Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
Transmission Congestion and Voltage Profile Management Using TCSC and TCPAR i...IJERA Editor
In present days all our basic needs are relates with electricity. As the population increases, the demand for electricity is also tremendously increases. In the past, the entire electricity industry is under the control of government and also monopolized. But now, the power industry in many countries is moving rapidly from regulated conventional setup to deregulated environment. The transmission congestion is one of the technical problems that particularly appear in the deregulated power system. If congestion is not managed we face the problems of electricity price improvement and security and stability problems. Congestion relief can be handled using FACTS device such as TCSC, TCPAR where transmission capability will be improved. These FACTS devices are optimally placed on transmission system using Sensitivity approach method. The proposed method is carried out on Modified IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-24 bus system Using Power World Simulator17 software.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
Simulation of 3 Phase to 3 Phase Power Conversion Using Matrix Converter with...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes a new approach of design and implementation of 3 phase to 3 phase conversion using
matrix converter. It includes the design, modeling and implementation. The entire matrix converter circuits are
developed by mathematical model so as to reduce computational time and performances of the converter are
evaluated using MATLAB/SIMULINK for RL Load. The mathematical expressions relating the input and
output of the three phase matrix converter are implemented by using simulink block set. The duty cycles of the
matrix converter bidirectional switches are calculated using modified venturini algorithm for maximum (0.866)
and minimum (0.5) voltage transfer ratio.
DISTRIBUTION LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FOR RDIAL & MESH DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMIAEME Publication
Power flow analysis is the backbone of power system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. Power flow analysis is required for many other analyses such as transient stability, optimal power flow and contingency studies. The principal information of power flow analysis is to find the magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in each transmission lines. Power flow analysis is an importance tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. In this analysis, iterative techniques are used due to there no known analytical method to solve the problem. This resulted nonlinear set of equations or called power flow equations are generated.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
Transmission Congestion and Voltage Profile Management Using TCSC and TCPAR i...IJERA Editor
In present days all our basic needs are relates with electricity. As the population increases, the demand for electricity is also tremendously increases. In the past, the entire electricity industry is under the control of government and also monopolized. But now, the power industry in many countries is moving rapidly from regulated conventional setup to deregulated environment. The transmission congestion is one of the technical problems that particularly appear in the deregulated power system. If congestion is not managed we face the problems of electricity price improvement and security and stability problems. Congestion relief can be handled using FACTS device such as TCSC, TCPAR where transmission capability will be improved. These FACTS devices are optimally placed on transmission system using Sensitivity approach method. The proposed method is carried out on Modified IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-24 bus system Using Power World Simulator17 software.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
Simulation of 3 Phase to 3 Phase Power Conversion Using Matrix Converter with...IJERA Editor
This paper proposes a new approach of design and implementation of 3 phase to 3 phase conversion using
matrix converter. It includes the design, modeling and implementation. The entire matrix converter circuits are
developed by mathematical model so as to reduce computational time and performances of the converter are
evaluated using MATLAB/SIMULINK for RL Load. The mathematical expressions relating the input and
output of the three phase matrix converter are implemented by using simulink block set. The duty cycles of the
matrix converter bidirectional switches are calculated using modified venturini algorithm for maximum (0.866)
and minimum (0.5) voltage transfer ratio.
DISTRIBUTION LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FOR RDIAL & MESH DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMIAEME Publication
Power flow analysis is the backbone of power system analysis and design. They are necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. Power flow analysis is required for many other analyses such as transient stability, optimal power flow and contingency studies. The principal information of power flow analysis is to find the magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flowing in each transmission lines. Power flow analysis is an importance tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. In this analysis, iterative techniques are used due to there no known analytical method to solve the problem. This resulted nonlinear set of equations or called power flow equations are generated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
In recent years, studies have been investigated the effectiveness of UPFC and TCSC in increasing power transfer capability. However, the effectiveness of these FACTS devices in increasing power transfer capability when the load is non-linear has not been established in a comparative study yet. This paper will explore the steady-state performance of the UPFC and TCSC as impedance compensation models. The effectiveness of both FACTS devices are investigated when they are installed in multi-machine systems with different non-linear load models. Simulation results demonstrate that, upon installing UPFC, more active and reactive powers are received at the sending end bus for different types of non-linear load models. In addition, both active and reactive powers are more sensitive in changing the modulation index of the converters. Furthermore, both the active and reactive powers are less sensitive to the non-linearity of the load model type. However, active and reactive powers in case of installing TCSC are only sensitive in changing the firing angle (α) when it is between 90º to 110º. Therefore, results from this study clearly encourage the effectiveness of UPFC in comparison to TSCS in terms of increasing power transfer capability applied to non-linear load models.
Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Methodijtsrd
Power flow studies provide a systematic mathematical approach for determination of various bus voltages, there phase angle, active and reactive power flows through different branches, generators and loads under steady state condition. In this paper, the purpose of power flow analysis is to determine four bus system power flows. Case studies have been performed on Lawpita Taungoo Kamarnat Hlawga 230kV Line Myanmar . This paper presents a reliable method to meet the requirements by developing a Newton Raphson based load flow calculation program through which control setting of Shunt Compensator can be determined directly. This program computes the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in a power system under balanced steady state conditions. Real and reactive power flows for all buses, as well as line flow and line losses, are also computed. And then the compensation of shunt capacitor is proposed for load flow analysis and also for overall loss minimization and improvement in system voltage profile. Wint Yu Yu Zaw ""Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23472.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23472/power-flow-analysis-for-four-buses-system-by-nr-method/wint-yu-yu-zaw
Optimal energy management and storage sizing for electric vehiclesPower System Operation
Combining storages with different characteristics can
improve the performance and lifetime of electric vehicles.
