Abstract: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices represents a technological development in electrical power systems to have a tendency to generate the power with minimum price and less time that fulfill our requirement according to our need. Now a days Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices play a vital role in boost the power of system performance and power transfer capability. TCSC is an important member of family. In practical TCSC implementation, several such basic compensators may be connected in series to obtain the desired voltage rating and operating characteristics, so its placement is very important. This paper represent a meta heuristic hybrid Algorithm of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Differential Evolution (DE) for finding the best placement and parameter setting of Thyristor Controlled Series capacitor to attain optimum power flow (OPF) of grid network. The proposed technique is tested at IEEE-30 bus test System. Result shows that the selected technique is one of the best for placement of TCSC for Secured optimum Power Flow (OPF).
Keywords: Optimal placement, Severity index, stressed power system, System loadability, TCSC, Hybrid DE/ABC.
Title: TCSC Placement Problem Solving Using Hybridization of ABC and DE Algorithm
Author: Ritesh Diwan, Preeti Sahu
ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Paper Publications
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
Reactive Power Planning is a major concern in the
operation and control of power systems This paper compares
the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and
New Improved Differential Evolution (NIMDE) to solve
Reactive Power Planning (RPP) problem incorporating
FACTS Controllers like Static VAR Compensator (SVC),
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Unified
power flow controller (UPFC) considering voltage stability.
With help of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), the critical
lines and buses are identified to install the FACTS controllers.
The optimal settings of the control variables of the generator
voltages,transformer tap settings and allocation and parameter
settings of the SVC,TCSC,UPFC are considered for reactive
power planning. The test and Validation of the proposed
algorithm are conducted on IEEE 30–bus system and 72-bus
Indian system.Simulation results shows that the UPFC gives
better results than SVC and TCSC and the FACTS controllers
reduce the system losses.
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
of the generators (model 1.1). The effectiveness of FACTSbased
controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
(CPSS) and demonstrated on 10 machines, 39 bus New England
test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
Line Losses in the 14-Bus Power System Network using UPFCIDES Editor
Controlling power flow in modern power systems
can be made more flexible by the use of recent developments
in power electronic and computing control technology. The
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a Flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) device that can control all the
three system variables namely line reactance, magnitude and
phase angle difference of voltage across the line. The UPFC
provides a promising means to control power flow in modern
power systems. Essentially the performance depends on proper
control setting achievable through a power flow analysis
program. This paper presents a reliable method to meet the
requirements by developing a Newton-Raphson based load
flow calculation through which control settings of UPFC can
be determined for the pre-specified power flow between the
lines. The proposed method keeps Newton-Raphson Load Flow
(NRLF) algorithm intact and needs (little modification in the
Jacobian matrix). A MATLAB program has been developed to
calculate the control settings of UPFC and the power flow
between the lines after the load flow is converged. Case studies
have been performed on IEEE 5-bus system and 14-bus system
to show that the proposed method is effective. These studies
indicate that the method maintains the basic NRLF properties
such as fast computational speed, high degree of accuracy and
good convergence rate.
A Review on Optimal Location and Parameter Settings of FACTS Devices in Power...IJMTST Journal
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed as an effective
solution for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltages in electrical power systems, resulting low
system losses, and improved stability. Placement of these devices in suitable location can lead to control in
line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level. The FACTS devices placement problem is commonly
solved using heuristic optimization techniques which are diverse and have been the subject of ongoing
enhancements. This paper presents a survey of the literature from the last decade that has focused on the
various techniques applied to determine optimal location of FACTS devices.
Several models and methods have been suggested for the optimal location and parameter setting of
FACTS devices. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art models and methods applied to the
power system problems, analyzing and classifying current trends in this field.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
Phase Measurement Units based FACT’s Devices for the Improvement of Power Sys...IJECEIAES
This paper describes the importance of FACTS devices; it presents the outcome of the study of its reflectance on the performance of power system networks. It seeks to increase and guarantee the fact and accuracy of response systems under disturbance conditions when the phase measurement units are introduced as Real-Time Measurement (RTM) stations. This paper also describes the importance of FACTS devices. The combination of FACTS devices and PMUs is presented to increase the controllability performance of power systems. This paper demonstrates how PMUs measure voltage, current and their angles. It provides, through a communication link, a Phase Angle Data Concentrator (PDC) to make an appropriate decision to correct the power system state using the FACTS device (TCSC). We utilized the Graph-Theoretic Algorithm to optimize the number and location of PMUs. The technique proposed was tested on the Iraqi National Super Grid’s 24bus network, Diyala City’s regional 10bus network and the 14bus IEEE standard test system. The MATLAB/PSAT package was utilized for the simulation of results. It is evident that our proposed algorithm and technique achieved the purpose of this paper as confirmed by the level of accuracy of the results obtained from most of the cases tested.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
Reactive Power Planning is a major concern in the
operation and control of power systems This paper compares
the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and
New Improved Differential Evolution (NIMDE) to solve
Reactive Power Planning (RPP) problem incorporating
FACTS Controllers like Static VAR Compensator (SVC),
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Unified
power flow controller (UPFC) considering voltage stability.
