The analysis of load flow in a network under steady state operation is challenging task especially subjected to
inequality constraints in which the system operates. No doubt, that the load flow system analysis is an important
aspect for power system analysis and design. The basic analysis technique for power flow is to find different
parameters including magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus with active and reactive power flows in
each transmission lines. Thus, load flow analysis is important numerical analysis for any power system. In this
regard, this experiment is studied to evaluate IEEE 57 bus system for optimal flow analysis.
UPS systems provide backup power to devices when main power fails. They contain four main components: 1) a rectifier that converts AC to DC power, 2) batteries that store energy, 3) an inverter that converts DC back to AC, and 4) a static switch that switches power sources. Proper use and maintenance of UPS systems, such as periodic discharge of batteries, can extend their lifespan and reliability.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for solar panels. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and its objective to increase solar panel efficiency by extracting more power. Several MPPT techniques are described, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance method. The document provides mathematical models and diagrams to illustrate solar cell characteristics and how MPPT techniques work. It also discusses hardware implementation and the advantages of MPPT, concluding that incremental conductance performs best under varying conditions.
The document describes a mini project report on modeling and simulation of a solar photovoltaic system with Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The project involves designing models of the key system components including the solar PV panel, MPPT controller, DC-DC boost converter, three-phase three-leg inverter and 12-pulse auto-connected transformer. Simulations will then be carried out and results analyzed to study the performance of the system.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the simulation and implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) for improving power factor by compensating reactive power. It includes simulation of the FC-TCR circuit in Proteus software and MATLAB. The report provides background on power factor, describes the methodology used, and outlines the software and hardware components involved including Arduino, Proteus, and MATLAB. It also includes mathematical calculations, future applications, and conclusions.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
This document discusses economic dispatch in power systems. It begins with an introduction that defines economic dispatch and optimal power flow problems. It then discusses various constraints in economic dispatch problems, including generator limits, transmission line limits, and reserve requirements. Different economic dispatch problems are examined, including ones that neglect transmission losses and include losses. The document also discusses unit commitment problems and provides an example of calculating the optimal dispatch to minimize total generation costs.
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
This document provides an outline and introduction to load forecasting in power systems. It discusses the importance of load forecasting for system planning and operation. Different types of load forecasts like energy, demand, and peak demand are explained. Methodologies for load forecasting including extrapolation, correlation, and combining techniques are covered. Factors affecting load forecasting like time, weather, customer class are also summarized.
UPS systems provide backup power to devices when main power fails. They contain four main components: 1) a rectifier that converts AC to DC power, 2) batteries that store energy, 3) an inverter that converts DC back to AC, and 4) a static switch that switches power sources. Proper use and maintenance of UPS systems, such as periodic discharge of batteries, can extend their lifespan and reliability.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for solar panels. It begins with an introduction to MPPT and its objective to increase solar panel efficiency by extracting more power. Several MPPT techniques are described, including perturb and observe, incremental conductance method. The document provides mathematical models and diagrams to illustrate solar cell characteristics and how MPPT techniques work. It also discusses hardware implementation and the advantages of MPPT, concluding that incremental conductance performs best under varying conditions.
The document describes a mini project report on modeling and simulation of a solar photovoltaic system with Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The project involves designing models of the key system components including the solar PV panel, MPPT controller, DC-DC boost converter, three-phase three-leg inverter and 12-pulse auto-connected transformer. Simulations will then be carried out and results analyzed to study the performance of the system.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the simulation and implementation of a Fixed Capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) for improving power factor by compensating reactive power. It includes simulation of the FC-TCR circuit in Proteus software and MATLAB. The report provides background on power factor, describes the methodology used, and outlines the software and hardware components involved including Arduino, Proteus, and MATLAB. It also includes mathematical calculations, future applications, and conclusions.
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
This document discusses economic dispatch in power systems. It begins with an introduction that defines economic dispatch and optimal power flow problems. It then discusses various constraints in economic dispatch problems, including generator limits, transmission line limits, and reserve requirements. Different economic dispatch problems are examined, including ones that neglect transmission losses and include losses. The document also discusses unit commitment problems and provides an example of calculating the optimal dispatch to minimize total generation costs.