For example, a supercapacitor and a battery together
can handle large power transfers from acceleration and
regenerative braking while protecting the battery from
degradation. In this paper, we use approximate dynamic
programming to design a policy for power sharing
between dual storage devices. We write the dynamic
program as a linear program and use basis functions
to approximate the optimal value function. Numerical
results show that the resulting suboptimal policy can
approximate the optimal policy with low error given a
sufficient number of basis functions.
Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System for Optimal Power Flow AnalysisIJERA Editor
The analysis of load flow in a network under steady state operation is challenging task especially subjected to
inequality constraints in which the system operates. No doubt, that the load flow system analysis is an important
aspect for power system analysis and design. The basic analysis technique for power flow is to find different
parameters including magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus with active and reactive power flows in
each transmission lines. Thus, load flow analysis is important numerical analysis for any power system. In this
regard, this experiment is studied to evaluate IEEE 57 bus system for optimal flow analysis.
NOVEL PSO STRATEGY FOR TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENTelelijjournal
In post deregulated era of power system load characteristics become more erratic. Unplanned transactions
of electrical power through transmission lines of particular path may occur due to low cost offered by
generating companies. As a consequence those lines driven close to their operating limits and becomes
congested as the lines are originally designed for traditional vertically integrated structure of power
system. This congestion in transmission lines is unpredictable with deterministic load flow strategy.
Rescheduling active and reactive power output of generators is the promising way to manage congestion.
In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with varying inertia weight strategy, with two variants
e1-PSO and e-2 PSO is applied for optimal solution of active and reactive power rescheduling for
managing congestion. The generators sensitivity technique is opted for identifying participating generators
for managing congestion. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Comparison is made
between results obtained from proposed techniques to that of results reported in previous literature.
Transmission Congestion Management by Using Series Facts Devices and Changing...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
1 ijaems oct-2015-3-design and development of novel matrix converter performanceINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Matrix converter is a direct AC-AC converter topology that directly converts energy from an AC source to an AC load without the need of a bulky and limited lifetime energy storage element. Due to the significant advantages offered by matrix converter, such as adjustable power factor, capability of regeneration and high quality sinusoidal input/output waveforms. Matrix converter has been one of the AC–AC topologies that hasreceived extensive research attention for being an alternative to replace traditional AC-DC-AC converters in the variable voltage and variable frequency AC drive applications. In the present paper an indirect space vector modulated matrix converter is proposed. The basic idea of an indirect modulation scheme is to separately apply SVM to the rectification and inversion stages, before combining their switching states to produce the final gating signals. The paper encompasses development of a laboratory prototype of 230V, 250VA three phase to three phase DSP controlled matrix converter fed induction motor drive. The observations and real time testings have been carried out to evaluate and improve the stability of system under various typical abnormal input voltage conditions
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
Enhancement of upfc performance with matrix converter using advanced direct p...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper presents a direct power control (DPC) for three-phase matrix converters operating as unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). Matrix converters (MCs) allow the direct ac/ac power conversion without dc energy storage links; therefore, the MC-based UPFC (MC-UPFC) has reduced size and cost, reduced capacitor power losses, together with higher reliability. Theoretical principles of direct power control (DPC) based on sliding mode control methods are established for an MC-UPFC dynamic model including the input filter. As a result, line active and reactive power, together with ac supply reactive power, can be directly controlled by selecting an appropriate matrix converter switching state assuring good steady-state and dynamic responses. Experimental results of DPC controllers for MC-UPFC show decoupled active and reactive power control, zero steady-state tracking error, and fast response times. Compared to an MC-UPFC using active and reactive power linear controllers based on a modified Venturini high-frequency PWM modulator, the experimental results of the advanced DPC-MC guarantee faster responses without overshoot and no steady-state error, presenting no cross-coupling in dynamic and steady-state responses. Keywords: Ac/ac conversion advanced direct power controller, matrix converter, unified power flow controller.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
Вебінар 6. Можливі порушення виборчих прав громадян. Способи захисту і відпо...Yulia Kovalchuk
1. Сутність і причини порушення виборчого законодавства.
2. Значимість порушень та їхній вплив на результати виборів
3. Механізми захисту від порушень
4. Відповідальність за порушення законодавства про вибори народних депутатів України
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
In recent years, studies have been investigated the effectiveness of UPFC and TCSC in increasing power transfer capability. However, the effectiveness of these FACTS devices in increasing power transfer capability when the load is non-linear has not been established in a comparative study yet. This paper will explore the steady-state performance of the UPFC and TCSC as impedance compensation models. The effectiveness of both FACTS devices are investigated when they are installed in multi-machine systems with different non-linear load models. Simulation results demonstrate that, upon installing UPFC, more active and reactive powers are received at the sending end bus for different types of non-linear load models. In addition, both active and reactive powers are more sensitive in changing the modulation index of the converters. Furthermore, both the active and reactive powers are less sensitive to the non-linearity of the load model type. However, active and reactive powers in case of installing TCSC are only sensitive in changing the firing angle (α) when it is between 90º to 110º. Therefore, results from this study clearly encourage the effectiveness of UPFC in comparison to TSCS in terms of increasing power transfer capability applied to non-linear load models.
Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Methodijtsrd
Power flow studies provide a systematic mathematical approach for determination of various bus voltages, there phase angle, active and reactive power flows through different branches, generators and loads under steady state condition. In this paper, the purpose of power flow analysis is to determine four bus system power flows. Case studies have been performed on Lawpita Taungoo Kamarnat Hlawga 230kV Line Myanmar . This paper presents a reliable method to meet the requirements by developing a Newton Raphson based load flow calculation program through which control setting of Shunt Compensator can be determined directly. This program computes the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in a power system under balanced steady state conditions. Real and reactive power flows for all buses, as well as line flow and line losses, are also computed. And then the compensation of shunt capacitor is proposed for load flow analysis and also for overall loss minimization and improvement in system voltage profile. Wint Yu Yu Zaw ""Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23472.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23472/power-flow-analysis-for-four-buses-system-by-nr-method/wint-yu-yu-zaw
Optimal energy management and storage sizing for electric vehiclesPower System Operation
Combining storages with different characteristics can
improve the performance and lifetime of electric vehicles.