With help of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), the critical
lines and buses are identified to install the FACTS controllers.
The optimal settings of the control variables of the generator
voltages,transformer tap settings and allocation and parameter
settings of the SVC,TCSC,UPFC are considered for reactive
power planning. The test and Validation of the proposed
algorithm are conducted on IEEE 30–bus system and 72-bus
Indian system.Simulation results shows that the UPFC gives
better results than SVC and TCSC and the FACTS controllers
reduce the system losses.
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
of the generators (model 1.1). The effectiveness of FACTSbased
controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
(CPSS) and demonstrated on 10 machines, 39 bus New England
test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
Line Losses in the 14-Bus Power System Network using UPFCIDES Editor
Controlling power flow in modern power systems
can be made more flexible by the use of recent developments
in power electronic and computing control technology. The
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a Flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) device that can control all the
three system variables namely line reactance, magnitude and
phase angle difference of voltage across the line. The UPFC
provides a promising means to control power flow in modern
power systems. Essentially the performance depends on proper
control setting achievable through a power flow analysis
program. This paper presents a reliable method to meet the
requirements by developing a Newton-Raphson based load
flow calculation through which control settings of UPFC can
be determined for the pre-specified power flow between the
lines. The proposed method keeps Newton-Raphson Load Flow
(NRLF) algorithm intact and needs (little modification in the
Jacobian matrix). A MATLAB program has been developed to
calculate the control settings of UPFC and the power flow
between the lines after the load flow is converged. Case studies
have been performed on IEEE 5-bus system and 14-bus system
to show that the proposed method is effective. These studies
indicate that the method maintains the basic NRLF properties
such as fast computational speed, high degree of accuracy and
good convergence rate.
A Review on Optimal Location and Parameter Settings of FACTS Devices in Power...IJMTST Journal
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been proposed as an effective
solution for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltages in electrical power systems, resulting low
system losses, and improved stability. Placement of these devices in suitable location can lead to control in
line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level. The FACTS devices placement problem is commonly
solved using heuristic optimization techniques which are diverse and have been the subject of ongoing
enhancements. This paper presents a survey of the literature from the last decade that has focused on the
various techniques applied to determine optimal location of FACTS devices.
Several models and methods have been suggested for the optimal location and parameter setting of
FACTS devices. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art models and methods applied to the
power system problems, analyzing and classifying current trends in this field.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
Phase Measurement Units based FACT’s Devices for the Improvement of Power Sys...IJECEIAES
This paper describes the importance of FACTS devices; it presents the outcome of the study of its reflectance on the performance of power system networks. It seeks to increase and guarantee the fact and accuracy of response systems under disturbance conditions when the phase measurement units are introduced as Real-Time Measurement (RTM) stations. This paper also describes the importance of FACTS devices. The combination of FACTS devices and PMUs is presented to increase the controllability performance of power systems. This paper demonstrates how PMUs measure voltage, current and their angles. It provides, through a communication link, a Phase Angle Data Concentrator (PDC) to make an appropriate decision to correct the power system state using the FACTS device (TCSC). We utilized the Graph-Theoretic Algorithm to optimize the number and location of PMUs. The technique proposed was tested on the Iraqi National Super Grid’s 24bus network, Diyala City’s regional 10bus network and the 14bus IEEE standard test system. The MATLAB/PSAT package was utilized for the simulation of results. It is evident that our proposed algorithm and technique achieved the purpose of this paper as confirmed by the level of accuracy of the results obtained from most of the cases tested.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive
survey on power system state estimation techniques. The
algorithms used for finding the system states under both static
and dynamic state estimations are discussed in brief. The
authors are opinion that the scope of pursuing research in the
area of state estimation with PMU and SCADA measurements
is the state of the art and timely.