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
This document provides an outline and introduction to load forecasting in power systems. It discusses the importance of load forecasting for system planning and operation. Different types of load forecasts like energy, demand, and peak demand are explained. Methodologies for load forecasting including extrapolation, correlation, and combining techniques are covered. Factors affecting load forecasting like time, weather, customer class are also summarized.
This document contains the question bank for the subject EE 1351 Power System Analysis. It includes 18 multiple choice and numerical questions related to modeling components of a power system including generators, transmission lines and transformers. It also covers per-unit calculations, impedance and reactance diagrams, bus admittance matrices, symmetrical components and power flow analysis. Sample questions are provided on determining the per-unit impedances of components, drawing equivalent circuits, calculating sequence impedances and modeling various elements for power flow studies.
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses future trends in electrical distribution system planning. It predicts that distribution planning will rely heavily on computer tools to optimize network design based on multiple criteria. Load management will also impact distribution by altering load patterns, requiring systems to be designed differently. New automated tools like network editors are expected to enable trial network designs that can be simulated to ensure performance and accommodate load growth. The central role of databases and management systems in supporting these new planning tools is also highlighted.
1) Charles Flynn developed a magnetic frame device that uses coils wound around an iron frame containing a powerful permanent magnet. Applying pulses to the coils can produce linear or circular motion without moving parts.
2) Lawrence Tseung created a similar magnetic frame device that inserts a permanent magnet into one arm. Applying sharp DC pulses to a coil on one side can produce over-unity output power from a coil on the other side if the pulses reinforce the magnet's field.
3) Thane Heins developed a figure-eight double toroid transformer that can produce over 30 times the input power. The unique magnetic flow paths allow most reverse magnetic flux to cancel out, greatly improving efficiency over standard transformers.
This document discusses methods for obtaining peak power from photovoltaic (PV) systems, including manual tracking and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. It describes how PV cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. MPPT algorithms like perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) are used to automatically track the peak power point by matching the impedance of the solar module to the load. These algorithms help ensure PV systems operate efficiently without needing manual adjustment.
Power System Simulation Laboratory Manual Santhosh Kumar
This document outlines experiments related to power system simulation laboratory. It includes 10 experiments covering topics like computation of transmission line parameters, modeling of transmission lines, formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices, load flow analysis using different methods, fault analysis, stability analysis of single machine and multimachine systems, electromagnetic transients, load-frequency dynamics, and economic dispatch. The document provides theoretical background and procedures for conducting each experiment using MATLAB software. Sample problems are also included for some experiments to demonstrate the modeling and simulation of different power system components and analysis.
This document is a seminar report on circuit breakers presented by Gaurav Gangwar to partially fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report provides an introduction to circuit breakers and their purpose in protecting electrical systems from overcurrents. It describes various types of circuit breakers and how they operate, discussing elements like thermal and magnetic trip mechanisms. The report also covers topics like National Electrical Code requirements, circuit breaker ratings, types of overcurrents, and short circuits.
This document discusses various topics related to power system stability including:
1. It defines power system stability as the ability of a system to regain equilibrium after a disturbance. It classifies stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability.
2. Rotor angle stability depends on the balance between electromagnetic and mechanical torque on generators. Voltage stability refers to maintaining steady voltages after a disturbance.
3. It derives and explains the swing equation, which describes the relative motion of a generator rotor during disturbances. It provides the swing equation both with and without damper torque.
4. It discusses single machine infinite bus systems and provides the equivalent circuit diagram. Small-signal angle stability refers to the ability of a system
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
The document describes an experiment using MATLAB to implement the Newton-Raphson load flow method to analyze a 3-bus power system network. The Newton-Raphson method approximates non-linear power flow equations using Taylor series expansion, allowing faster convergence compared to other methods. The experiment specifies bus voltages, real/reactive power demands and generations, and solves for reactive power output using a tolerance of 0.01 power mismatch. The MATLAB code is run and the load flow solution is obtained.
STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) is a regulating device used on AC electricity networks to act as a source or sink of reactive power. It improves power quality and voltage stability. A STATCOM uses a voltage source converter to continuously control voltage and smoothly provide reactive power compensation. It responds faster than SVCs and provides better reactive power support at low voltages, making it superior for voltage stability applications.