For example, a supercapacitor and a battery together
can handle large power transfers from acceleration and
regenerative braking while protecting the battery from
degradation. In this paper, we use approximate dynamic
programming to design a policy for power sharing
between dual storage devices. We write the dynamic
program as a linear program and use basis functions
to approximate the optimal value function. Numerical
results show that the resulting suboptimal policy can
approximate the optimal policy with low error given a
sufficient number of basis functions.
Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System for Optimal Power Flow AnalysisIJERA Editor
The analysis of load flow in a network under steady state operation is challenging task especially subjected to
inequality constraints in which the system operates. No doubt, that the load flow system analysis is an important
aspect for power system analysis and design. The basic analysis technique for power flow is to find different
parameters including magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus with active and reactive power flows in
each transmission lines. Thus, load flow analysis is important numerical analysis for any power system. In this
regard, this experiment is studied to evaluate IEEE 57 bus system for optimal flow analysis.
NOVEL PSO STRATEGY FOR TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENTelelijjournal
In post deregulated era of power system load characteristics become more erratic. Unplanned transactions
of electrical power through transmission lines of particular path may occur due to low cost offered by
generating companies. As a consequence those lines driven close to their operating limits and becomes
congested as the lines are originally designed for traditional vertically integrated structure of power
system. This congestion in transmission lines is unpredictable with deterministic load flow strategy.
Rescheduling active and reactive power output of generators is the promising way to manage congestion.
In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with varying inertia weight strategy, with two variants
e1-PSO and e-2 PSO is applied for optimal solution of active and reactive power rescheduling for
managing congestion. The generators sensitivity technique is opted for identifying participating generators
for managing congestion. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Comparison is made
between results obtained from proposed techniques to that of results reported in previous literature.
Transmission Congestion Management by Using Series Facts Devices and Changing...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
1 ijaems oct-2015-3-design and development of novel matrix converter performanceINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Matrix converter is a direct AC-AC converter topology that directly converts energy from an AC source to an AC load without the need of a bulky and limited lifetime energy storage element. Due to the significant advantages offered by matrix converter, such as adjustable power factor, capability of regeneration and high quality sinusoidal input/output waveforms. Matrix converter has been one of the AC–AC topologies that hasreceived extensive research attention for being an alternative to replace traditional AC-DC-AC converters in the variable voltage and variable frequency AC drive applications. In the present paper an indirect space vector modulated matrix converter is proposed. The basic idea of an indirect modulation scheme is to separately apply SVM to the rectification and inversion stages, before combining their switching states to produce the final gating signals. The paper encompasses development of a laboratory prototype of 230V, 250VA three phase to three phase DSP controlled matrix converter fed induction motor drive. The observations and real time testings have been carried out to evaluate and improve the stability of system under various typical abnormal input voltage conditions
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
Enhancement of upfc performance with matrix converter using advanced direct p...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper presents a direct power control (DPC) for three-phase matrix converters operating as unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). Matrix converters (MCs) allow the direct ac/ac power conversion without dc energy storage links; therefore, the MC-based UPFC (MC-UPFC) has reduced size and cost, reduced capacitor power losses, together with higher reliability. Theoretical principles of direct power control (DPC) based on sliding mode control methods are established for an MC-UPFC dynamic model including the input filter. As a result, line active and reactive power, together with ac supply reactive power, can be directly controlled by selecting an appropriate matrix converter switching state assuring good steady-state and dynamic responses. Experimental results of DPC controllers for MC-UPFC show decoupled active and reactive power control, zero steady-state tracking error, and fast response times. Compared to an MC-UPFC using active and reactive power linear controllers based on a modified Venturini high-frequency PWM modulator, the experimental results of the advanced DPC-MC guarantee faster responses without overshoot and no steady-state error, presenting no cross-coupling in dynamic and steady-state responses. Keywords: Ac/ac conversion advanced direct power controller, matrix converter, unified power flow controller.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
Вебінар 6. Можливі порушення виборчих прав громадян. Способи захисту і відпо...Yulia Kovalchuk
1. Сутність і причини порушення виборчого законодавства.
2. Значимість порушень та їхній вплив на результати виборів
3. Механізми захисту від порушень
4. Відповідальність за порушення законодавства про вибори народних депутатів України
Mongnis mỹ phẩm siêu phân tử siêu thẩm thấu dạng chất lỏng xịt. Phân phối tại...Mongnis-HaiPhong
Mỹ phẩm chức năng Mongnis: giải quyết hiệu quả nhanh các tồn động trên khuôn mặt: quầng thâm, bọng mắt, trứng cá, viêm da, dị ứng, nám, sạm da, giữ ẩm, nâng cơ mặt, ngực..
mempelejari proses pembuatan startup. ide merupakan sumber utama dari sebuah startup. ide mampu memberikan pencerahan atau pandangan visi dan misi kedepan. Melalui ide, anda bisa berkarya dan ikut berkontribusi membuat bisnis baru di era digital ini
Paolo Ranieri parla di Big Data per misurale la Performance Sportiva all'evento Big Data per la Social & Business Innovation organizzato da Startup Saturday Europe il 13 Dicembre 2014 a Firenze.
