusses the term ‘rebound’ - the fact that improved efficiency can result in more spending.
* Gives factual proof that direct rebound plays leading role in energy consumption in residential buildings.
"This paper represents the preliminary result from an ongoing research project. The purpose of the project is to map the geographical and temporal development of the 1918 flu in at a local community. In this case, the Danish provincial marked town Holbæk. By including a variety of concurrent records, the patterns of infection will be analyzed from a socioeconomic perspective by using different kinds of graph theory and methods. For example, social networks analy-sis (SNA).
The overall aim of the project is to contribute to our understanding of the preconditions for the route of pandemics and annually epidemics. In particular, provide results and methods that can be further developed and included in real time surveillance (the loop) and evaluations on wherever a seasonal epidemic has the potential to go pandemic. "
Condition Monitoring and Vibrational Analysis of Proposed Shaft through Exper...IJERA Editor
Condition Monitoring is an advanced and very useful tool of predictive maintenance techniques.When a
machine fails or break down, the consequences can range from annoyance to the financial disaster or personal
injury and possible loose of life. For this reason early detection, identification and correction of machinery
problems is paramount to anyone involved in the maintenance of industrial machinery to insure continued, safe
and productive operation. In order to run the machines efficiently condition monitoring of machines is
important.Vibrations are found almost everywhere in rotating shaft. shaft vibrates due to unbalances,
misalignments and imperfect bearings. .Here in this project condition monitoring of rotating shaft is done using
vibration analysis and also crack detection analysis, accelerometeris used along with a device called as Fast
Fourier Transform (F.F.T.) Analyzer.
Compressive Sensing in Speech from LPC using Gradient Projection for Sparse R...IJERA Editor
This paper presents compressive sensing technique used for speech reconstruction using linear predictive coding because the
speech is more sparse in LPC. DCT of a speech is taken and the DCT points of sparse speech are thrown away arbitrarily.
This is achieved by making some point in DCT domain to be zero by multiplying with mask functions. From the incomplete
points in DCT domain, the original speech is reconstructed using compressive sensing and the tool used is Gradient
Projection for Sparse Reconstruction. The performance of the result is compared with direct IDCT subjectively. The
experiment is done and it is observed that the performance is better for compressive sensing than the DCT.
Investigating On Use of Different Blends of White Grape Seed Biodiesel and Di...IJERA Editor
Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which has made life easy and faster in today's modern life. These engines are consuming lot of diesel fuel and have been substantially increasing the atmospheric pollution. There is a concern over the availability of diesel fuel a derivative of fossil fuel, as these sources are limited and in near future they may get exhausted. Hence, there is a need for an alternative source of fuel which is abundant and environmentally friendly. A promising renewable and clean burning diesel replacement is biodiesel fuel. This is an alternative fuel made by different methods like standard base-catalysed transesterification, pyrolysis, thermal cracking etc., An alternative method called catalytic cracking, a fast reaction process is investigated for production of quantitative and qualitative biodiesel. Among many available catalysts, alumina catalyst is selected for production of biodiesel. Catalytic cracking process is carried out on white grape seed oil to convert it into white grape seed biodiesel. On production of biodiesel, physicochemical properties are tested and compared with diesel. Biodiesel thus obtained is a very near quality diesel fuel as per ASTM standards this can be used in the existing diesel engines. Experimental work is carried out on a single cylinder [Kirloskar TV-1 (DI), Water cooled, 4-Stroke] diesel engine with diesel fuel and also with biodiesel blended in various proportions with diesel at different engine loads. On analysis, it is inferred that there is a minimal deviation in engine characteristics with white grape seed biodiesel and with its blends when compared to characteristics of engine fueled with diesel. This gives a scope for further research to be carried out with other catalysts to produce biodiesel with different vegetable or animal fat based oils.
Robust Strategies of GIS and Geospatial Data mining techniques for drinking g...IJERA Editor
Dependency factors of drought in Maharashtra state of drinking water are groundwater resources, for rural, Urban and Agriculture commercial zone .this situation exploits the development and progress of groundwater management study. No doubt the climate has a vital role in it. So Researcher and decision maker have a new topic of study and research with increasing product of Geospatial data and different temporal of characteristics, geometrics, and Geospatial information systems. And it has been capabilities to control and handle a case like diverse range of geospatial data with varieties of skills. One of the major aspect and issues in geospatial data management is to explore the ratio and future trends of the data and which is smoothly possible with the GIS and Geospatial Data mining techniques and that is being brought into our consideration to discussed and to write this paper on this issue and for this we introduced geospatial data mining applications in drinking ground water quality Management, At last about the abundance of industrial Zones in state of Maharashtra, of India and their effects on water quality in this region, correlation between industrial pollutions and water quality indicators through geospatial data mining has been modeled as a case study at Jalna District Maharashtra.
