The detection of potential voltage collapse in power systems is essential to maintain the voltage stability in heavy load demand. This paper proposes a method to detect weak buses in power systems using two stability indices: the voltage stability margin factor (dS/dY) and the voltage collapse prediction index (VCPI). Hence, the paper aims to improve the voltage stability of Iraqi transmission grid by allocating FACTS devices in the optimal locations and optimal sizes. Two types of FACTS are used in this paper which are Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC). The objective function of the problem is fitted using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed method is verified using simulation test on Diyala-132 kV network which is a part of the Iraqi power system. The results observed that improvement the voltage stability margin, the voltage profile of Diyala-132 kV is increased and the power losses is decreased.
FIRING ANGLE SVC MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORK ...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with Power flow, which is necessary for any power system solution and carry
out a comprehensive study of the Newton- Raphson method of power flow analysis with and without
SVC. Voltage stability analysis is the major concern in order to operate any power system as
secured. This paper presents the investigation on N-R power flow enhancement of voltage stability
and power loss minimization with & without FACTS controllers such as Static Var Compensator
(SVC) device. The Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides a promising means to control power
flow in modern power systems. In this paper the Newton-Raphson is used to investigate its effect on
voltage profile and power system lossess with and without SVC in power system.. Simulations
investigate the effect of voltage magnitude and angle with and without SVC on the power flow of
the system. This survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the
relevant references in the field of Newton-Raphson power flow control with SVC in power systems.
In order to reach the above goals, these devices must be located optimally. In this paper the
Optimal placement of SVC is carried out by Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI).The size of
the SVC is determined by suitable firing angle which reduces the losses in the system. Simulations
have been implemented in MATLAB Software and the IEEE 14 and IEEE 57-bus systems have been
used as case studies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
REDUCTION OF HARMONIC DISTORTION IN BLDC DRIVE USING BL-BUCK BOOST CONVERTER ...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study comparing the performance of a bridgeless buck-boost converter fed brushless DC motor drive to a conventional boost converter drive. The key findings are:
1. The proposed BL buck-boost converter provides power factor correction, reducing the total harmonic distortion of the supply current to around 4% and improving the power factor to nearly 0.98.
2. In comparison, a conventional BLDC drive using a diode bridge rectifier and boost converter has total harmonic distortion of around 65% and power factor of only 0.8.
3. Simulation results show the proposed drive maintains low total harmonic distortion of around 4% over variations in DC link voltage and supply voltage.
IRJET-Power Flow & Voltage Stability Analysis using MATLAB IRJET Journal
This document presents a MATLAB program for power flow analysis and voltage stability analysis of power systems. It begins with an introduction to power flow analysis and its importance. It then discusses voltage stability concepts like voltage collapse and improvement methods. The methodology section describes the Newton-Raphson power flow method and P-V and Q-V curves used for voltage stability analysis. It also provides the algorithm and case study details for the IEEE 14 bus system implemented in MATLAB. The program allows for power flow solutions, calculation of P-V and Q-V curves, and voltage stability assessment of power systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Voltage Stability Assessment Using the Concept of GVSMiosrjce
To assessment of voltage stability of multi bus power system, the main requirement is equivalent twobus
network models, which is fulfilled by lumping all the series impedances and shunt admittances of
transmission lines within a series equivalent impedance. This paper shows the development of an equivalent pi
network model using a new technology or methodology called generalized global voltage stability margin
(GVSM). This is used to assess the overall voltage stability status of the system accurately. Simulation results
for IEEE 14 Test bus system, IEEE 30 Test bus system , IEEE 118 Test bus system are establish that the piequivalent
model obtained by the proposed method is highly accurate for assessing voltage stability of any
power system at any operating point in a better way as compared to series equivalent model
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
Comparison of facts devices for two area power system stability enhancement u...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of SVC and STATCOM FACTS devices for enhancing transient stability in a two area power system modelled in MATLAB. The paper reviews previous research on using FACTS controllers like SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC and UPFC to improve power system stability. Simulation results from the paper indicate that a two machine system installed with STATCOM provided better damping of rotor angle oscillations compared to an SVC installation, demonstrating improved transient stability when using a STATCOM.
FIRING ANGLE SVC MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORK ...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with Power flow, which is necessary for any power system solution and carry
out a comprehensive study of the Newton- Raphson method of power flow analysis with and without
SVC. Voltage stability analysis is the major concern in order to operate any power system as
secured. This paper presents the investigation on N-R power flow enhancement of voltage stability
and power loss minimization with & without FACTS controllers such as Static Var Compensator
(SVC) device. The Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides a promising means to control power
flow in modern power systems. In this paper the Newton-Raphson is used to investigate its effect on
voltage profile and power system lossess with and without SVC in power system.. Simulations
investigate the effect of voltage magnitude and angle with and without SVC on the power flow of
the system. This survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the
relevant references in the field of Newton-Raphson power flow control with SVC in power systems.
In order to reach the above goals, these devices must be located optimally. In this paper the
Optimal placement of SVC is carried out by Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI).The size of
the SVC is determined by suitable firing angle which reduces the losses in the system. Simulations
have been implemented in MATLAB Software and the IEEE 14 and IEEE 57-bus systems have been
used as case studies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
REDUCTION OF HARMONIC DISTORTION IN BLDC DRIVE USING BL-BUCK BOOST CONVERTER ...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study comparing the performance of a bridgeless buck-boost converter fed brushless DC motor drive to a conventional boost converter drive. The key findings are:
1. The proposed BL buck-boost converter provides power factor correction, reducing the total harmonic distortion of the supply current to around 4% and improving the power factor to nearly 0.98.
2. In comparison, a conventional BLDC drive using a diode bridge rectifier and boost converter has total harmonic distortion of around 65% and power factor of only 0.8.
3. Simulation results show the proposed drive maintains low total harmonic distortion of around 4% over variations in DC link voltage and supply voltage.
IRJET-Power Flow & Voltage Stability Analysis using MATLAB IRJET Journal
This document presents a MATLAB program for power flow analysis and voltage stability analysis of power systems. It begins with an introduction to power flow analysis and its importance. It then discusses voltage stability concepts like voltage collapse and improvement methods. The methodology section describes the Newton-Raphson power flow method and P-V and Q-V curves used for voltage stability analysis. It also provides the algorithm and case study details for the IEEE 14 bus system implemented in MATLAB. The program allows for power flow solutions, calculation of P-V and Q-V curves, and voltage stability assessment of power systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Voltage Stability Assessment Using the Concept of GVSMiosrjce
To assessment of voltage stability of multi bus power system, the main requirement is equivalent twobus
network models, which is fulfilled by lumping all the series impedances and shunt admittances of
transmission lines within a series equivalent impedance. This paper shows the development of an equivalent pi
network model using a new technology or methodology called generalized global voltage stability margin
(GVSM). This is used to assess the overall voltage stability status of the system accurately. Simulation results
for IEEE 14 Test bus system, IEEE 30 Test bus system , IEEE 118 Test bus system are establish that the piequivalent
model obtained by the proposed method is highly accurate for assessing voltage stability of any
power system at any operating point in a better way as compared to series equivalent model
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
Comparison of facts devices for two area power system stability enhancement u...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of SVC and STATCOM FACTS devices for enhancing transient stability in a two area power system modelled in MATLAB. The paper reviews previous research on using FACTS controllers like SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC and UPFC to improve power system stability. Simulation results from the paper indicate that a two machine system installed with STATCOM provided better damping of rotor angle oscillations compared to an SVC installation, demonstrating improved transient stability when using a STATCOM.