The gravitational search algorithm for incorporating TCSC devices into the sy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to allocate the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) incorporation with the issue of reactive power management. The aim of using TCSC units in this study is to minimize active and reactive power losses. Reserve beyond the thermal border, enhance the voltage profile and increase transmission-lines flow while continuing the whole generation cost of the system a little increase compared with its single goal base case. The optimal power flow (OPF) described is a consideration for finding the best size and location of the TCSCs devices seeing techno-economic subjects for minimizing fuel cost of generation units and the costs of installing TCSCs devices. The GSA algorithm's high ability in solving the proposed multi-objective problem is tested on two 9 and 30 bus test systems. For each test system, four case studies are considered to represent both normal and emergency operating conditions. The proposed GSA method's simulation results show that GSA offers a practical and robust highquality solution for the problem and improves system performance.
In any power system, unexpected outages of lines or transformers occur due to faults or other disturbances. These events, referred to as contingencies, may cause significant overloading of transmission lines or transformers. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers provide a new facilities, both in steady state power flow control and dynamic stability control. Thyrister Controlled Series Capacitor (TSCS) based FACTS device for minimize the losses and power flow in long distance transmission line. The problem of determining the optimal TCSC parameters is formulated as an optimization problem and a N-R method based approach is applied to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. Programme is done on 3 bus system by N-R method.
Optimal Placement of FACTS Controllers for Congestion Management in the Dereg...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a methodology to determine the optimal location of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers for Congestion Management (CM) in the restructured electrical power system. An approach to find the optimum placement of Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulators (TCPAR) and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) has been proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is based on the sensitivity of transmission loss which a controller is installed. The total system losses and the power flows are considered as the performance indices. The traditional optimal power flow (OPF) problem is modified to include the market players, who will compete and trade simultaneously, ensuring the system operation stays within the security limits. In this paper, pool and bilateral contracts are considered. Here, an integrated methodology is proposed that includes the FACTS Controllers in a bilateral contract framework to maintain the system security and to minimize the deviations from the contractual requirements. The simulation results on IEEE 30 bus system show that the sensitivity factors could be used effectively for the optimal location of FACTS controllers in response to the required objectives.
Soft Computing Technique Based Enhancement of Transmission System Lodability ...IJERA Editor
Due to the growth of electricity demands and transactions in power markets, existing power networks need to be enhanced in order to increase their loadability. The problem of determining the best locations for network reinforcement can be formulated as a mixed discrete-continuous nonlinear optimization problem (MDCP). The complexity of the problem makes extensive simulations necessary and the computational requirement is high. This paper compares the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and an ordinal optimization (OO) technique is proposed in this paper to solve the MDCP involving two types of flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) devices, namely static var compensator (SVC) and thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), for system loadability enhancement. In this approach, crude models are proposed to cope with the complexity of the problem and speed up the simulations with high alignment confidence. The test and Validation of the proposed algorithm are conducted on IEEE 14–bus system and 22-bus Indian system.Simulation results shows that the proposed models permit the use of OO-based approach for finding good enough solutions with less computational efforts.
The paper discusses about a hybrid model with an evolutionary algorithm (HEA) for identifying the multi-type flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) procedures to improve the total transfer capability (TTC). To reduce the loss of power this transferences among various control regions. FACTS devices with Multi objective optimal power flow (OPF) which include TTC to determine a reasonable value without violating system limitations. The results are simulated for FACTS devices with the HEA algorithm which emerges TTC value using an efficient methods using conventional transmission system. The simulation results are obtained by MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
Optimum Location of TCSC by Sensitivity Factor Analysis for Congestion Manage...rahulmonikasharma
Due to deregulation of electric market transmission congestion occurs due insufficient transmission capacity to accommodate all constraints for transmission of a line. FACTS devices such as Gate Controlled Series Capacitor and Thyristor Control Series Compensator can help to reduce the flow in heavily loaded lines by controlling the power flow in the network. It increases the load ability of the network and reduces the cost of production. Congestion management using series connected FACTS devices can be done in two steps. First, find the optimal location of FACTS device and second, optimize the setting of the control parameter of FACTS device. Three methods to determine the optimal location of series connected FACTS device are discussed in this paper. The approach is based on sensitivity of line loss, total system loss and real power flow performance index. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus system in MATLAB programming as well as SIMULINK.
Locating Facts Devices in Optimized manner in Power System by Means of Sensit...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new method to find the optimal location of facts devices by analyzing sensitivity . The optimal location and capability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line is investigated for enchasing the power transfer capability and stability of the system. The method firstly put all the buses in the order by voltage reactive power sensitivity and then chooses the optimal location and appropriate capability of the facts devices. It is simple in computation and suitable for large scale interconnection power grid. The results obtained are satisfying and will be useful for enhancing the power system reliability
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
FACTS device installation in transmission system using whale optimization alg...journalBEEI
As the world is progressing forward, the load demand in the power system has been continuously increasing day by day. This situation has forced the power system to operate under stress condition due to its limitation. Therefore, due to the stressed condition, the transmission losses faced higher increment with a lower minimum voltage. Theoretically, the installation of the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device can solve the problem experienced by the power system. This paper presents the whale optimization algorithm for loss minimization using FACTS devices in the transmission system. Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) is chosen for this study. In this study, WOA is developed to identify the optimal sizing of FACTS device for loss minimization in the power system. IEEE 30- bus RTS was used as the test system to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm
Locating Facts Devices in Optimized manner in Power System by Means of Sensit...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new method to find the optimal location of facts devices by analyzing sensitivity . The optimal location and capability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line is investigated for enchasing the power transfer capability and stability of the system. The method firstly put all the buses in the order by voltage reactive power sensitivity and then chooses the optimal location and appropriate capability of the facts devices. It is simple in computation and suitable for large scale interconnection power grid. The results obtained are satisfying and will be useful for enhancing the power system reliability
Improvement the voltage stability margin of Iraqi power system using the opti...IJECEIAES
The detection of potential voltage collapse in power systems is essential to maintain the voltage stability in heavy load demand. This paper proposes a method to detect weak buses in power systems using two stability indices: the voltage stability margin factor (dS/dY) and the voltage collapse prediction index (VCPI). Hence, the paper aims to improve the voltage stability of Iraqi transmission grid by allocating FACTS devices in the optimal locations and optimal sizes. Two types of FACTS are used in this paper which are Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC). The objective function of the problem is fitted using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed method is verified using simulation test on Diyala-132 kV network which is a part of the Iraqi power system. The results observed that improvement the voltage stability margin, the voltage profile of Diyala-132 kV is increased and the power losses is decreased.