A Novel Approach for Moving Object Detection from Dynamic BackgroundIJERA Editor
In computer vision application, moving object detection is the key technology for intelligent video monitoring
system. Performance of an automated visual surveillance system considerably depends on its ability to detect
moving objects in thermodynamic environment. A subsequent action, such as tracking, analyzing the motion or
identifying objects, requires an accurate extraction of the foreground objects, making moving object detection a
crucial part of the system. The aim of this paper is to detect real moving objects from un-stationary background
regions (such as branches and leafs of a tree or a flag waving in the wind), limiting false negatives (objects
pixels that are not detected) as much as possible. In addition, it is assumed that the models of the target objects
and their motion are unknown, so as to achieve maximum application independence (i.e. algorithm works under
the non-prior training).
The paper reports an implementation of Single System Image Server Cluster (SSISC). The Servers have been configured with same MAC and IP addresses and are connected through a two layer switch. Implementation has been done by modifying iptables and recompiling the linux kernel. This implementation has been tested for performance using WebStone. WebStone is a highly- configurable client-server benchmark for HTTP servers. This implementation removes a possibility of single point failure of web cluster. The implementation automatically detects newly added and failed server and hence reliable. The test indicates that requests are distributed to servers in the cluster, depends on the policy of distribution.
Performance Analysis of DRA Based OFDM Data Transmission With Respect to Nove...IJERA Editor
In this paper, we have analyzed the performance characteristics of OFDM data transmission with regard to a new high speed RS decoding algorithm. The various characteristics identified are mainly speed and accuracy of the transmission irrespective of channel behaviour. We consider two cases viz. data transmission without error control and data transmission with error control. Each of these cases are duly analyzed and it is proven that high speed RS decoding algorithms can actually benefit OFDM data transmission for advanced communication systems only if implemented at the hardware (VLSI) level because of significant processing overhead involved in software based implementation even though the algorithm may have lower computational complexity.
A Stochastic Model of Reliability for Bivariate Gamma Distributions with the ...IJERA Editor
The theoretical study for the effect of stress on ACTH levels of individuals with a family history of alcoholism
may present a dysfunction in the activity of the HPA axis is investigated. The stress strength model describes the
life of a component which has a random strength Y and is subjected to a random stress X. R =Pr (X Y) is a
measure of the component reliability is used to find the levels of ACTH, Cortisol and -endorphin.
A Stochastic Model of Reliability for Bivariate Gamma Distributions with the ...
Similar to Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through Dynamic Modeling, Systems Simulation, Field Monitoring and Evaluation of Renewable Energy Applications
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In today’s commercial buildings, installing an effective
WAGES (water, air, gas, electricity, steam) metering
system can be a source of substantial energy and cost
savings. This white paper examines WAGES metering
as the essential first step toward a comprehensive
energy management strategy. Best practices for
selecting meters, and identifying metering points are
described. In addition, metrics for measuring gains in
energy efficiency are explained.
Energy Management Impact on Distributed Control Systems (DCS) in Industrial E...Schneider Electric
Today, the pressure is on enterprises to meet environmental targets. The prospect of losing business if sustainability objectives are not met is very real. This is leading to a future where top environmental performers will become market leaders. To remain competitive, companies need to produce goods in an energy efficient manner. This paper examines industrial efficiency improvement measures that focus on equipment, process, and people.