Power quality-disturbances and monitoring SeminarSurabhi Vasudev
The document provides an overview of power quality monitoring and automatic power quality disturbance classification. It defines power quality and discusses increased interest in power quality. It describes various power quality disturbances like voltage fluctuations, harmonics, sags, and swells. It then discusses automatic power quality disturbance classifiers which use techniques like segmentation, feature extraction, and classification to identify different disturbance types. Neural networks and expert systems are presented as methods for automatic classification. The document emphasizes the importance of power quality monitoring and classification systems.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. It outlines the components of a PV array system and factors that affect the arrays' power output such as temperature, irradiance, and shading. The document then presents a mathematical model of a PV array developed in Simulink and shows how changing temperatures and irradiances affect the power curve. It introduces MPPT and two common MPPT algorithms, perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance, developed and compared in Simulink. An experimental setup is described and results show the P&O oscillates more while incremental conductance finds the maximum power point more precisely.
Verilog codes and testbench codes for basic digital electronic circuits. shobhan pujari
Verilog codes and test bench codes for full adder,full adder using 2 half adders,Ripple carry adder,16x1 mux using 4x1 mux,decoder,mealy state machine,counter. These are more useful for bachelor students and masters students who are pursuing degree in electrical engineering .
This chapter deals with the generation of different power system parts which includes the generation, transmission and distribution systems. This slide is specifically prepared for ASTU 5th year power and control engineering students.
SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906)
DISTANCE RELAY
• There are mainly Three types of distance relay
1) Impedance Relay
2) Reactance Relay
3) Mho Relay
Power System Stability
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power
system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a
state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a
physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded
so that practically the entire system remains intact.
This document discusses voltage source converter (VSC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. It explains that a VSC based HVDC link can be viewed as two static synchronous compensators connected by a DC link. There are two modes of operation depending on whether the DC capacitors are connected or not. Advantages of VSC based HVDC links over traditional line commutated converter based links include independent control of real and reactive power and the ability to absorb or supply reactive power. Key components of a VSC converter station are also outlined.
A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm OptimizationIJERA Editor
Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Methodijtsrd
Power flow studies provide a systematic mathematical approach for determination of various bus voltages, there phase angle, active and reactive power flows through different branches, generators and loads under steady state condition. In this paper, the purpose of power flow analysis is to determine four bus system power flows. Case studies have been performed on Lawpita Taungoo Kamarnat Hlawga 230kV Line Myanmar . This paper presents a reliable method to meet the requirements by developing a Newton Raphson based load flow calculation program through which control setting of Shunt Compensator can be determined directly. This program computes the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in a power system under balanced steady state conditions. Real and reactive power flows for all buses, as well as line flow and line losses, are also computed. And then the compensation of shunt capacitor is proposed for load flow analysis and also for overall loss minimization and improvement in system voltage profile. Wint Yu Yu Zaw ""Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23472.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23472/power-flow-analysis-for-four-buses-system-by-nr-method/wint-yu-yu-zaw
This document contains the question bank for the subject EE 1351 Power System Analysis. It includes 18 multiple choice and numerical questions related to modeling components of a power system including generators, transmission lines and transformers. It also covers per-unit calculations, impedance and reactance diagrams, bus admittance matrices, symmetrical components and power flow analysis. Sample questions are provided on determining the per-unit impedances of components, drawing equivalent circuits, calculating sequence impedances and modeling various elements for power flow studies.
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses future trends in electrical distribution system planning. It predicts that distribution planning will rely heavily on computer tools to optimize network design based on multiple criteria. Load management will also impact distribution by altering load patterns, requiring systems to be designed differently. New automated tools like network editors are expected to enable trial network designs that can be simulated to ensure performance and accommodate load growth. The central role of databases and management systems in supporting these new planning tools is also highlighted.
1) Charles Flynn developed a magnetic frame device that uses coils wound around an iron frame containing a powerful permanent magnet. Applying pulses to the coils can produce linear or circular motion without moving parts.
2) Lawrence Tseung created a similar magnetic frame device that inserts a permanent magnet into one arm. Applying sharp DC pulses to a coil on one side can produce over-unity output power from a coil on the other side if the pulses reinforce the magnet's field.
3) Thane Heins developed a figure-eight double toroid transformer that can produce over 30 times the input power. The unique magnetic flow paths allow most reverse magnetic flux to cancel out, greatly improving efficiency over standard transformers.