Congestion Management using Optimal Choice and Allocation of FACTS Controllersidescitation
This paper concerns the optimal choice and
allocation of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)
devices in multi-machine power system using genetic
algorithm. The objective is to improve the system loadability
and the voltage stability. Using the proposed method, the
locations of the FACTS devices, their types and rated values
are optimized simultaneously. Different kinds of FACTS
devices are simulated in this study: Thyristor Controlled
Series Compensator (TCSC) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC). The proposed algorithm is an effective and practical
method for the choice and allocation of FACTS devices in
large power systems.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
Kalman Filter Algorithm for Mitigation of Power System Harmonics IJECEIAES
The maiden application of a variant of Kalman Filter (KF) algorithms known as Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LET-KF) are used for mitigation and estimation power system harmonics are proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is applied for estimating the harmonic parameters of power signal containing harmonics, sub-harmonics and interharmonics in presence of random noise. The KF group of algorithms are tested and applied for both stationary as well as dynamic signal containing harmonics. The proposed LET-KF algorithm is compared with conventional KF based algorithms like KF, Ensemble Kalman Filter (En-KF) algorithms for harmonic estimation with the random noise values 0.001, 0.05 and 0.1. Among these three noises, 0.01 random noise results will give better than other two noises. Because the phase deviation and amplitude deviation less in 0.01 random noise. The proposed algorithm gives the better results to improve the efficiency and accuracy in terms of simplicity and computational features. Hence there are less multiplicative operations, which reduce the rounding errors. It is also less expensive as it reduces the requirement of storing large matrices, such as the Kalman gain matrix used in other KF based methods.
Transmission Congestion and Voltage Profile Management Using TCSC and TCPAR i...IJERA Editor
In present days all our basic needs are relates with electricity. As the population increases, the demand for electricity is also tremendously increases. In the past, the entire electricity industry is under the control of government and also monopolized. But now, the power industry in many countries is moving rapidly from regulated conventional setup to deregulated environment. The transmission congestion is one of the technical problems that particularly appear in the deregulated power system. If congestion is not managed we face the problems of electricity price improvement and security and stability problems. Congestion relief can be handled using FACTS device such as TCSC, TCPAR where transmission capability will be improved. These FACTS devices are optimally placed on transmission system using Sensitivity approach method. The proposed method is carried out on Modified IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-24 bus system Using Power World Simulator17 software.
The gravitational search algorithm for incorporating TCSC devices into the sy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to allocate the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) incorporation with the issue of reactive power management. The aim of using TCSC units in this study is to minimize active and reactive power losses. Reserve beyond the thermal border, enhance the voltage profile and increase transmission-lines flow while continuing the whole generation cost of the system a little increase compared with its single goal base case. The optimal power flow (OPF) described is a consideration for finding the best size and location of the TCSCs devices seeing techno-economic subjects for minimizing fuel cost of generation units and the costs of installing TCSCs devices. The GSA algorithm's high ability in solving the proposed multi-objective problem is tested on two 9 and 30 bus test systems. For each test system, four case studies are considered to represent both normal and emergency operating conditions. The proposed GSA method's simulation results show that GSA offers a practical and robust highquality solution for the problem and improves system performance.
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
This research presents a method for reliability assessment considering the 23MVA, 230/15 kV
transformer through two 15 kV outgoing transmission lines at Debre Markos substation. It also goes further to
include 139 low voltage 15/0.4 kV distribution transformers. The total load connected to the 15 kV feeders are
varies between 0.33255 and 6.3185 MW. A composite system adequacy and security assessment is done using
Monte Carlo simulation. The basic data and the topology used in the analysis are based on the Institution of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Reliability Test System and distribution system for bus two of the IEEEReliability
Bus bar Test System. The reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and
expected interruption costs are being assessed and considered. Distribution system reliability information was
obtained from actual data for systems operating in Ethiopia Electric Utility office and Debre Markos substation
recorded data and online SCADA system.
Reliability Prediction of Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Network Usin...theijes
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Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Loss Reduction by Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on a Radial feederIDES Editor
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources
in recent times, the studies on integration of distributed
generation to the power grid have rapidly increased. In order
to minimize line losses of power systems, it is crucially
important to define the location of local generation to be placed.
Proper location of DGs in power systems is important for
obtaining their maximum potential benefits. This paper
presents analytical approaches to determine the optimal
location to place a DG on radial systems to minimize the power
loss of the system. Simulation results are given to verify the
proposed analytical approaches.