Analysis of energy efficiency aspects in energy man agement model of bunse in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Correct energy management and its efficiency have been emphasized in industrial and manufacturing firms’ policy makings for different reasons. Different studies focus on available potentials of these firms in the field of their energy efficiency. From among them just the fewest numbers of manufacturing enterprises could exploit them. Therefore the researcher intends to study some aspects of energy management model of Bunse in manufacture. Also by finding the differences and gaps between theories and available circumstance of the industry, this study encourages the Mobarakeh Steel Complex to execute energy efficiency management correctly. The results of the statistical analysis show that although there is not significant gap between industry’s requirements and scientific literatures, based on the comparison of the present case and ideal circumstance of managers’ point of view and because of the complex approximately proper condition, this complex has differences with worlds and scientific ideal standards. Keywords: Energy Management, Key Performance Indicator, Benchmarking, Control and monitoring, Conceptual Framework, Energy Efficient Measurement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Decision Support System for Energy Saving Analysis in Manufacturing IndustryIJRES Journal
Nowadays the attempts to optimize energy efficiency and environmental impact are increasingly present in all activity areas and specifically in manufacturing industry. An innovative approach to achieve these optimizations lies in advanced combination of decision support technologies and Knowledge Management. A benchmarking energy saving tool (decision support tool) was carried out in four (4) different years, 2007 to 2010 in Niger mills limited, located in Calabar to generate energy intensity and energy intensity index of the period. The result obtained for energy intensity in 2007 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2008 was 2.30GJ/m3, Energy intensity for 2009 was 2.40GJ/m3, and energy intensity for 2010 was 2.30GJ/m3. This result shows that for the period of these four years, that the energy consumed is in an average range of 2.30GJ/m3. That if the productivity increase as the result of increase in production, the energy intensity will increase to 2.40GJ/m3 or there about as the case maybe as a result of increase in production.
TOTAL EFFECTIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT: THE MUST NEED FOR INDIAN INDUSTRYIAEME Publication
Today, in world of highly competitive Manufacturing environment ,India has lot to improve on manufacturing cost to remain in the world market and for business continuity .Apart from raw material and other input cost , the major cost driver is energy cost especially for energy intensive sectors like steel ,aluminum ,fertilizer ,cement ,pulp paper, sugar ,textile ,petrochemicals etc, .Reduction of input energy cost will bring and efficiency improvement and will have many benefits as by-product
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Global issue based power generation expansion planning for a power systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through Dynamic Modeling, Systems Simulation, Field Monitoring and Evaluation of Renewable Energy Applications (20)
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through Dynamic Modeling, Systems Simulation, Field Monitoring and Evaluation of Renewable Energy Applications
1. Reshmi Banerjee Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -5) February 2015, pp.30-37
www.ijera.com 30 | P a g e
Optimization of the Building Energy Performance through
Dynamic Modeling, Systems Simulation, Field Monitoring and
Evaluation of Renewable Energy Applications
Reshmi Banerjee*, Binoy Krishna Choudhury**
*(Department of EE, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700114)
**(Department of Energy Management, IISWBM, Kolkata-700073)
ABSRACT:
The annual energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors, in India is rising consistently at about
8% and the overall energy consumption in buildings has seen an increase from a low of 14% in the 1970s to
nearly 33% in 2004/05. The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 254.049 GW as of end of
September 2014. The research paper will deal with the modeling and optimization of the building energy
performance by means of the application of the dynamic building simulation, the optimization of the energy
systems and the verification of the energy consumptions and comfort conditions. An integrated tool is at an
early stage of development to optimize the building energy performance to be expressed in terms of total energy
use. The goal of the research paper is to optimize the building energy performance through the potential of the
passive building technologies and the increase of efficiency of the building system.
Keywords- Evaluation, Modeling, Monitoring, Optimization of renewable energy use in buildings, Simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The demand for energy in developing countries
is becoming alarming, whereas the means of
electricity production remains limited. Due to
climatic change high temperature and humidity,
significantly increases the use of air conditioners to
attain better thermal comfort. Depletion of fossil
fuels and increase in fuel cost leads to an electricity
shortage. The energy crisis made an effort in
reducing the overall energy consumption in building
sector.
Energy is a vital input for social and economic
development. As a result of the generalization of
agricultural, industrial and domestic activities the
demand for energy has increased remarkably,
especially in emergent countries. Despite the obvious
advantages of renewable energy, it presents important
drawbacks, such as the discontinuity of generation, as
most renewable energy resources depend on the
climate, which is why their use requires complex
design, planning and control optimization methods.
Fortunately, the continuous advances in
computer hardware and software are allowing
researchers to deal with these optimization problems
using computational resources, as can be seen in the
large number of optimization methods that have been
applied to the renewable and sustainable energy field.