Optimal siting and sizing of unified power flow controller using sensitivity...IJECEIAES
This paper presents Sensitivity constrained placement of unified power flow controller (UPFC) considering active-power flow sensitive index (APFSI) and static voltage stability index (STATIC-VSI) to minimize active-power losses and to improve power transmission capacity. The sensitive factors are derived with respect to voltage, phase angle and current to formulate APFSI. Transmission line impedance parameters along with active and reactivepower flow measurements are considered to formulate static-VSI. Sensitivity constrained differential evolutionary (SCDE) algorithm is proposed for parameter setting through which power control and minimization of losses in system can be achieved. Testing is performed on IEEE-5, 14 and 30-bus networks in MATLAB and results indicate that SCDE is robust optimization technique compared to conventional method and genetic algorithm (GA).
TCSC Placement Problem Solving Using Hybridization of ABC and DE Algorithmpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices represents a technological development in electrical power systems to have a tendency to generate the power with minimum price and less time that fulfill our requirement according to our need. Now a days Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices play a vital role in boost the power of system performance and power transfer capability. TCSC is an important member of family. In practical TCSC implementation, several such basic compensators may be connected in series to obtain the desired voltage rating and operating characteristics, so its placement is very important. This paper represent a meta heuristic hybrid Algorithm of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Differential Evolution (DE) for finding the best placement and parameter setting of Thyristor Controlled Series capacitor to attain optimum power flow (OPF) of grid network. The proposed technique is tested at IEEE-30 bus test System. Result shows that the selected technique is one of the best for placement of TCSC for Secured optimum Power Flow (OPF).
Keywords: Optimal placement, Severity index, stressed power system, System loadability, TCSC, Hybrid DE/ABC.
Title: TCSC Placement Problem Solving Using Hybridization of ABC and DE Algorithm
Author: Ritesh Diwan, Preeti Sahu
ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Paper Publications
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
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includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
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module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
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transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
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control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
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energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
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circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
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plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
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A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
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schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
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Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
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Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
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transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
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transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
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equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
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bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
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estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
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performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
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off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
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LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
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working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
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exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
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crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
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energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
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distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
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reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
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measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
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replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
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limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 10 (October 2014), PP.51-58
Assessment of Total Transfer Capability Enhancement Using
Optimization Technique
S.Jaisiva1, A.Mahendran2, S.Sivanandan3, R.Vinoth4
1,2,3,4 Assistant Professor, Department. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
IFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract:- In this expose, a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based method has been suggested to find the
optimal location and setting of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) for simultaneously enhancing
the Total Transfer Capability (TTC) and reducing total real power losses of deregulated electricity markets.
While solving multi objective OPF, various inequality constraints have been handled by penalty function. The
strength of the proposed algorithm has been tested on IEEE 14 bus system. PSO gives accurate results which
may be used for online TTC calculation at the energy management centre.
Keywords:- Total Transfer Capability (TTC), Active Power loss Minimization, Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC).
I. INTRODUCTION
This article is prepared in response to a need to better understand the role of the transmission network
for effective energy management. Total Transfer Capability (TTC) is defined as the amount of electric power
that can be transferred from one area to another over the interconnected transmission network in a reliable
manner based on pre-contingency and post-contingency conditions. In recent time, electrical supply systems of
many countries have been transformed to competitive structure on the objective of increasing efficiency,
reliability, stability and to reduce cost. In this new era, there should be sufficient TTC to fulfill scheduled
transactions between the customers and power generators and to provide non-discriminatory open access to
market participants. Large increase in power demand, competition and scare natural resources are some factors
due to which transmission systems operate very near to their thermal limits. But because of economic,
environmental and political reasons it is not preferable to build new transmission lines. So there is an interest in
better utilization of existing capacities of power system by installing Flexible A.C. Transmission System
(FACTS) device such as Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator. FACTS are the power electronics based
converter-inverter circuits which can enhance TTC, voltage stability, load ability, security etc. and can reduce
Active power losses or real power loss or simply called transmission loss, production cost of generation, can
remove congestion and fulfill transaction requirement rapidly and efficiently. Due to the following two reasons
it is necessary to ―optimally‖ locate FACTS devices in order to obtain their full benefits. (1) They are costly
devices; (2) They may have negative effects on system stability unless they are optimally placed.
It is the responsibility of the power system operator to quantify the transfer capability and to update
available transfer capability (ATC) as real time index for its optimal commercial use maintaining security of the
system. Various mathematical and optimization methods have been proposed to maximize TTC/ATC with and
without FACTS devices. The parameters for optimisation in this paper include ATC enhancement, voltage
profile improvement and active power losses reduction. The Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) method [4, 5
and 6] is used in this paper to solve the problem of installation and capacity allocation of FACTS devices in
power transmission networks. M.Rashidinejad et al [3] proposed to locate FACTS devices to enhance ATC. So
in this article, PSO based algorithm has been suggested to find the best location and setting of TCSC to
maximize TTC and to minimize losses of the competitive electricity markets consisting of mutual and multi-party
transactions under normal and contingency states.