This document discusses methods for obtaining peak power from photovoltaic (PV) systems, including manual tracking and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. It describes how PV cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. MPPT algorithms like perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) are used to automatically track the peak power point by matching the impedance of the solar module to the load. These algorithms help ensure PV systems operate efficiently without needing manual adjustment.
Power System Simulation Laboratory Manual Santhosh Kumar
This document outlines experiments related to power system simulation laboratory. It includes 10 experiments covering topics like computation of transmission line parameters, modeling of transmission lines, formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices, load flow analysis using different methods, fault analysis, stability analysis of single machine and multimachine systems, electromagnetic transients, load-frequency dynamics, and economic dispatch. The document provides theoretical background and procedures for conducting each experiment using MATLAB software. Sample problems are also included for some experiments to demonstrate the modeling and simulation of different power system components and analysis.
This document is a seminar report on circuit breakers presented by Gaurav Gangwar to partially fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report provides an introduction to circuit breakers and their purpose in protecting electrical systems from overcurrents. It describes various types of circuit breakers and how they operate, discussing elements like thermal and magnetic trip mechanisms. The report also covers topics like National Electrical Code requirements, circuit breaker ratings, types of overcurrents, and short circuits.
This document discusses various topics related to power system stability including:
1. It defines power system stability as the ability of a system to regain equilibrium after a disturbance. It classifies stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability.
2. Rotor angle stability depends on the balance between electromagnetic and mechanical torque on generators. Voltage stability refers to maintaining steady voltages after a disturbance.
3. It derives and explains the swing equation, which describes the relative motion of a generator rotor during disturbances. It provides the swing equation both with and without damper torque.
4. It discusses single machine infinite bus systems and provides the equivalent circuit diagram. Small-signal angle stability refers to the ability of a system
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
The document describes an experiment using MATLAB to implement the Newton-Raphson load flow method to analyze a 3-bus power system network. The Newton-Raphson method approximates non-linear power flow equations using Taylor series expansion, allowing faster convergence compared to other methods. The experiment specifies bus voltages, real/reactive power demands and generations, and solves for reactive power output using a tolerance of 0.01 power mismatch. The MATLAB code is run and the load flow solution is obtained.
STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) is a regulating device used on AC electricity networks to act as a source or sink of reactive power. It improves power quality and voltage stability. A STATCOM uses a voltage source converter to continuously control voltage and smoothly provide reactive power compensation. It responds faster than SVCs and provides better reactive power support at low voltages, making it superior for voltage stability applications.
Power quality-disturbances and monitoring SeminarSurabhi Vasudev
The document provides an overview of power quality monitoring and automatic power quality disturbance classification. It defines power quality and discusses increased interest in power quality. It describes various power quality disturbances like voltage fluctuations, harmonics, sags, and swells. It then discusses automatic power quality disturbance classifiers which use techniques like segmentation, feature extraction, and classification to identify different disturbance types. Neural networks and expert systems are presented as methods for automatic classification. The document emphasizes the importance of power quality monitoring and classification systems.
This document discusses maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. It outlines the components of a PV array system and factors that affect the arrays' power output such as temperature, irradiance, and shading. The document then presents a mathematical model of a PV array developed in Simulink and shows how changing temperatures and irradiances affect the power curve. It introduces MPPT and two common MPPT algorithms, perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance, developed and compared in Simulink. An experimental setup is described and results show the P&O oscillates more while incremental conductance finds the maximum power point more precisely.
Verilog codes and testbench codes for basic digital electronic circuits. shobhan pujari
Verilog codes and test bench codes for full adder,full adder using 2 half adders,Ripple carry adder,16x1 mux using 4x1 mux,decoder,mealy state machine,counter. These are more useful for bachelor students and masters students who are pursuing degree in electrical engineering .
This chapter deals with the generation of different power system parts which includes the generation, transmission and distribution systems. This slide is specifically prepared for ASTU 5th year power and control engineering students.
SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906)
DISTANCE RELAY
• There are mainly Three types of distance relay
1) Impedance Relay
2) Reactance Relay
3) Mho Relay
Power System Stability
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power
system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a
state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a
physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded
so that practically the entire system remains intact.
This document discusses voltage source converter (VSC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. It explains that a VSC based HVDC link can be viewed as two static synchronous compensators connected by a DC link. There are two modes of operation depending on whether the DC capacitors are connected or not. Advantages of VSC based HVDC links over traditional line commutated converter based links include independent control of real and reactive power and the ability to absorb or supply reactive power. Key components of a VSC converter station are also outlined.