NON-ISOLATED SOFT SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER AND LOAD AT FULL RANGE OF ZVS IAEME Publication
A non isolated soft switching DC–DC converter and load at full range of zero-voltage
switching (ZVS) characteristic is proposed. The proposed converter consists of an auxiliary circuit,
an inductor, two switches, and 2 diodes to achieving high efficiency at full range of load. At low
and heavy loads, ZVS of switching device is achieved by energy storing component. The inductor
energy stored varies with load and hence results in minimizes conduction loss. This leads to
switching of device for full range of load. The proposed DC - DC converter achieves high
efficiency as switching loss is reduced due to soft switching and ZVS operation which severe to
reduce conduction loss. The efficiency is improved about 4% in boost mode (2.5% in buck mode) at
full range of load. To verify the performance of the proposed converter, experimental results
prototype are presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document summarizes a research article about a new synchronous-reference-frame (SRF)-based control method for a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) under different load conditions. The proposed UPQC system can improve power quality by compensating for problems like voltage sags, swells, and reactive power using a series converter and shunt converter connected by a common DC bus. The control method determines the optimal angle of series voltage injection to minimize the VA loading of the UPQC and shares reactive power load between the converters while regulating voltage magnitude. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed UPQC-S approach.
IRJET- Analysis of Open Loop Distribution Static Compensator for Improvin...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis and simulation of an open loop distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) for improving power quality in a distribution system. Key points:
1. A D-STATCOM model is developed in MATLAB Simulink to compensate for reactive power demand from nonlinear and unbalanced loads, improve source power factor, and reduce total harmonic distortion in source currents.
2. Simulation results show that before compensation, source currents are unbalanced and distorted due to nonlinear loads. The D-STATCOM is able to maintain unity power factor at the source and mitigate harmonics after compensation.
3. Operating modes of the D-STATCOM include reactive power compensation to regulate voltage, and active power compensation
This document summarizes a study on using STATCOM and UPFC devices to control power flow in a distribution system. It presents the mathematical models of STATCOM and UPFC, including their control design procedures. Simulation results show that STATCOM effectively regulates local reactive power load and UPFC controls real power flow by varying the phase angle of injected voltage. The study demonstrates how FACTS devices like STATCOM and UPFC can improve power flow control in distribution systems.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
Voltage profile enhancement in distribution network using static synchronous ...IJECEIAES
STATCOM is one of FACTS devices that used as regulator for transmission and distribution systems which works for reactive power compensation. STATCOM utilisation in distribution system mostly for enhancing the profile of voltage, where used for adjusting the disturbance voltage by injecting into the system a controllable voltage. This paper present a Fuzzy controller based on STATCOM to enhance the voltage profile in distribution network. The controller of STATCOM has simulated for different types of abnormal load conditions of balance and unbalance load. The results of simulation show ability of proposed design to enhance the load voltage which was 96% of the nominal value.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes three direct torque control (DTC) strategies for brushless DC motors fed by a four-switch inverter (B4-inverter) to reduce torque ripple. It first reviews the operation of BLDC motors with six-switch (B6-inverter) and B4-inverters, including two-phase and three-phase conduction modes. It then describes three DTC strategies: DTC-1 adapted from B6-inverter control, DTC-2 with a vector selection table to independently control phase torques, and proposed DTC-3 to eliminate torque dips of DTC-2 during sector transitions. Experimental results show DTC-
Mitigation of Voltage Fluctuations in Power System Using STATCOMIJERA Editor
Wind energy being a renewable source of energy is enjoying a rapid growth globally. However, wind energy being an uncontrollable source of energy coupled with the fact that it uses distributed induction generators for power conversion poses a challenge in integrating a large scale wind-farm into a weak power system. An actual weak power system with two large Wind-Farms (WFs) coupled to it is introduced as part of this study. A model of this integrated system along with a STATCOM for steady state and dynamic impact study is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The power quality issues are highlighted and a centralized STATCOM is proposed to solve the issue of the voltage fluctuations in particular in addition to addressing the other issues. Based on the results obtained from the simulation, the system voltage control issues are analyzed and the location of STATCOM is assessed. Finally, a STATCOM control strategy for suppression of voltage fluctuations is presented.
The document discusses improving power system performance using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It describes three types of FACTS devices: Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The SVC and TCSC are able to control voltage and improve the voltage profile. Simulations showed adding FACTS devices decreased power losses and improved the voltage level. The UPFC can simultaneously control parameters like line impedance, voltage, and phase angle to regulate power flow.
A Review on Performance Analysis of Matrix Converter Fed AC Motor DriveIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a review on the analysis of characteristics that determines
the performance of the Matrix Converter (MC) fed AC motor drive. Review
is made based on the analysis of the different characteristics achieved in the
literature. Different characteristic parameters considered in this paper are
total harmonic distortion, common mode voltage, voltage transfer ratio and
efficiency. Comparison and analysis of these characteristic parameters is
done based on various semi conductor switches, topology, and control and modulation techniques.
Performance comparison of SVC and SSSC with POD controller for Power System S...IOSR Journals
This document compares the performance of a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and static VAR compensator (SVC), both with a power oscillation damping (POD) controller, for improving power system stability. It simulates a test power system in MATLAB/Simulink with each device. The SSSC is able to inject a controllable voltage in series with a transmission line to emulate inductive or capacitive reactance. The SVC injects reactive power to regulate voltage. Simulation results show the SVC with POD controller more effectively enhances voltage stability and increases transmission capacity during faults compared to the SSSC.
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
This document summarizes a research article that proposes using a Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to regulate voltage and mitigate fluctuations at a weak grid connection to a wind farm. The UPQC uses internal control strategies to regulate the voltage at the wind farm terminals using its series converter, and uses its shunt converter to filter wind farm power and prevent voltage fluctuations. The control strategy manages active and reactive power sharing between the series and shunt converters through a common DC link. Simulation results showed the UPQC approach effectively regulated voltage during load changes and rejected power fluctuations from tower shadow effects at the wind turbines.