In this article, we review possible ways for increasing transmission capacity, while in the final part, the
emphasis is on the role of transmission capacity in the context of competitive energy management. Two basic
questions are addressed, namely, (1) TTC under load Condition and (2) TTC under contingency condition.
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the modeling of TCSC. Section 3 deals with
problem formulation which relates the objective function. A general idea of Mutual and Multi-party
Transaction is given in section 4. Particle Swarm Optimization for proposed system is given in section 5.
51
2. Assessment of Total Transfer Capability Enhancement Using Optimization Technique
Implementation steps to Enhance TTC using PSO has been explained in section 6. Results are discussed in
section 7.Finally Conclusion are presented in section 8.
II. MODELING OF TCSC
As shown in below figure TCSC has been represented by a variable capacitive/inductive reactance
inserted in series with the transmission line. The reactance of the transmission line can be adjusted directly by
using TCSC. Let, 푋푚푛 is the reactance of the transmission line, Xc is the reactance of TCSC and 푋푛푒푤 is the
new reactance of the line after placing TCSC between bus m and n. Mathematically,
푋푛푒푤 =푋푚푛 -푋푐 (1)
Fig.1. Equivalent circuit of line with TCSC.
The modified power flow equations of the transmission line in the presence of TCSC are given as below:
2퐺푚푛 − 푉푚 푉푛 (퐺푚푛 푐표푠훿푚푛 퐵푚푛 푠푖푛훿푚푛 ) (2)
2퐺푚푛 -푉푚 푉푛 (퐺푚푛 푐표푠훿푚푛 -퐵푚푛 푠푖푛훿푚푛 ) (4)
2 +(푋푚푛 −푋푐)2 (6)
퐿표푎푑 푆푖푛푘
푚=1 (7)
52
푃푚푛 =푉푚
2(퐵푚 +
푄푚푛 = 푉푚
퐵
2
)-푉푚 푉푛 (퐺푚푛 푠푖푛훿푚푛 퐵푚푛 푐표푠훿푚푛 ) (3)
푃푚푛 =푉푛
2(퐵푚 +
푄푚푛 = 푉푛
퐵
2
)-푉푚 푉푛 (퐺푚푛 푠푖푛훿푚푛 - 퐵푚푛 푐표푠훿푚푛 ) (5)
Where,
퐺푚푛 =
푅푚푛
2 +(푋푚푛 −푋푐)2 , 퐵푚푛 =
푅푚푛
−(푋푚푛 −푋푐)
푅푚푛
푃푚푛 , 푄푚푛 : Active and reactive power flow from bus m to n
푃푛푚 , 푄푛푚 : Active and reactive power flow from bus n to m
퐺푚푛 : New line conductance between bus m and n
퐵푚푛 : New line susceptance between bus m and n
푅푚푛 : Line resistance between bus m and n
III. PROBLEM FORMULATION
A multi-objective optimal power flow is used to optimally locate TCSC for maximizing TTC and
minimizing total real power loss, subject to satisfy various equality and inequality constraints. The OPF is given
in (7).
Max 퐾1 × 푃퐷푚 − 퐾2 × (푃푚푛 + 푃푛푚 ) − 푃퐹 푁퐿
푟= 푚 ,푛 ,푟∈푁퐿
Subject to the power balance equations (equality constraints)
푃퐺푚 −푃퐷푚 − − 푉푚 푉푛 푌푚푛 cos(훿푚 − 훿푛 − 휃푚푛 ) = 0 푁푏
푛=1
푄퐺푚 − 푄퐷푚 − 푉푚 푉푛 푌푚푛 sin(훿푚 − 훿푛 − 휃푚푛 ) = 0 푁푏
푛=1
(8)
Various operating constraints (inequality constraints)
푚푖푛 ≤ 푃퐺푚 ≤ 푃퐺푚
푃퐺푚
푚푎푥 ,m∀푁퐺 (9)
푚푖푛 ≤ 푄퐺푚 ≤ 푄퐺푚
푄퐺푚
푚푎푥 , m∀푁퐺 (10)
푠1 ≤ 푆1푚푎푥 ,l∀푁퐿 (11)
푉푚푖푛 푚푎푥 푚
≤ 푉푚 ≤ 푉푚
,m∀푁푏 (12)
3. Assessment of Total Transfer Capability Enhancement Using Optimization Technique
푚=1 + 퐾5 × 푓(푆푙푚 ) 푁퐿
53
푚푖푛 ≤ 푋퐶 ≤ 푋퐶
푋퐶
푚푎푥 p.u. (13)
where,
퐾1, 퐾2 : Constants in the range [103,108] LOAD_SINK : Total number of load buses in sink Area
퐿표퐴퐷 푆퐼푁퐾 푃퐷푚
푀=1 : TTC value
(푃푚푛 +
푁퐿
푟 ∈푁퐿
푃푛푚 ) = 푃퐿표푠푠 :Total real power loss of the transmission system
PF : Penalty Function
푃퐺푚 , 푄퐺푚 : Active and reactive power generation at bus m
푃퐺푚 , 푄퐺푚 : Active and reactive power demand at bus m
푉푚 < 훿푚 : Complex voltage at bus m
푌푚푛 < 휃푚푛 : 푚푛푡푕 element of bus admittance matrix
푃푚푖푛 , 푃푚푎푥 퐺푚
퐺푚
: Active power generation limits at bus m
푚푖푛 , 푄퐺푚
푄퐺푚
푚푎푥 : Reactive power generation limits at bus m
푆푚푎푥 1
: Thermal limit of 푙푡푕 transmission line
푉푚푖푛 푚
, 푉푚
푚푎푥 : Voltage magnitude limits at bus m
푋푚푖푛 퐶
: Lower limit of reactance of TCSC
푋퐶
푚푖푛 : Upper limit of reactance of TCSC
푁퐿 : Total number of transmission lines
푁풃 : Total number of buses
푁퐺 : Total number of generator buses
Square penalty function is used to handle inequality constraints such as reactive power output of generator
buses, voltage magnitude of all buses and transmission lines thermal limits as shown below.