The residential sector in India consumes 37% of
energy reflecting the importance of the sector in the
national energy scenario. Electricity consumption is
mainly influenced by seasonal variation in residential
building. Most of the energy consumed for cooling,
electrical appliances and water heating, these depend
mainly on the ambient temperature. Around of 50%
of annual energy is consumed for air conditioning
with an average electric energy ratio of 100 kWH/m2
of floor space.
Energy resource efficiency in new constructions
can be effected by adopting an integrated approach to
building design. The primary steps in this approach
are:
Incorporate solar passive techniques in a
building design to minimize load.
Use renewable energy systems (geothermal heat
pump, solar energy, wind energy).
The meaning of energy modeling, is using
computer based tools to simulate the energy use of a
building throughout an entire year of operation. In
many cases, architects and building owners are
inexperienced with energy modeling and don’t know
how to harness this powerful tool to inform the
design and decision making process. Properly used,
energy modeling can help optimize the building
design and allow the design team to prioritize
investment in the strategies that will have the greatest
effect buildings energy use. Our most stringent
energy codes and prescriptive guidelines today get us
no more than 30% savings over common practice.
What we need are 50%, 60% and greater savings, and
we need early modeling to get there.
Building construction and operations can have
extensive direct and indirect impacts on the
environment, society, and economy, which are
commonly referred to as the 3 P’S (people, planet,
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Reshmi Banerjee Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -5) February 2015, pp.30-37
www.ijera.com 31 | P a g e
pocketbook). In India residential energy consumption
represents 39% of final energy consumed and slightly
less (37%) in terms of primary energy consumption.
However, energy consumption in the residential
sector in India is still largely dominated by the use of
firewood. When biomass energy use is excluded,
residential energy use represents only 12% of total
final energy use and 19% of total primary energy use.
India is one of the largest growing economics in the
world with economic growth rate of 8.9%.
Standard economic approach to energy modeling based on learning from existing models and simulations
software, such as, MESSAGE, MARKAL, WEM, etc. in view of recent development of technologies and
techniques.
3. Reshmi Banerjee Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -5) February 2015, pp.30-37
www.ijera.com 32 | P a g e
Building simulation is commonly divided into to
categories : Load Design, and Energy Analysis. Load
design is used to determine :
Air conditioning loads (the amount of cooling /
heating energy needed by a space / system /
building).
Volumetric air flow requirements (the amount of
air needed to cool / heat a space).
Equipment capacities (since equipment may
condition multiple spaces).
Supply temperatures.
Hydronic plant capacities (worst case
simultaneous load).
Similarities and differences between equipment
options for heating and cooling a space.
Energy analysis is used to :
Predict the monthly energy consumption and
bills.
Predict the annual energy cost.
Annual carbon dioxide emissions.
Compare and contrast different efficiency
options.
Determine life cycle pay back on various
options.
Energy monitoring is an energy efficiency
technique based on the standard management axiom
stating that “you can not manage what you can not
measure”. Monitoring information of energy use, in
order to establish a basis for energy management and
explain deviations from an established pattern. Its
primary goal is to maintain said pattern, by providing
all the necessary data on energy consumption, as well
as certain driving factors, as identified during
preliminary investigation.
Goals of energy monitoring are :
Identify and explain excessive energy use.
Detect instances when consumption is
unexpectedly higher or lower than would usually
have been the case.
Visualize energy consumption trends (daily,
weekly, seasonal, operational).
Determine future energy use and costs when
planning changes in business.
Diagnose specific areas of wasted energy.
Observe how changes to relevant driving factors
impact energy efficiency.
Develop performance targets for energy
management programs.
Manage energy consumption, rather than accept
it as a fixed cost.
Benefits of energy monitoring are : Throughout
the numerous monitoring projects implemented since
the 1980’s, a certain number of benefits have proved
to be recurrent –
Energy cost savings.
Improved budgeting.
Waste avoidance.
An energy evaluation is an inspection, survey
and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation
in a building, process or system to reduce the amount
of energy input into the system without negatively
affecting the output. In commercial and industrial
real estate, an energy evaluation is the first step in
identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense
and carbon footprints.
The research activity will deal with the modeling
and optimization of the building energy performance
by means of the application of the dynamic building
simulation, the optimization of the energy systems
and the verification of the energy consumptions and
comfort conditions.