Transient stability in power system is vital to be addressed due to large disturbances that could damage the system such as load changes and voltage increases. This paper presents a multi-machine transient stability using the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). SSSC is a device that is connected in series with the power transmission line and produces controllable voltage which contribute to a better performance in the power system stability. As a result, this research has observed a comparison of the synchronization of a three-phase system during single-phase faults before and after installing the SSSC device. In addition, this research investigates the ability of three different types of controllers i.e. Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivation (PID), and Generic controllers to be added to the SSSC improve the transient stability as it cannot operate by itself. This is because the improvement is too small and not able to achieve the desired output. The task presented is to improve the synchronization of the system and time taken for the voltage to stabilize due to the fault. The simulation result shows that the SSSC with an additional controller can improve the stability of a multi-machine power system in a single phase fault.
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
In recent years, studies have been investigated the effectiveness of UPFC and TCSC in increasing power transfer capability. However, the effectiveness of these FACTS devices in increasing power transfer capability when the load is non-linear has not been established in a comparative study yet. This paper will explore the steady-state performance of the UPFC and TCSC as impedance compensation models. The effectiveness of both FACTS devices are investigated when they are installed in multi-machine systems with different non-linear load models. Simulation results demonstrate that, upon installing UPFC, more active and reactive powers are received at the sending end bus for different types of non-linear load models. In addition, both active and reactive powers are more sensitive in changing the modulation index of the converters. Furthermore, both the active and reactive powers are less sensitive to the non-linearity of the load model type. However, active and reactive powers in case of installing TCSC are only sensitive in changing the firing angle (α) when it is between 90º to 110º. Therefore, results from this study clearly encourage the effectiveness of UPFC in comparison to TSCS in terms of increasing power transfer capability applied to non-linear load models.
Optimal Placement of TCSC and SVC Using PSOIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to determine the optimal placement of TCSC and SVC devices on power systems. The objective is to minimize a cost function that considers the costs of installing the devices, load bus voltage deviations from nominal values, and line loadings. The paper formulates the objective function and describes models for TCSC and SVC devices. It then provides an overview of the particle swarm optimization technique before describing the algorithm used to apply PSO to determine the optimal location and sizing of TCSC and SVC devices on IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 57-bus test systems while considering different load levels. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the method.
This paper proposes a hybrid series capacitive compensation scheme using a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) to damp power system oscillations. The scheme uses a single-phase TCSC in one transmission line phase along with fixed capacitors in the other two phases. This creates a phase imbalance that can dampen both power swings and sub-synchronous resonance oscillations. MATLAB simulations show the scheme effectively dampens generator load angle oscillations compared to a fixed compensation scheme following a fault. The hybrid scheme has potential for industrial application as it provides damping benefits while reducing costs versus a full three-phase TCSC installation.
Locating Facts Devices in Optimized manner in Power System by Means of Sensit...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new method to find the optimal location of facts devices by analyzing sensitivity . The optimal location and capability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line is investigated for enchasing the power transfer capability and stability of the system. The method firstly put all the buses in the order by voltage reactive power sensitivity and then chooses the optimal location and appropriate capability of the facts devices. It is simple in computation and suitable for large scale interconnection power grid. The results obtained are satisfying and will be useful for enhancing the power system reliability
The document presents a study on optimizing the placement and sizing of static VAR compensators (SVCs) in power systems to improve voltage stability. It uses the harmony search algorithm (HSA) to determine the optimal SVC sizes and locations to minimize real power losses, voltage deviation at load buses, and L-index values, which indicate voltage stability. The methodology is demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test system under normal and overloading conditions. The results show that locating optimally sized SVCs at buses 9 and 14 reduces losses and voltage deviations while improving voltage profiles and stability.
NON-ISOLATED SOFT SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER AND LOAD AT FULL RANGE OF ZVS IAEME Publication
A non isolated soft switching DC–DC converter and load at full range of zero-voltage
switching (ZVS) characteristic is proposed. The proposed converter consists of an auxiliary circuit,
an inductor, two switches, and 2 diodes to achieving high efficiency at full range of load. At low
and heavy loads, ZVS of switching device is achieved by energy storing component. The inductor
energy stored varies with load and hence results in minimizes conduction loss. This leads to
switching of device for full range of load. The proposed DC - DC converter achieves high
efficiency as switching loss is reduced due to soft switching and ZVS operation which severe to
reduce conduction loss. The efficiency is improved about 4% in boost mode (2.5% in buck mode) at
full range of load. To verify the performance of the proposed converter, experimental results
prototype are presented.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document summarizes a research article about a new synchronous-reference-frame (SRF)-based control method for a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) under different load conditions. The proposed UPQC system can improve power quality by compensating for problems like voltage sags, swells, and reactive power using a series converter and shunt converter connected by a common DC bus. The control method determines the optimal angle of series voltage injection to minimize the VA loading of the UPQC and shares reactive power load between the converters while regulating voltage magnitude. Simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed UPQC-S approach.
IRJET- Analysis of Open Loop Distribution Static Compensator for Improvin...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis and simulation of an open loop distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) for improving power quality in a distribution system. Key points:
1. A D-STATCOM model is developed in MATLAB Simulink to compensate for reactive power demand from nonlinear and unbalanced loads, improve source power factor, and reduce total harmonic distortion in source currents.
2. Simulation results show that before compensation, source currents are unbalanced and distorted due to nonlinear loads. The D-STATCOM is able to maintain unity power factor at the source and mitigate harmonics after compensation.
3. Operating modes of the D-STATCOM include reactive power compensation to regulate voltage, and active power compensation
This document summarizes a study on using STATCOM and UPFC devices to control power flow in a distribution system. It presents the mathematical models of STATCOM and UPFC, including their control design procedures. Simulation results show that STATCOM effectively regulates local reactive power load and UPFC controls real power flow by varying the phase angle of injected voltage. The study demonstrates how FACTS devices like STATCOM and UPFC can improve power flow control in distribution systems.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
Voltage profile enhancement in distribution network using static synchronous ...IJECEIAES
STATCOM is one of FACTS devices that used as regulator for transmission and distribution systems which works for reactive power compensation. STATCOM utilisation in distribution system mostly for enhancing the profile of voltage, where used for adjusting the disturbance voltage by injecting into the system a controllable voltage. This paper present a Fuzzy controller based on STATCOM to enhance the voltage profile in distribution network. The controller of STATCOM has simulated for different types of abnormal load conditions of balance and unbalance load. The results of simulation show ability of proposed design to enhance the load voltage which was 96% of the nominal value.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes three direct torque control (DTC) strategies for brushless DC motors fed by a four-switch inverter (B4-inverter) to reduce torque ripple. It first reviews the operation of BLDC motors with six-switch (B6-inverter) and B4-inverters, including two-phase and three-phase conduction modes. It then describes three DTC strategies: DTC-1 adapted from B6-inverter control, DTC-2 with a vector selection table to independently control phase torques, and proposed DTC-3 to eliminate torque dips of DTC-2 during sector transitions. Experimental results show DTC-
Mitigation of Voltage Fluctuations in Power System Using STATCOMIJERA Editor
Wind energy being a renewable source of energy is enjoying a rapid growth globally. However, wind energy being an uncontrollable source of energy coupled with the fact that it uses distributed induction generators for power conversion poses a challenge in integrating a large scale wind-farm into a weak power system. An actual weak power system with two large Wind-Farms (WFs) coupled to it is introduced as part of this study. A model of this integrated system along with a STATCOM for steady state and dynamic impact study is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The power quality issues are highlighted and a centralized STATCOM is proposed to solve the issue of the voltage fluctuations in particular in addition to addressing the other issues. Based on the results obtained from the simulation, the system voltage control issues are analyzed and the location of STATCOM is assessed. Finally, a STATCOM control strategy for suppression of voltage fluctuations is presented.