PF=퐾3 × 푓(푄퐺푚) + 퐾4 × 푁 푓 푉푚
푚=1
푁퐺
푚=1
(14)
F(x)=
0 푖푓 푥푚푖푛 ≤ 푥 ≤ 푥푚푎푥
(푥 − 푥max )2 푖푓 푥 > 푥푚푎푥
(푥푚푖푛 − 푥)2 푖푓 푥 < 푥푚푖푛
(15)
Where,
퐾3,퐾4,퐾5: Penalty coefficients for reactive power output of generator buses (푄퐺푚 ), voltage magnitude (푉푚 ) of all
buses and transmission line loading푆푖푚 respectively. Their values exist in the range [ 108, 1010]
푥푚푖푛 , 푥푚푎푥 : Minimum and maximum limits of variable x
IV. MUTUAL AND MULTI-PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A mutual transaction is made directly between a seller and a buyer without any third party intervention.
Mathematically, each mutual transaction between a seller at bus m and buyer at bus n satisfies the following
power balance relationship:
푃퐺푚 − 푃퐷푚 = 0
(16)
A multi-party transaction is a trade arranged by energy brokers and involves more than two parties. It may take
place between a group of sellers and a group of buyers at different nodes.
푚∈푆퐸퐿퐿퐸푅 푃퐺푚- 푚∈퐵푈푌퐸푅 푃퐷푚 = 0
(17)
푃퐺푚 : Active power generation at bus m in a source area
푃퐷푛 : Active power demand at bus n in a sink area
SELLER : A group of seller buses which sell power to the buyers
BUYER : A group of buyer buses which buy power from the sellers.
4. Assessment of Total Transfer Capability Enhancement Using Optimization Technique
Contingency analysis has been also carried out to study the impact of severe contingencies on the value of
feasible TTC.
54
푛
Feasible TTC=푀푖푛푛 푇푇퐶퐼푁 , 푇푇퐶퐶푂푁
(18)
Where,
푇푇퐶퐼푁: Max. power transfer in system intact
condition without considering any contingency
푇푇퐶퐶푂푁
푛 : Max. power transfer under nth contingency.
V. PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
PSO is a fast, simple and efficient population-based optimization method which was proposed by
Eberhart and Kennedy. It has been motivated by the behavior of organisms such as fish schooling and bird
flocking. In PSO, a ―Swarm‖ consists of number of particles which represent the possible solutions. The
coordinates of each particle is associated with two vectors, namely the position (푥푖 ) i x and velocity vectors(푣푖 ).
The size of both vectors is same as that of the problem space dimension. All particles in a swarm fly in the
search space to explore optimal solutions. Each particle updates its position based upon its own best position,
global best position among particles and its previous velocity vector according to the following equations:
푘+1 = 푤 × 푉푖
푉푖
푘 + 푐1 × 푟1 × 푝푏푒푠푡 푖 − 푥푖
푘 + 푐2 × 푟2 × 푔푏푒푠푡 푖 − 푥푖
푘
(19)
푘+1 = 푥푖
푥푖
푘 + 휒 × 푣푖
푘+1
(20)
Where,
푣푖
푘+1:The velocity of 푖푡푕 particle at (K+1) iteration w : Inertia weight of the particle
푉푖
푘 ∶The velocity of 푖푡푕particle at 푘푡푕 iteration
푐1, 푐2 : Positive constants having values between [0,2.5]
푟1, 푟2: Randomly generated numbers between [0, 1]
푝푏푒푠푡 푖: The best position of the 푖푡푕particle obtained based upon its own experience
푔푏푒푠푡 푖 : Global best position of the particle in the population
푥푖
푘+1: The position of 푖푡푕 particle at (K+1) iteration
푥푖
푘 : The position of 푖푡푕particle at 푘푡푕 iteration
휒: Constriction factor It may help insure convergence. Its low value facilitates fast convergence and little
exploration while high value results in slow convergence and much exploration. If no restriction is imposed on
the maximum velocity (푉푚푎푥 ) of the particles then there is likelihood that particles may leave the search space.
So velocity of each particle is controlled between (-푉푚푎푥 ) to (푉푚푎푥 ).
VI. IMPLEMENTATION STEPS TO ENHANCE TTC USING PSO.
(i) Input the data of lines, generators, buses and loads. Choose population size of particles and convergence
criterion. Define type of power transaction.
(ii) Select reactance setting and location of TCSC as control variables.
(iii) Randomly generate population of particles such that their variables exist in their feasible range.
(iv) Randomly install one TCSC in a transmission line and check that TCSC is not employed on the same line
more than once in each iteration. Modify the bus admittance matrix.
(v) Run full A.c. Newton-Raphson load flow to get line flows, active power generations, reactive power
generations, line losses and voltage magnitude of all buses.
(vi) Calculate the penalty functions of all particles using eqn. (13)
(vii) Calculate the fitness functions of all particles using eqn. (6)
(viii) Find out the ―global best‖ particle having
maximum value of fitness function in the population and ―personal best‖( 푝푏푒푠푡 푖 )of all particles.
(ix) Generate new population using eqns. (18) and (19).