II. METHODOLOGY
The procedure involves five major steps, viz. i)
A set of passive building technologies that minimize
the net energy needs for heating and cooling, ii) A set
of packaged energy systems that exploit renewable
sources with the maximum effectiveness, iii) The
4. Reshmi Banerjee Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -5) February 2015, pp.30-37
www.ijera.com 33 | P a g e
analysis of the trade-off between the energy needs
minimization (energy modesty), energy efficiency
and the renewable sources exploitation, iv) A
tool to minimize the total energy use in buildings -
software includes SIMUL8, energy evaluator online
tool, business program eligibility tool, large general
service, EMS (energy management software), energy
planning tool, and v) The verification of the previous
findings by means of field measurements for the
tuning of the decision models and for the creation of
benchmarks.
SIMUL8 : Benefits of SIMUL8 –
Mimic the operation of actual system.
Cost benefit analysis.
Apply statistical methods to capture the
unpredictable variations and randomness of life.
Evaluate operational decisions before actual
implementation.
Benefits of energy evaluator tool –
Reduce energy costs and raise awareness of
energy usage.
Help to review progress over time.
Help one gain a greater understanding of how to
achieve energy efficiency and how to lock in
energy savings for the future.
Business program eligibility tool that are used by
business users to perform various business functions.
These business applications are used to increase
productivity, and to perform business functions
accurately. Types of business program eligibility
tools –
Enterprise application software.
Resource management.
Digital dashboards.
Reporting software.
Procurement software.
Business performance management.
Document management.
Employee scheduling software.
An energy management system is a system of
computer aided tools used by operators of electric
utility grids to monitor, control and optimize the
performance of the generation and / or transmission
system.
Energy planning tool is used to help one to
produce reports and plans in compliance.
The five steps are briefly discussed below.
Employing passive building technologies: Employing
passive building technologies: Passive building
technologies do not require mechanical heating or
cooling. Homes that are passively designed take
advantage of natural energy flows to maintain
thermal comfort.
Passive building technologies in our homes:
Significantly improves comfort.
Reduces or eliminates heating and cooling bills.
Reduces greenhouse gas emissions from heating,
cooling, mechanical ventilation and lighting.
Effective renewable energy solution package:
a) Use space heaters in the winter: Rather than
heating our entire house to keep warrm in the
winter, consider the use of portable space heaters
in only the occupied rooms of our home. For
example, if we go from watching television in
the den to our bedroom, we can simply move the
space heater from the den to our bedroom. This
can have a huge impact on the environment and
our wallet, by preventing the waste of energy to
warm rooms that are unoccupied.
b) Use celling fans as much as possible: Most
homes are equipped with celling fans, and using
them can save a great deal in energy costs. For
those homes that do not have celling fans
installed, the cost of purchase and installation
can easily and quickly be recouped by our
energy savings.
In the winter, run the celling fan on low speed in
a clockwise direction. This creates an updraft that
flows warm air down. In the summer, run the celling
fan counter-clockwise. This blows air down-wards
and cools the room, without having to rely on energy-
sucking air conditioning.
c) Turn off lights we aren't using: I hope this lesson
is in pre-school, because turning the lights off in
unoccupied rooms is probably the easiest and
cheapest change we can make.
d) Install low-flow fixtures: Low flow shower and
faucet fixtures can save a bundle by reducing the
amount of energy used to heat our water as well
as the cost of water itself.
e) Dry clothes on a clothesline or rack: We don't
have to give up our dryer for good- even
foregoing every once in a while can save a good
deal of money and energy, with the added bonus
of our clothes smelling like the great outdoors.
f) Install a programmable thermostat-
Programmable thermostats automatically adjust
the temperature of our living space depending on
a pre-determined schedule. Most of us, for
example, don’t need the thermostat set to 70
degrees during summer days when we are at the
work. A well-programmed thermostat can save
us up to 20% on our heating and cooling bill.
g) Use cold water to wash clothes- Heating up
water for the hot cycle uses more energy, and
with the advent of more efficient washing
machines and cold water detergents, typically
our clothes will get just as clean using cold
water.
h) Unplug energy vampires: Things like our
computer, television, video game console, cell
phone charger and kitchen electrics use almost as
much power when they are plugged in and sitting
idle and unused as when in use. To save a good
deal on our electricity bill, focus on unplugging
5. Reshmi Banerjee Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -5) February 2015, pp.30-37
www.ijera.com 34 | P a g e
these items when they are not in use.
i) Switch to CFLs: Switching from incandescent
light to compact fluorescent lighting carries an
upfront cost, as the bulbs are much more
expensive than the incandescent variety. Start
buying CFLs now as our current bulbs burn
out and break, and reap the benefits.
j) Lower the temperature on hot water heater:
Chances are, we rarely crank our shower
temperature all the way to the red stopper,
which means we won’t notice the difference if
we set the temperature on our hot water heater
from an average of 130 degrees to 120
degrees. This simple gesture can save our 3-
5% on energy costs annually.