The document discusses improving power system performance using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It describes three types of FACTS devices: Static Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The SVC and TCSC are able to control voltage and improve the voltage profile. Simulations showed adding FACTS devices decreased power losses and improved the voltage level. The UPFC can simultaneously control parameters like line impedance, voltage, and phase angle to regulate power flow.
A Review on Performance Analysis of Matrix Converter Fed AC Motor DriveIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a review on the analysis of characteristics that determines
the performance of the Matrix Converter (MC) fed AC motor drive. Review
is made based on the analysis of the different characteristics achieved in the
literature. Different characteristic parameters considered in this paper are
total harmonic distortion, common mode voltage, voltage transfer ratio and
efficiency. Comparison and analysis of these characteristic parameters is
done based on various semi conductor switches, topology, and control and modulation techniques.
Performance comparison of SVC and SSSC with POD controller for Power System S...IOSR Journals
This document compares the performance of a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and static VAR compensator (SVC), both with a power oscillation damping (POD) controller, for improving power system stability. It simulates a test power system in MATLAB/Simulink with each device. The SSSC is able to inject a controllable voltage in series with a transmission line to emulate inductive or capacitive reactance. The SVC injects reactive power to regulate voltage. Simulation results show the SVC with POD controller more effectively enhances voltage stability and increases transmission capacity during faults compared to the SSSC.
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
This document summarizes a research article that proposes using a Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to regulate voltage and mitigate fluctuations at a weak grid connection to a wind farm. The UPQC uses internal control strategies to regulate the voltage at the wind farm terminals using its series converter, and uses its shunt converter to filter wind farm power and prevent voltage fluctuations. The control strategy manages active and reactive power sharing between the series and shunt converters through a common DC link. Simulation results showed the UPQC approach effectively regulated voltage during load changes and rejected power fluctuations from tower shadow effects at the wind turbines.
Transient stability in power system is vital to be addressed due to large disturbances that could damage the system such as load changes and voltage increases. This paper presents a multi-machine transient stability using the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). SSSC is a device that is connected in series with the power transmission line and produces controllable voltage which contribute to a better performance in the power system stability. As a result, this research has observed a comparison of the synchronization of a three-phase system during single-phase faults before and after installing the SSSC device. In addition, this research investigates the ability of three different types of controllers i.e. Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivation (PID), and Generic controllers to be added to the SSSC improve the transient stability as it cannot operate by itself. This is because the improvement is too small and not able to achieve the desired output. The task presented is to improve the synchronization of the system and time taken for the voltage to stabilize due to the fault. The simulation result shows that the SSSC with an additional controller can improve the stability of a multi-machine power system in a single phase fault.
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
In recent years, studies have been investigated the effectiveness of UPFC and TCSC in increasing power transfer capability. However, the effectiveness of these FACTS devices in increasing power transfer capability when the load is non-linear has not been established in a comparative study yet. This paper will explore the steady-state performance of the UPFC and TCSC as impedance compensation models. The effectiveness of both FACTS devices are investigated when they are installed in multi-machine systems with different non-linear load models. Simulation results demonstrate that, upon installing UPFC, more active and reactive powers are received at the sending end bus for different types of non-linear load models. In addition, both active and reactive powers are more sensitive in changing the modulation index of the converters. Furthermore, both the active and reactive powers are less sensitive to the non-linearity of the load model type. However, active and reactive powers in case of installing TCSC are only sensitive in changing the firing angle (α) when it is between 90º to 110º. Therefore, results from this study clearly encourage the effectiveness of UPFC in comparison to TSCS in terms of increasing power transfer capability applied to non-linear load models.
Optimal Placement of TCSC and SVC Using PSOIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to determine the optimal placement of TCSC and SVC devices on power systems. The objective is to minimize a cost function that considers the costs of installing the devices, load bus voltage deviations from nominal values, and line loadings. The paper formulates the objective function and describes models for TCSC and SVC devices. It then provides an overview of the particle swarm optimization technique before describing the algorithm used to apply PSO to determine the optimal location and sizing of TCSC and SVC devices on IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus and 57-bus test systems while considering different load levels. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the method.
This paper proposes a hybrid series capacitive compensation scheme using a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) to damp power system oscillations. The scheme uses a single-phase TCSC in one transmission line phase along with fixed capacitors in the other two phases. This creates a phase imbalance that can dampen both power swings and sub-synchronous resonance oscillations. MATLAB simulations show the scheme effectively dampens generator load angle oscillations compared to a fixed compensation scheme following a fault. The hybrid scheme has potential for industrial application as it provides damping benefits while reducing costs versus a full three-phase TCSC installation.