A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm OptimizationIJERA Editor
Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Methodijtsrd
Power flow studies provide a systematic mathematical approach for determination of various bus voltages, there phase angle, active and reactive power flows through different branches, generators and loads under steady state condition. In this paper, the purpose of power flow analysis is to determine four bus system power flows. Case studies have been performed on Lawpita Taungoo Kamarnat Hlawga 230kV Line Myanmar . This paper presents a reliable method to meet the requirements by developing a Newton Raphson based load flow calculation program through which control setting of Shunt Compensator can be determined directly. This program computes the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in a power system under balanced steady state conditions. Real and reactive power flows for all buses, as well as line flow and line losses, are also computed. And then the compensation of shunt capacitor is proposed for load flow analysis and also for overall loss minimization and improvement in system voltage profile. Wint Yu Yu Zaw ""Power Flow Analysis for Four Buses System by NR Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23472.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23472/power-flow-analysis-for-four-buses-system-by-nr-method/wint-yu-yu-zaw
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
IRJET- Voltage Stability, Loadability and Contingency Analysis with Optimal I...IRJET Journal
This document discusses contingency analysis and optimal placement of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) using continuation power flow analysis to improve voltage stability and loadability. It presents a methodology to determine the optimal location and mix of different RDG technologies (solar, wind, fuel cells) on the IEEE 9-bus test system using the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). Reactive power performance indices are calculated for different line contingencies to identify critical buses. The results show that optimally placing RDGs can enhance voltage stability and increase the maximum loadability point compared to the base case without RDGs.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm to optimize reactive power reserve management in power systems. The IPSO algorithm is applied to minimize total reactive power generation from sources like generators and SVCs by adjusting control variables like generator voltages, transformer taps, and SVC settings. Testing on the IEEE 30-bus system shows the IPSO approach reduces reactive power generation and losses compared to the basic PSO algorithm. The IPSO approach also maintains bus voltages within acceptable ranges while optimizing reactive power reserves.
PV Source Integrated Micro-Grid for Power Quality Improvement using MPPT Tech...Niteesh Shanbog
The demand for Electrical energy is increasing day by day as it can be easily converted to another form of energy. All consumers expect Electrical energy with high power quality. Most of the commercial and industrial loads are inductive in nature and need power electronic circuits/ controllers to get smooth control of the equipment. This, in turn, leads to the injection of harmonics into the system, hence the power quality is affected. The above problem needs to be addressed and eliminated. In this paper, a shunt active power filter is used to mitigate the harmonics. Id-Iq control is used to analyse the performance of the filter and is simulated using MATLAB software. The MPPT controller is used to improving the power quality of the system.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to optimally place static var compensators (SVCs) in a power system to improve the voltage profile. The ABC algorithm is used to solve a multi-objective optimization problem to determine the optimal SVC location and size. The objectives are to minimize fuel costs, transmission losses, voltage deviations, and line flow limits. The algorithm is tested on the IEEE 30-bus test system and is able to improve the voltage profile compared to an optimal power flow without SVCs.
A fault-tolerant photovoltaic integrated shunt active power filter with a 27-...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a fault-tolerant shunt active power filter (SAPF). The novility in of this work is that it poposes a solutions to increase the reliability of shunt active power filter to maintain its operation under a single-phase open-circuit fault in the SAPF. This will increase the reliability of the whole power system. The SAPF is composed of a 4-leg 27-level inverter based on asymmetric cascaded H-bridge topology. If an open-circuit fault is introduced to the operation of the SAPF, a special control technique will be implemented and the redundant leg of the SAPF will be activated. The faulttolerant SAPF can do many tasks under healthy operating conditions and post and open circuit fault depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the batteries. It can mitigate harmonics in the power system, improve power factor in the system by injecting reactive power, and inject real power to the system. The proposed SAPF is tested and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and the results have shown a significant improvement in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current from 13.9% to 3.9% under the normal operating condition and from 42% to 8.4% post and open circuit fault.