(x) Depending upon the type of power transaction increase the unit power generations at selected generator
buses and increase loads at selected load buses keeping load power factor constant.
5. Assessment of Total Transfer Capability Enhancement Using Optimization Technique
(xi) Go to step no. (iv) until maximum number of iterations are completed.
(xii) Fitness value of best g particle is the optimized (maximized) value of TTC and minimized value of losses.
Coordinates of best g particle give optimal setting and location of TCSC respectively.
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The performance of the proposed algorithm optimization method is tested in the medium size IEEE 14
bus system. The algorithm is implemented using MATLAB environment and a Core 2 Duo, 2.8 MHz, 2GB
RAM based PC is for the simulation purpose.
Fig.2. Single line diagram of standard IEEE 14 Bus system
The test system taken has five generating units connected to buses 1,2,3,6 and 8. There are 3 regulating
transformers connected between bus numbers 5-6, 4-7 and 4-9. The system is interconnected by 20 transmission
lines to attain the objective function i.e. to maximize TTC and thereby minimizing the active power loss which
enhances the power flow in the transmission line.
55
A. Load Condition:
Below given table shows the Total Transfer Capability at load condition with and without using of
facts device. For example: Let us consider the 13th line of the table 1 which shows the value 9.122 without
TCSC and with TCSC is 9.796.
Table.1. Total Transfer Capability at load condition
Line No Without TCSC in MVA With TCSC in MVA
1 16.95 16.901
2 14.067 14.91
3 16.364 16.322
4 13.98 13.810
5 17.999 18.236
6 5.522 5.724
7 9.0999 7.381
8 27.863 28.711
9 14.044 8.993
10 6.951 8.825
11 3.841 5.040
12 7.333 7.506
13 9.122 9.796
14 8.97 12.325
15 39.153 41.143
16 11.515 10.517
17 21.357 20.614
18 7.720 8.777
19 13.648 13.806
20 7.781 8.568
6. Assessment of Total Transfer Capability Enhancement Using Optimization Technique
Without TCSC
With TCSC
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
56
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TTC
B. Contingency Condition
Line no
Following Table shows the Total Transfer Capability at Contingency condition without using the facts
device is 35.783 and thereby Enhancement of Total Transfer Capability at Contingency condition after using the
facts device is 40.230
Table.2. Total Transfer Capability at Contingency condition
LINE NO WITHOUT TCSC IN MVA WITH TCSC IN MVA
1 17.824 16.616
2 13.724 14.351
3 16.064 16.050
4 14.056 13.495
5 18.593 18.341
6 4.442 5.954
7 7.595 5.979
8 28.066 31.041
9 13.591 6.783
10 7.649 10.507
11 12.040 12.040
12 6.738 7.146
13 6.816 8.416
14 7.469 6.737
15 35.783 40.230
16 5.211 5.212
17 23.649 21.919
18 13.088 13.455
19 5.042 6.873
7. Assessment of Total Transfer Capability Enhancement Using Optimization Technique
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
VIII. CONCLUSION
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TTC
In this article the proposed algorithm is used to find optimal location and setting of TCSC for
maximizing TTC. The paper shows step by step procedure for implementation of the Particle Swarm
Optimization method to solve the problem of optimal placement of TCSC in a medium size power
network. The algorithm is easy to implement and it is able to find multiple optimal solutions to this objective
problem. Matlab program were performed on IEEE 14 bus system. Test results indicate that optimally
placed TCSC by PSO could significantly increase TTC, under normal and contingency conditions. The
paper shows that such outstanding results by enhancing power flow in transmission line which shows that the
proposed optimization technique is good in dealing with power system optimization problems. Test results based
on the IEEE reliability test system and a utility system illustrate the effectiveness of the TCSC.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who have helped & supported me
throughout my journal paper. Special thanks for our chairman Mr.K.V.Raja, vice chairman Mr. A. Mohammed
ilyas, Secretary Mr.K.Shivram Alva. I extend my thanks to our Principal Dr.G.Mahendran, vice Principal Prof
S.Matilda, Dean Placement Prof J.Asha, Head - Funded projects Prof P.Pugazhendiran.
I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me
to go my own way, without whom I would be unable to complete my journal. At last but not the least I want to
thank my friends who appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the things
possible.
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AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY
S. Jaisiva has completed his Bachelor’s degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
in 2011. He obtained his Post graduation degree in Power Systems Engineering in 2013
at SKP Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India. At present he is
working as an Assistant Professor in IFET College of Engineering, Villupuram. So far he
has published three International Journal and presented One paper in International
Conference and four National conference. His research areas of interest are Power
System Optimization and Deregulated Power System.
A.MAHENDRAN has completed his Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering in 2010. He obtained his Post graduation degree in Control
and Instrumentation Engineering in 2012 at St. Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering,
Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India. At present he is working as an Assistant Professor in IFET
College of Engineering, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India. So far he has published two
International Journal and presented two papers in International Conference and two
National Conference. His research areas of interest are Control System and
Instrumentation.
S. SIVANANDAN has completed his Bachelor’s degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in 2010. He obtained his Post graduation degree in Power Systems
Engineering in 2013 at Valliammai Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. At
present he is working as an Assistant Professor in IFET College of Engineering,
Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India. So far he has published one international journal and
presented two papers in national conference. His research areas of interest are Distributed
Generation.
R.VINOTH has completed his Bachelor’s degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in 2010. He obtained his Post graduation degree in Power Systems
Engineering in 2013 at Sri Muthukumaran Institute Of Technology, Chennai, Tamil
Nadu, India. At present he is working as an Assistant Professor in IFET College of
Engineering, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India. So far he has published one international
journal and presented two papers in national conference. His research areas of interest are
Energy Market Forecasting.