Locating Facts Devices in Optimized manner in Power System by Means of Sensit...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new method to find the optimal location of facts devices by analyzing sensitivity . The optimal location and capability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line is investigated for enchasing the power transfer capability and stability of the system. The method firstly put all the buses in the order by voltage reactive power sensitivity and then chooses the optimal location and appropriate capability of the facts devices. It is simple in computation and suitable for large scale interconnection power grid. The results obtained are satisfying and will be useful for enhancing the power system reliability
The document presents a study on optimizing the placement and sizing of static VAR compensators (SVCs) in power systems to improve voltage stability. It uses the harmony search algorithm (HSA) to determine the optimal SVC sizes and locations to minimize real power losses, voltage deviation at load buses, and L-index values, which indicate voltage stability. The methodology is demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test system under normal and overloading conditions. The results show that locating optimally sized SVCs at buses 9 and 14 reduces losses and voltage deviations while improving voltage profiles and stability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Locating Facts Devices in Optimized manner in Power System by Means of Sensit...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a new method for optimally locating Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices like Static Var Compensators (SVCs) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSCs) in a power system network. The method uses sensitivity analysis to determine the optimal location and sizing of FACTS devices. It calculates voltage-reactive power sensitivity indices for each bus and line to determine which buses and lines are most sensitive to changes in reactive power. FACTS devices are then optimally located at the bus or line with the highest positive or negative sensitivity index, depending on whether a SVC or TCSC is being placed. The method is tested on the IEEE
Ga based optimal facts controller for maximizing loadability with stability c...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper presented at the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management. The paper proposes using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal location and settings of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, specifically STATCOMs, to maximize the loadability of a power system while maintaining stability constraints. The objective function aims to maximize loadability with constraints for voltage stability, generation limits, line limits, and load-generation balance. The methodology is tested on the IEEE 14-bus test system in MATLAB. In conclusion, optimally placing and setting FACTS devices using genetic algorithms can enhance power system loadability while maintaining stability.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a 3-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) controlled unified power flow controller (UPFC) placed at different locations in an IEEE 14 bus system under a line-to-ground fault. The UPFC combines a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to independently control voltage, real and reactive power flow. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that a 3-level SVPWM control strategy effectively compensates for problems related to reactive power and power quality under unbalanced fault conditions.
Modelling and Simulation of Facts Devices TCSC and SVC for A 11 Bus Power Systemijtsrd
Due to the ever increasing demand for power and the growth of the transmission network, transmission lines must now be operated under load, posing a danger of power flow control and voltage instability. This study proposes using TCSC and SVC devices to control power flow in a power system network. The TCSC is a series compensated device that lowers transmission line reactance and improves power flow, whereas the SVC is a shunt compensated device that improves voltage profile. This paper describes a method for modelling and simulation with MATLAB SIMULINK Sim power System block set . For power flow management and voltage stability limit, the appropriate position of TCSC and SVC devices is evaluated. The proposed method is implemented on a two area four machine 11 bus test system model, and the simulated results are shown to validate the test case system. The performance of the TCSC and SVC devices is evaluated in this study, and the simulated results are compared for better power flow regulation in the power system. Vinit K Sharma | Namrata Sant "Modelling and Simulation of Facts Devices (TCSC and SVC) for A 11 Bus Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50395.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/50395/modelling-and-simulation-of-facts-devices-tcsc-and-svc-for-a-11-bus-power-system/vinit-k-sharma
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
This document provides an overview of system stability analysis and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices. It discusses how FACTS devices like STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, and UPFC can improve power system stability, voltage stability, and transient stability through reactive power compensation and active power flow control. Mathematical models of various FACTS devices are also presented to analyze their control capabilities and impact on power flow.
Optimal Location of Static Var Compensator Using Bat Algorithm for the Improv...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a bat algorithm to determine the optimal location of static VAR compensators (SVCs) to improve voltage profiles in power systems. The bat algorithm is applied to the IEEE 30-bus test system to identify optimal bus locations for SVCs. Simulation results show the benefits of SVC placement in improving voltage stability based on the defined objective function.
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
Reparation of Inductive Power in Power System by the use of FACTS devicesIJMTST Journal
This paper presents a shunt type FACTS device connected across the load to improve the power flow and
to maintain the reactive power in real data transmission line power system using MiPower software. The
main objective of this work is to maintain the voltage stability of steady-state bus voltages and reactive
power flows in transmission system with and without FACTS controller. FACTS devices are capable of
controlling the active and reactive power flows in a transmission line by controlling its series and shunt
parameters. This paper presents a steady state model of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) controller in the
power system for stability enhancement. Benefits of FACTS controllers to power system are also discussed.
In this work real data system has been considered for load flow analysis and also to incorporate the SVC
controller in the system
1) The document discusses different control strategies for DSTATCOM (distribution static synchronous compensator), including Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) methods, to mitigate voltage sags and compensate reactive power.
2) It analyzes the SRF method, SRF without phase locked loop (PLL), and a modified SRF method through mathematical modeling and MATLAB simulation.
3) The comparison of results from the different control strategies indicates that SRF provides effective compensation of voltage sags and reactive power under steady state conditions.
“An Assessment of Voltage Stability based on Line Voltage Stability Indices a...iosrjce
The issue of voltage instability is becoming a matter of concern throughout the world. It is of
absolute importance to maintain the stability of the power system or it would lead to a condition of total
collapse of the system and ultimately blackout of the whole network. This paper analyses the performance of
line voltage stability indices, Fast Voltage Stability index (FVSI), Line index (LQP), Reactive Power Index
(VQI) and line Stability Index (LMN). These indices are used to identify the most critical line and bus of the
system. Under a condition of single line outage a TCSC is installed at the most critical line and its effect has
been observed. An IEEE 14 bus system is used for simulation purpose.
This document analyzes voltage stability in power systems using line voltage stability indices and proposes enhancing stability with a TCSC. It discusses four indices - Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), Line Quadratic Programming (LQP), Reactive Power Index (VQI), and Line Stability Index (LMN) - that can identify the most critical line and bus. Under a single line outage, a TCSC is installed at the critical line identified by the indices. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus system show that a TCSC can improve voltage stability by modifying the line reactance. The TCSC provides both inductive and capacitive compensation depending on its firing angle to enhance power transfer and voltage profiles.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
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A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
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examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
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generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
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would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
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Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
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applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
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validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
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Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
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the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
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Improvement the voltage stability margin of Iraqi power system using the optimal values of FACTS devices
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021, pp. 984~992
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp984-992 984
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Improvement the voltage stability margin of Iraqi power system
using the optimal values of FACTS devices
Ghassan Abdullah Salman, Hatim G. Abood, Mayyadah Sahib Ibrahim
Department of Electrical Power and Machines Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Diyala, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Feb 24, 2020
Revised Aug 28, 2020
Accepted Sep 11, 2020
The detection of potential voltage collapse in power systems is essential to
maintain the voltage stability in heavy load demand. This paper proposes a
method to detect weak buses in power systems using two stability indices:
the voltage stability margin factor (dS/dY) and the voltage collapse
prediction index (VCPI). Hence, the paper aims to improve the voltage
stability of Iraqi transmission grid by allocating FACTS devices in the
optimal locations and optimal sizes. Two types of FACTS are used in this
paper which are Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static
var compensator (SVC). The objective function of the problem is fitted using
particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed method is verified using
simulation test on Diyala-132 kV network which is a part of the Iraqi power
system. The results observed that improvement the voltage stability margin,
the voltage profile of Diyala-132 kV is increased and the power losses is
decreased.