The document describes a study investigating the design and performance of a photovoltaic system acting as a static synchronous compensator (PV-STATCOM) to enhance power quality in a microgrid application. Key components of the PV-STATCOM design are described, including the voltage source converter, DC bus capacitor, interfacing inductor, and control strategy using proportional-integral and hysteresis current controllers. Simulation results in MATLAB show the PV-STATCOM effectively mitigating current harmonics from nonlinear loads and injecting compensating current to improve power quality from 0.1 to 0.2 seconds as demonstrated in the current and voltage waveforms.
Optimal Power Flow With UPFC Using Fuzzy- PSO With Non-Smooth Fuel Cost FunctionIJERA Editor
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Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System for Optimal Power Flow Analysis
1. Pooja Sharma Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278
www.ijera.com 274 | P a g e
Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System for Optimal Power Flow
Analysis
Pooja Sharma, Navdeep Batish
Department of Electrical Engineering, SSCET, Badhani, Pathankot, Punjab-145001, India
ABSTRACT
The analysis of load flow in a network under steady state operation is challenging task especially subjected to
inequality constraints in which the system operates. No doubt, that the load flow system analysis is an important
aspect for power system analysis and design. The basic analysis technique for power flow is to find different
parameters including magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus with active and reactive power flows in
each transmission lines. Thus, load flow analysis is important numerical analysis for any power system. In this
regard, this experiment is studied to evaluate IEEE 57 bus system for optimal flow analysis.
Keywords - IEEE 57 bus system, active and reactive power, power losses, optimal load flow, Newton Raphson
method.
I. INTRODUCTION
Optimal Power flow (OPF) is one of the most
significant problems for power system planners and
operators [1]. The main aim of OPF is to discover
new techniques for the optimal settings of a given
power system network that improve a selected
objective function such as total generation cost,
system loss, bus voltage deviation while fulfilling its
load flow equations, system protection, and
equipment operating limits [2-5]. The basic objective
of OPF problem is to meet the required load demand
at minimum production cost, satisfying units’ and
system’s operating constraints, by adjustment of
power system control variables. In other words,
optimal power flow (OPF) problem deals with
finding an optimal operating point of a power system
that minimizes an appropriate cost function such as
generation cost or transmission loss subject to certain
constraints on power and voltage variables. Optimal
power flow is a nonlinear programming problem,
which is used extensively to determine optimal
outputs of generators, bus voltage and transformer
tap, setting in power system, with a predetermined
objective of minimizing total production cost [6]. In
any power system, the whole network must be
capable of withstanding the loss of some or several
transmission lines, transformers or generators,
guaranteeing its security; such outage or loss events
are often termed probable or credible contingencies
[7] [8]. These contingencies can be very well handled
using optimal load flow analysis. In its most general
formulation, the OPF problem is a nonlinear, non-
convex, large scale, static optimization problem with
both continuous and discrete control variables [9].
Even in the absence of non-convex unit operating
cost functions, unit prohibited operating zones, and
discrete control variables, the non-convex nature of
OPF problem is due to the existence of the nonlinear
(AC) power flow equality constraints [10]. It has a
significant influence on the economic dispatch and
secured operation of power systems. The active
power loss, voltage profile and voltage security in a
power system are important parameters in optimal
load flow studies [11-13]. Some additional
constraints like reactive power capability of
generators, voltage magnitude limits of load bus etc
should also be observed to obtain an optimal solution.
Voltage stability margin is another factor which
needs to be considered while optimizing a power
system network. In case the power generation
capacity of a system is very close to its power
demand then installation of few extra power sources
at some suitable points in the system may improve
the voltage profile, voltage stability margin along
with reduction of active power loss of the system [14]
[15].
II. OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
The basic objectives of optimal power flow can be
stated as below:
a) To minimize total generation cost:
Generation cost of any power system network can
be represented in terms of fuel cost , labour cost and
maintenance cost but for simplicity fuel cost is
considered only to be variable one. Hence the
generation cost minimization involves minimizing
the fuel cost. Fuel cost can be defined as;
2
1
( ) $/h
n
c i Gi i Gi i
i
f a P b P c
(1)
where , andi i ia b c are generator cost curve
coefficient. n is the total number of generators. GiP
is the active power of the ith generator. To minimize
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Pooja Sharma Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278
www.ijera.com 275 | P a g e
fuel cost, its derivative is obtained, denoted by
lambda (λ).
b) To minimize transmission losses:
Total transmission losses in a power system
network are represented as;
2 2
2 2
1
( 2 cos( ))
N
K
L i j i j i j
K K K
r
P V V VV
r x
(2)
where N is the number of transmission lines, ir and
ix are respectively the resistance and reactance of
the transmission line k connecting bus i and bus j. iV
and jV are the voltage magnitudes at bus i and bus j,
respectively; i and j are the voltage angles at bus
i and bus j, respectively.
c) Equality and inequality constraints
consideration:
Equality constraints include power balance
constraints given as;
1 1
i
N M
Gi load loss
i j
P P P
(3)
where M= total no. of load buses, N= total no. of
generation buses.