Comparative economics: Economic analysis is
specifically concerned with the related issues of
supplies and demands and the interrelated issues of
production, consumption and distribution of goods
and services.
Comparative economics of conventional and
alternative energy systems:
Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear and large scale
hydro.
Hydro, biomass,wind, geothermal, geo-
pressured, photovoltaic energy.
Synthesis gas, bio-fuels, batteries and fuel cells.
Software for optimizing energy use:
a) Building IQ: Building IQ provides a unique
Software-as-a-Service ( SaaS ) solution to
optimize energy use in commercial buildings. Its
predictive Energy Optimization uses advanced
algorithms to automatically fine tune and control
HVAC systems resulting in savings while
maintaining or improving comfort. Small
changes in temperature and pressure result in
customers savings of 10-25% in HVAC energy
costs. Customers can also earn significant
improvements in their LEED, NABERS and
other sustainability measures.
b) BE opt: The BE opt ( Building Energy
Optimization ) software provides capabilities to
evaluate residential building designs and identify
cost-optimal efficiency packages at various
levels of whole-house energy savings along the
path to zero net energy. BE opt can be used to
analyze both new construction and existing home
retrofits, through evaluation of single building
designs, parametric sweeps, and cost-based
optimizations.
BE opt provides detailed simulation-based
analysis based on specific house characteristics, such
as size, architecture, occupancy, vintage, location and
utility rates. Discrete envelope and equipment
options, reflecting realistic construction materials and
practices, are evaluated.
The sequential search optimization technique used by
BE opt:
Finds minimum cost building designs at different
target energy savings levels.
Identifies multiple near optimal designs along
the path, allowing for equivalent solutions based
on builder or contractor preference.
Validation: Energy validation means validate
bills against the agreed contract or tariff rates to
ensure that no overpayment occurs.
Some of the variables we have to check are:
Consumption units match the load profile data
by time band.
Meter readings follow on correctly.
Unit rates are correctly applied in accordance
with the agreed contract.
Distribution losses are correctly applied.
Transmission losses are correctly applied if
applicable.
Supply capacity charges have been correctly
applied.
Identify poor power factors and abnormally high
or low load factors.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results obtained are presented in four categories,
as following:
i) Modeling and optimization of the building
energy performance.
6. Reshmi Banerjee Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -5) February 2015, pp.30-37
www.ijera.com 35 | P a g e
ii) Verification of the energy consumptions and comfort conditions.
iii) Simulations results showing increase in the efficiency of the building system through the energy hub
methodology.
7. Reshmi Banerjee Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -5) February 2015, pp.30-37
www.ijera.com 36 | P a g e
iv) Employing judiciously the application of locally available renewable energy resources.
8. Reshmi Banerjee Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2, ( Part -5) February 2015, pp.30-37
www.ijera.com 37 | P a g e
IV. CONCLUSION
An integrated tool is at an early stage of
development to optimize the building energy
performance to be expressed in terms of total energy
use. The goal of the research activity is to optimize
the building energy performance through the
potential of the passive building technologies and the
increase of efficiency of the building system.
REFERENCE
[1] Energy Engineering and Management
(Amlan Chakraborti, PHI).
[2] Energy: Management, Supply and
Conservation ( Dr. Clive Beggs ).
[3] Energy Conservation: Successes and
Failures- (John C. Sawhill, Richard Cotton,
Brookings Institution Press).
[4] Handbook of Energy Conservation – (H.M.
Robert, J.M.Collins, Alkem Publishing
Unit).
[5] Energy Conservation – ( Ananda Bishop,
Benchmark Books).
[6] Energy Conservation through Building
Design – (Donald Watson, Mc Graw Hill
Inc., US).
[7] Utilization, Generation & Conservation of
Electrical Energy – (S. Rao, Khanna
Publishers).