Keywords:
PSO
SVC
TCSC
Voltage stability indices
Weak bus detection
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ghassan Abdullah Salman
Department of Electrical Power and Machins Engineering
Collage of Engineering, University of Diyala
Baqubah, Diyala, Iraq
Email: ghassanpowerz@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Maintaining voltage stability of the power system is one of the major problems due to the frequent
voltage collapse that is related to disturbances, over loaded systems and changing operating conditions.
Therefore, the voltage point is known as a heavy loaded point [1-3]. The shortage in the capability of the
system to meet the demand of the reactive power is the main reason of voltage profile deterioration. The
system is considered unstable when the voltage magnitude of any bus decreases and the reactive power
increases for the same bus of the system [4-7]. Therefore, the challenge is to identify weakest bus prone to
voltage collapse and hence, initiates that the problem of voltage instability. The existing method of detecting
the weak buses are almost based on voltage stability indices. However, the main way to avoid the voltage
failure is to decrease the reactive power load or increase the systems’ reactive power [8-11].
The flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can achieve a safe and cost-
effective solution if they are appropriately installed in the power system. Among the entire FACTS devices,
the Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and static var compensator (SVC) are selected to be
applied in the proposed method due to their highly leading flexibility [12-18]. TCSC as an efficient series
compensation controller can be utilized in transmission line, for control the power flow in power system,
while SVC as an efficient shunt compensation controller can be injected reactive power at buses, for adjusted
the voltages of power system [19-21]. Allocating these FACTS devices results in significant improvement in
characteristic of voltage stability margin of the large-scale power systems [22-26]. In the existing literature,
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Improvement the voltage stability margin of Iraqi power system using ... (Ghassan Abdullah Salman)
985
the optimal deployment of the FACTS devices is achieved using several optimization techniques such as the
genetic algorithm (GA), evolutionary programming (EP) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) [27-32].
In this paper, a PSO-based methodology is proposing for finding the optimal sizes and selecting the
optimal locations of the FACTS devices. However, this paper focuses on the setting and placement of TCSC
and SVC controller, for improvement the voltage stability margin of Diyala 132 kV power system. The
proposed method aims to improve the voltage stability of the Iraqi power grid by installing the proposer
FACTS devices in the weakest bus according to its voltage stability indices. Multi- objective functions are
used in this paper relevant to the active power losses, voltage stability margin, and the voltage stability
deviation are employed for optimizing the optimal locations and sizes of FACTS devices. Both TCSC and
SVC be able of improving the voltage stability margin and therefore, enhancing the overall system
performance.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: the mathematical formulation of the voltage stability
problem, the indices of voltage stability, and the modeling of the FACTS devices are given in section 2, the
proposed method, formulation of the objective functions with the PSO algorithm is presented in section 3,
simulation tests and discussion are provided in section 4 followed by the conclusions in section 5.
2. FORMULATION OF VOLTAGE STABILITY AND FACTS DEVICES
This section provides the formulas of modeling the two indices of voltage stability margin with the
detection techniques of the weakest bus and the modeling of the two types of FACTS devices. In this paper,
the overall performance of power system is enhancement by using series and shunt FACTS devices which are
the TCSC and SVC.
2.1. Voltage stability margin factor (dS/dY)
The (dS/dY) index describes the voltage stability margin based on Thevenin theorem ranges from 0
(no-load) to 1 (voltage-collapse point). Based on this index, the voltage collapse point is reached when the
(dS/dY) factor is close to zero. Hence, the weakest bus in system is the closest one to zero. However, the
model is represented by the following equations [8, 9]:
𝑉 =
𝐸𝑇ℎ𝑍𝐿
√𝑍𝑇ℎ
2 +𝑍𝐿
2+2𝑍𝑇ℎ𝑍𝐿 cos(𝜃−𝜑)
(1)
The load is supplied by the apparent power,
𝑆 = 𝑉2
𝑌 where 𝑌 =
1
𝑍𝐿
𝑆 =
𝐸𝑇ℎ
2
𝑍𝐿
𝑍𝑇ℎ
2 +𝑍𝐿
2+2𝑍𝑇ℎ𝑍𝐿 cos(𝜃−𝜑)
(2)
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑌
=
𝐸𝑇ℎ
2
(1−𝑍𝑇ℎ
2
𝑌2)
(1+𝑍𝑇ℎ
2 𝑌2+2𝑍𝑇ℎ𝑌 cos(𝜃−𝜑))
2 (3)
where, 𝜃 is the phase angle of impedance 𝑍𝑇ℎ and 𝜑 is the phase angle of impedance 𝑍𝐿.
2.2. Voltage collapse prediction index (VCPI)
The VCPI index is derived from the basic power flow equation to determine the voltage stability
margin. The voltage collapse point is met when VCPI factor is close to one, and the weakest bus in system is
that closest to one. However, the model can be represented as follows [10, 11]:
𝑉𝐶𝑃𝐼𝑘 = 1 −
∑ 𝑉𝑚
′
𝑁
𝑚=1
𝑚≠𝑘
𝑉𝑘
(4)
In (4) 𝑉
𝑚
′
is represented by,
𝑉
𝑚
′
=
𝑌𝑘𝑚
∑ 𝑌𝑘𝑗
𝑁
𝑗=1
𝑗≠𝑘
𝑉
𝑚 (5)
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021 : 984 - 992
986
In this part, the load is increased regarding as loading factor (𝜆) which leads to voltage collapse
point of power systems.
𝑃𝐿 = 𝜆𝑃𝐿𝑜 , 𝑄𝐿 = 𝜆𝑄𝐿𝑜 (6)
where, 𝑉𝑘 is the voltage phasor at bus k, 𝑉
𝑚 is the voltage phasor at bus m, 𝑌𝑘𝑚 is the admittance between bus
k and m, 𝑌𝑘𝑗 is the admittance between bus k and j, k is the monitoring bus, m is the other bus connected to
bus k and 𝜆 is the loading factor.
2.3. Modelling of TCSC
The TCSC is the series types of FACTS device and connected between two buses shown in
Figure 1. The TCSC operates either inductive or capacitive by modification the reactance of transmission
line, and the model can be represented by the following equations [23, 28]:
𝑋𝑖𝑗 = 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 (7)
𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 = 𝑟𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ∗ 𝑋𝐿 (8)
−0.8𝑋𝐿 ≤ 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 ≤ 0.2𝑋𝐿 (9)
where, 𝑋𝐿 is the reactance of the transmission line, 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 is the TCSC reactance and 𝑟𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 is the coefficient
depending on reactance of the transmission line location.