Inequality constraints deals with tolerable limits on
generation power, shunt capacitors, transformer taps,
voltage magnitudes, etc. Various inequality
constraints involved in optimal power flow studies
are;
min maxG Gi GP P P (4)
min maxG Gi GQ Q Q (5)
min maxiV V V (6)
min maxc c cQ Q Q (7)
min maxiTap Tap Tap (8)
To solve optimal power flow problem, no. of
methods have been developed. These include Linear
Programming (LP) method, Newton- Raphson (NR)
method, Quadratic Programming (QP) method,
Nonlinear Programming (NLP) method, Interior
Point (IP) method and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
methods. In this paper Newton Raphson method is
being used to carry out optimal power flow study of a
power system network.
III. NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
Newton Raphson method is the best opted
method for solving non-linear optimal load flow
equations as it gives better convergence speed as
compare to Gauss-siedel load flow method. The
number of iterations involved in Newton Raphson
method is independent of number of buses
considered, hence power flow equations can be
solved just in few iterations. Keeping in view all
these advantages, Newton Raphson method is
popularly used for load flow studies in a power
system. In using Newton Raphson method, a direct
solver is used to solve the linear systems. Basically
an iterative technique is used in this method for
obtaining optimal power flow solution.
IV. IEEE 57 BUS SYSTEM
The standard IEEE 57-bus system consists of 80
transmission lines; seven generators at buses 1, 2, 3,
6, 8, 9, 12; and 15 OLTC transformers.
Fig. 1. One-line diagram of the IEEE 57 bus test
system.
V. METHODOLOGY
In present study, optimal power flow study of
IEEE 57 bus system has been done using Newton
Raphson power flow algorithm. The MATPOWER
software has been used to run the algorithm. To
perform optimal load flow analysis using Newton
Raphson method, the algorithm developed is as
follows:
Step 1: Form the nodal admittance matrix (Yij).
Step 2: Assume an initial set of bus voltage and set
bus n as the reference bus as:
Vi= Vi, spec. ∠00
(at all PV buses)
Vi= 1∠00
(at all PQ buses)
Step 3: Calculate the real Power Pi using the load
flow equation;
2
1
cos sin
n
i ii i i j ij ij ij ij
j
P G V V V G B
(9)
Step 4: Calculate the reactive Power Qi using the load
flow equation;
2
1
sin cos
n
i ii i i j ij ij ij ij
j
Q B V V V G B
(10)
3. Pooja Sharma Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278
www.ijera.com 276 | P a g e
Step 5: Form the Jacobian matrix using sub-matrices
H, N, K and L.
Step 6: Find the power differences ΔPi and ΔQi for all
i=1, 2, 3… (n-1);
, . , .
, . , .
i i spec i cal
i i spec i cal
P P P
Q Q Q
(11)
Step 7: Choose the tolerance values.
Step 8: Stop the iteration if all ΔPi and ΔQi are within
the tolerance values.
Step 9: Update the values of Vi and δi using the
equation xk+1
=xk
+ Δxk
.
Step 10: Calculate generation cost λ by using
derivative of fuel cost.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Optimal power flow results of IEEE 57 bus
system includes voltage magnitudes, active and
reactive powers and generation and load costs so that
optimal operation of the system can be guaranteed.
Various results obtained using MATPOWER are
shown in tables below.