Figure 1. TCSC structure model
2.4. Modelling of SVC
The most popular configuration of shunt type connected FACTS device is the SVC that is shown in
Figure 2. The SVC operates either capacitive or inductive by injection or absorbing reactive power to the bus,
and the model can be represented as follows [23, 28]:
𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 𝑗𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶𝑉𝑘 (10)
𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶 = −𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶𝑉𝑘
2
(11)
−100 ≤ 𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶 ≤ 100 (12)
where, 𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 is the current drawn by SVC, 𝑉𝑘 is the voltage at kith bus, 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 is the susceptance of SVC and
𝑄𝑆𝑉𝐶 is the reactive power injected into the bus (inductive or capacitive).
Figure 2. SVC structure model
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Improvement the voltage stability margin of Iraqi power system using ... (Ghassan Abdullah Salman)
987
3. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
In the proposed method, the optimal location and value of TCSC and SVC controller is determined
by using PSO algorithm based on multi-objective functions.
3.1. Formulation of multi-objective functions
The optimal sizing and location of TCSC and SVC devices are found based on four objective
functions. This paper proposes improved formulations to that described in [8-11, 24, 25]. The modifications
implemented on the traditional indices is proposed in such a way that normalize the target of the objective
functions and facilitate convergence of the problem. Two of the objective functions are minimized and two
functions are maximized. The objective functions are summarized below:
3.1.1. Power losses index (PLI)
Based on this objective function, the active power losses are computed with and without FACTS
controller. The PLI is minimized and can be formulated as [24, 25]:
𝑃𝐿 = ∑ 𝐺𝑘[𝑉𝑖
2
+ 𝑉
𝑗
2
− 2𝑉𝑖𝑉
𝑗 cos 𝛿𝑖𝑗]
𝑁
𝑘=1 (13)
𝑃𝐿𝐼 = 𝑃𝐿
𝑊
− 𝑃𝐿
𝑊𝑂
(14)
where 𝑃𝐿
𝑊
− 𝑃𝐿
𝑊𝑂
≤ 0. Where, 𝑁 is the number of transmission lines, 𝐺𝑘 is the conductance of branch
between bus i and bus j, 𝑉𝑖 is the voltage magnitude at bus i, 𝑉
𝑗 is the voltage magnitude at bus j, 𝛿𝑖𝑗 is the
phase angle difference, 𝑃𝐿
𝑊
is the total power losses with TCSC & SVC and 𝑃𝐿
𝑊𝑂
is the total power losses
without TCSC & SVC.
3.1.2. Voltage margin index (VMI)
Based on this objective function, the voltage profile of load buses is computed, with and without
FACTS controller. The acceptable values of bus voltage are (1±0.5). The VMI is maximized and can be
formulated as [24, 25]:
𝑉𝑀𝐼 = ∑ (𝑉𝑖
𝑊
− 𝑉𝑖
𝑊𝑂
)
𝑃𝑄 𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝑖≠1 (15)
where 𝑉𝑖
𝑊
− 𝑉𝑖
𝑊𝑂
≥ 0. Where, 𝑉𝑖
𝑊
is the voltage magnitude with TCSC & SVC and 𝑉𝑖
𝑊𝑂
is the voltage
magnitude without TCSC & SVC.
3.1.3. dS/dY deviation (∆dS/dY)
This objective function computes the deviation of dS/dY for load buses with and without FACTS
controller. The ∆dS/dY is maximized and can be formulated as [8, 9]:
∆
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑌
= ∑ [(
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑌
)
𝑖
𝑊
− (
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑌
)
𝑖
𝑊𝑂
]
𝑃𝑄 𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝑖≠1 (16)
where (
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑌
)
𝑖
𝑊
− (
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑌
)
𝑖
𝑊𝑂
≥ 0. Where, (
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑌
)
𝑖
𝑊
is the Voltage Stability Margin Factor with TCSC & SVC and
(
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑌
)
𝑖
𝑊𝑂
is the voltage stability margin factor without TCSC & SVC.
3.1.4. VCPI deviation (∆VCPI)
This objective function computes the deviation of VCPI for load buses with and without FACTS
controller. The ∆VCPI is minimized and can be formulated as [10, 11]:
∆𝑉𝐶𝑃𝐼 = ∑ (𝑉𝐶𝑃𝐼𝑖
𝑊
− 𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑖
𝑊𝑂
)
𝑃𝑄 𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝑖≠1 (17)
where 𝑉𝐶𝑃𝐼𝑖
𝑊
− 𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑖
𝑊𝑂
≤ 0. Where, 𝑉𝐶𝑃𝐼𝑖
𝑊
is the voltage collapse prediction index with TCSC & SVC and
𝑉𝐶𝑃𝑖
𝑊𝑂
is the voltage collapse prediction index without TCSC & SVC. Therefore, the objective function (J)
is given by:
𝐽 = 0.25 ∗ (𝑃𝐿𝐼 − 𝑉𝑀𝐼 − ∆
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑌
+ ∆𝑉𝐶𝑃𝐼) (18)
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2021 : 984 - 992
988
3.2. Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Based on the PSO algorithm, the parameters of each particle are updated in each iteration according
to the following formulas that are simulating the position and velocity of each bird in birds’ swarms [33-35].
𝑉𝑖
𝐾+1
= 𝑊[𝑉𝑖
𝐾
+ ∅1𝑟1(𝑝𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑖
𝐾
− 𝑋𝑖
𝐾
) + ∅2𝑟2(𝑔𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑖
𝐾
− 𝑋𝑖
𝐾
)] (19)
𝑋𝑖
𝐾+1
= 𝑋𝑖
𝐾
+ 𝑉𝑖
𝐾+1
(20)
𝑊 =
2
2−∅−√∅2−4∅
, ∅1 + ∅2 = ∅ > 4 (21)
where, 𝑋𝑖
𝐾+1
is the position of particle at k+1, 𝑋𝑖
𝐾
is the position of particle at k, 𝑉𝑖
𝐾+1
represent the velocity
of the particle at k+1, 𝑉𝑖
𝐾
represent the velocity of the particle at k, 𝑊 represent inertia weight parameter, ∅1
and ∅2 are two positive numbers called acceleration constants are usually set to be 2 and 2.1 respectively,
and 𝑟1, 𝑟2 are random number in the interval [0, 1].
3.2.1. Proposed algorithm
The proposed PSO-based algorithm of allocating and sizing the FACTS devices for improving
voltage stability is implemented as follows [36-38]:
Step 1: Specify the PSO parameters: initial velocity, number of particles and max iteration.
Step 2: Initialize FACTS location and sizing for each particle (TCSC or SVC controller.
Step 3: Run Newton Raphson power flow program and compute objective functions.
Step 4: Determine and store pbest and gbest for all particles.
Step 5: Cheek max iteration is reached (Yes or No), if Yes go to step 7, while if No go to step 6.
Step 6: Update velocity and particle position and repeat the process until to reach max iteration (go to step 3).
Step 7: Print the store result (optimal placement and value of FACTS device).