Table 1: IEEE 57 bus system optimal bus data
Bus
Voltage Generation Load Lambda($/MVA-hr)
Mag(p.u) Ang(deg) P (MW) Q (Mvar) P (MW) Q (Mvar) P Q
1 1.009 0.000* 142.63 44.6 55 17 42.13 -
2 1.008 0.821 87.81 50 3 88 41.756 0.158
3 1.003 -1.169 45.07 28.77 41 21 42.536 -
4 1.006 -1.066 - - - - 42.499 0.011
5 1.016 -0.035 - - 13 4 42.007 0.046
6 1.026 0.881 72.89 7.77 75 2 41.458 -
7 1.024 1.666 - - - - 41.233 0.17
8 1.044 4.724 459.82 87.17 150 22 40.437 -
9 1.004 -0.091 97.55 9 121 26 41.954 0.247
10 0.984 -3.579 - - 5 2 43.207 0.238
11 0.984 -2.244 - - - - 43.011 0.394
12 0.992 -3.488 361.54 43.26 377 24 43.325 -
13 0.978 -3.157 - - 18 2.3 43.419 0.232
14 0.97 -3.517 - - 10.5 5.3 43.522 0.098
15 0.988 -2.545 - - 22 5 43.065 0.096
16 0.991 -3.949 - - 43 3 43.471 0.019
17 0.993 -2.891 - - 42 8 43.118 0.088
18 1.026 -5.297 - - 27.2 9.8 42.533 -0.017
19 0.988 -6.664 - - 3.3 0.6 44.557 0.669
20 0.977 -6.837 - - 2.3 1 44.995 0.916
21 1.015 -6.524 - - - - 45.109 0.719
22 1.015 -6.461 - - - - 45.064 0.711
23 1.014 -6.468 - - 6.3 2.1 45.134 0.742
24 1.017 -5.848 - - - - 45.365 1.008
25 1.001 -10.772 - - 6.3 3.2 45.629 1.227
26 0.976 -5.334 - - - - 45.44 1.073
27 1.013 -2.856 - - 9.3 0.5 43.325 0.708
28 1.033 -1.508 - - 4.6 2.3 42.1 0.491
29 1.05 -0.625 - - 17 2.6 41.148 0.237
30 0.98 -11.36 - - 3.6 1.8 46.75 1.856
4. Pooja Sharma Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278
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31 0.951 -12.158 - - 5.8 2.9 48.383 2.781
32 0.96 -11.551 - - 1.6 0.8 47.608 2.51
33 0.958 -11.589 - - 3.8 1.9 47.77 2.591
34 0.967 -7.624 - - - - 47.403 2.24
35 0.973 -7.405 - - 6 3 47.023 2.032
36 0.982 -7.15 - - - - 46.449 1.739
37 0.991 -6.996 - - - - 46.032 1.44
38 1.016 -6.431 - - 14 7 44.917 0.65
39 0.989 -7.022 - - - - 46.114 1.491
40 0.98 -7.142 - - - - 46.488 1.843
41 1.007 -6.414 - - 6.3 3 43.053 0.857
42 0.975 -8.037 - - 7.1 4.4 45.335 1.54
43 1.02 -3.479 - - 2 1 43.018 0.519
44 1.019 -5.911 - - 12 1.8 44.515 0.59
45 1.035 -4.065 - - - - 43.021 0.33
46 1.06 -5.091 - - - - 43.468 -0.652
47 1.034 -6.298 - - 29.7 11.6 44.235 -0.064
48 1.029 -6.329 - - - - 44.441 0.179
49 1.038 -6.339 - - 18 8.5 44.126 0.108
50 1.024 -6.4 - - 21 10.5 44.674 0.619
51 1.052 -4.817 - - 18 5.3 43.153 0.213
52 1.019 -2.162 - - 4.9 2.2 43.444 0.847
53 1.009 -2.829 - - 20 10 44.393 0.991
54 1.029 -2.193 - - 4.1 1.4 43.391 0.676
55 1.059 -1.225 - - 6.8 3.4 41.945 0.177
56 0.975 -8.764 - - 7.6 2.2 46.242 1.237
57 0.97 -9.421 - - 6.7 2 46.83 1.262
-------- -------- -------- --------
Total: 1267.31 270.56 1250.8 336.4
Fig. 2: Graph showing losses as per active and
reactive powers due to branches in IEEE 57 bus
system
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an IEEE 57 based bus system for
optimal power flow is being discussed. In this
experiment, Newton Raphson method is studied and
discussed to evaluate the optimal conditions
including power losses for this bus system.
Moreover, load flow data is also evaluated. This
technique is studied using MATPOWER simulation
software and the results showed faster convergence
with reliable results.
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www.ijera.com 278 | P a g e
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