Regarding TCSC, the particles are defined as a vector which contains the locations of (line number)
and sizes of TCSC controller. Whereas, the SVC vector includes the SVC bus locations and their sizes as
shown below [6, 32]:
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒: [𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑁 𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶𝑠𝑖] (22)
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒: [𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑁 𝑆𝑉𝐶𝑠𝑖] (23)
where, 𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑁 is the line location number of TCSC, 𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶𝑠𝑖 is the sizing of TCSC, 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑁 is the bus location
number of SVC and 𝑆𝑉𝐶𝑠𝑖 is the sizing of SVC.
4. SIMULATION TESTS
The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using simulations tests on Diyala 10-bus
which is a part of the Iraqi 132 kV power grid. The single-line diagram of the test system is shown in
Figure 3. The data of Diyala 10-bus test system are given in [24-26]. MATLAB R2017a is used for
implementing the algorithm. Two case studies are carried out to evaluate the proposed methodology before
and after allocating of FACTS devices:
Figure 3. Single-line diagram of diyala 10-bus system (132 kV)
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4.1. Detection of the weakest bus
In order to study the voltage collapse point and detect weakest bus in the system, the voltage
stability margin are carried out on Diyala 10-bus test system with two types of stability index: (dS/dY) and
VCPI. Regarding the first index (dS/dY), the load admittance of the test system is increased in a range of six
steps (from the base case of the load to six times of the load). The incremental increasing of the system’s load
while applying first index leads to the response shown in Figure 4 which reveals the rank of the buses
according their voltage collapse. The weakest bus is the closest one to zero which is BLDZ bus.
On the other hand, for the VCPI index, the load (active and reactive parts) of the test system is
increased in steps from the base load to four times of the base load. Applying the VCPI while increasing the
load results in the response of the buses according to their voltage collapse as shown in Figure 5. Again,
BLDZ bus is the weakest bus as it is the closest to one. Overall, the rank ordering of the system buses
according to their response to voltage collapse without FACT devices is as shown in Table 1.
Figure 4. dS/dY vs load admittance Figure 5. VCPI vs loading factor
Table 1. Weakest bus ranking
Rank order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
dS/dY BLDZ MQDA KNKN HMRN BQBE KALS BQBW
VCPI BLDZ MQDA KNKN BQBE HMRN BQBW KALS
4.2. Allocating the FACTS devices
The proposed PSO-based algorithm is executed for multiple iterations to determine the optimal
placement and sizing of FACTS devices meet the optimization constraints. The number of populations is 20
and the maximum iteration is 30. Regarding the improvement of voltage stability margin, both TCSC and
SVC controllers are employed in this paper. The PSO algorithm is used to generate the optimal location and
sizing of TCSC and SVC controllers by minimizing the objective function of (18).
From the single-line diagram of Diyala 10-bus power system is shown in Figure 3, all the single line
circuits (from line 7 to line 15) are assigned locations for installing the TCSC controller. Therefore, line 7
and line 15 are represented for minimum and maximum location number of TCSC respectively. Similarly, all
the load buses (from bus 4 to bus 10) are chosen locations for injection the SVC controller and therefore, bus
4 and bus 10 are assigned for minimum and maximum location number of SVC respectively. Based on the
proposed method, the optimal values and placements of TCSC and SVC devices are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Locations and sizing of TCSC and SVC
TCSC
Location (Line) XTCSC size (p.u.) PLI VMI ∆dS/dY ∆VCPI J
DAL3-BLDZ -0.1117 -0.028 0.024 0.478 -0.247 -0.194
SVC
Location (Bus) QSVC size (Mvar) PLI VMI ∆dS/dY ∆VCPI J
MQDA 51.005 -0.656 0.070 0.236 -0.202 -0.291
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The enhancement of the test system performance due to utilizing the FACTS devices (TCSC and
SVC) is demonstrated in the Figures 6 and 7 using the response to the two indices (dS/dY and VCPI). From
Figure 6, it is evident that the voltage stability margin of BLDZ bus is improved as the voltage collapse point
become higher which refers to more flexibility toward overloading and hence, load shedding case. On the
other hand, the VCPI is also improved as it becomes more stable on load increasing as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 6. dS/dY vs load admittance at BLDZ bus Figure 7. VCPI vs loading factor at BLDZ bus
Figure 8 illustrates the behavior of the objective function to determine the optimal values and
locations of TCSC and SVC controller during the optimization process. It can be observed that the SVC has
minimum and faster convergence compared with TCSC to achieve the objective function. Furthermore, the
overall performance is improved for the whole buses of the system by enhanced the voltage profile, phase
angle difference and power losses. Figure 9 illustrates the voltage profile of the test system before and after
installing the FACTS devices where the voltages of buses BLDZ, MQDA and KNKN are significantly
enhanced. Whereas, the results show that the percentage reduction rate of power losses is 7.22%.
Figure 8. Convergence rate of the objective function Figure 9. Voltage profile of diyala 10-bus
5. CONCLUSION
The paper proposes a methodology to detect the weakest bus of power systems using two indices:
first is the voltage stability margin factor (dS/dY) and second is the voltage collapse prediction index (VCPI).
The propose method utilizes a PSO-based algorithm to select the optimal locations and ratings of FACTS
devices. The results show that the weakest bus in Diyala-10 bus power network is BLDZ. Based on the
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proposed method, the optimal location of TCSC is line (DAL3-BLDZ). Whereas, the optimal location of
SVC is MQDA bus. Both TCSC and SVC show capability to improve the voltage profile of the power
system, reducing the power losses, and enhancing the overall performance of the system by reducing the
phase angles difference. The optimization results show that the PSO algorithm provides validate solutions
when implemented for FACTS devices on power systems.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ghassan Abdullah Salman received his B.Sc. degree in engineering of Power and Electrical
Machines in 2006 from the University of Diyala. He received his M.Sc. degree in Electrical
Power engineering in 2011 from the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq. Currently, he is
an Assistant Professor at University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq. His research focuses on power
system optimization, power system operation and control, FACTS devices, power system
security and power system stability.
Hatim Ghadhban Abood had graduated at the University of Diyala in 2006, majoring in
Electrical Power Engineering. He had received the degree of M.Sc. in Electrical Power
engineering from the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, in 2009. He works as a lecturer
in the college of Engineering, Diyala university since April 2012. Later, Hatim finished the
Ph.D. at The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia in April 2018. His research
focuses on power system state estimation, and applications of artificial intelligence techniques
in power systems.
Mayyadah Sahib Ibrahim received her B.Sc. degree in engineering of Power and Electrical
Machines in 2004 from the University of Diyala. She received his M.Sc. degree from technical
state university of southern Russia in 2013. She is currently an Assistant Lecturer at University
of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq. Her current research interests are optimization of power system,
electrical machine and programmable logic controller. She has experience in practice of
electrical engineering in different fields such as electrical machines.