A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm OptimizationIJERA Editor
Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithmijtsrd
This paper proposes an immune feedback control algorithm for a three phase distribution static compensator DSTATCOM to mitigate several power quality problems such as harmonics, reactive power, and load unbalancing at distribution level. This control algorithm proposed for DSTATCOM, is validated for maintaining power factor to unity, load balancing, and harmonics reduction of supply currents. In this application, the proposed control algorithm on a DSTATCOM is implemented for the compensation of nonlinear loads. The simulations were performed in the environment of MATLAB SIMULINK. P. Thirumala | K. Mahesh "Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29812.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29812/power-quality-enhancement-using-dstatcom-by-immune-feedback-control-algorithm/p-thirumala
Optimal placement of facts devices to reduce power system losses using evolu...nooriasukmaningtyas
The rapid and enormous growths of the power electronics industries have made the flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices efficient and viable for utility application to increase power system operation controllability as well as flexibility. This research work presents the application of an evolutionary algorithm namely differential evolution (DE) approach to optimize the location and size of three main types of FACTS devices in order to minimize the power system losses as well as improving the network voltage profile. The utilized system has been reactively loaded beginning from the base to 150% and the system performance is analyzed with and without FACTS devices in order to confirm its importance within the power system. Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) and static var compensator (SVC) are used in this research work to monitor the active and reactive power of the carried out system. The adopted algorithm has been examined on IEEE 30-bus test system. The obtained research findings are given with appropriate discussion and considered as quite encouraging that will be valuable in electrical grid restructuring.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive
survey on power system state estimation techniques. The
algorithms used for finding the system states under both static
and dynamic state estimations are discussed in brief. The
authors are opinion that the scope of pursuing research in the
area of state estimation with PMU and SCADA measurements
is the state of the art and timely.
Congestion Management using Optimal Choice and Allocation of FACTS Controllersidescitation
This paper concerns the optimal choice and
allocation of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)
devices in multi-machine power system using genetic
algorithm. The objective is to improve the system loadability
and the voltage stability. Using the proposed method, the
locations of the FACTS devices, their types and rated values
are optimized simultaneously. Different kinds of FACTS
devices are simulated in this study: Thyristor Controlled
Series Compensator (TCSC) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC). The proposed algorithm is an effective and practical
method for the choice and allocation of FACTS devices in
large power systems.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
Kalman Filter Algorithm for Mitigation of Power System Harmonics IJECEIAES
The maiden application of a variant of Kalman Filter (KF) algorithms known as Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LET-KF) are used for mitigation and estimation power system harmonics are proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is applied for estimating the harmonic parameters of power signal containing harmonics, sub-harmonics and interharmonics in presence of random noise. The KF group of algorithms are tested and applied for both stationary as well as dynamic signal containing harmonics. The proposed LET-KF algorithm is compared with conventional KF based algorithms like KF, Ensemble Kalman Filter (En-KF) algorithms for harmonic estimation with the random noise values 0.001, 0.05 and 0.1. Among these three noises, 0.01 random noise results will give better than other two noises. Because the phase deviation and amplitude deviation less in 0.01 random noise. The proposed algorithm gives the better results to improve the efficiency and accuracy in terms of simplicity and computational features. Hence there are less multiplicative operations, which reduce the rounding errors. It is also less expensive as it reduces the requirement of storing large matrices, such as the Kalman gain matrix used in other KF based methods.
Transmission Congestion and Voltage Profile Management Using TCSC and TCPAR i...IJERA Editor
In present days all our basic needs are relates with electricity. As the population increases, the demand for electricity is also tremendously increases. In the past, the entire electricity industry is under the control of government and also monopolized. But now, the power industry in many countries is moving rapidly from regulated conventional setup to deregulated environment. The transmission congestion is one of the technical problems that particularly appear in the deregulated power system. If congestion is not managed we face the problems of electricity price improvement and security and stability problems. Congestion relief can be handled using FACTS device such as TCSC, TCPAR where transmission capability will be improved. These FACTS devices are optimally placed on transmission system using Sensitivity approach method. The proposed method is carried out on Modified IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-24 bus system Using Power World Simulator17 software.
The gravitational search algorithm for incorporating TCSC devices into the sy...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to allocate the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) incorporation with the issue of reactive power management. The aim of using TCSC units in this study is to minimize active and reactive power losses. Reserve beyond the thermal border, enhance the voltage profile and increase transmission-lines flow while continuing the whole generation cost of the system a little increase compared with its single goal base case. The optimal power flow (OPF) described is a consideration for finding the best size and location of the TCSCs devices seeing techno-economic subjects for minimizing fuel cost of generation units and the costs of installing TCSCs devices. The GSA algorithm's high ability in solving the proposed multi-objective problem is tested on two 9 and 30 bus test systems. For each test system, four case studies are considered to represent both normal and emergency operating conditions. The proposed GSA method's simulation results show that GSA offers a practical and robust highquality solution for the problem and improves system performance.
Design methodology of smart photovoltaic plant IJECEIAES
In this article, we present a new methodology to design an intelligent photovoltaic power plant connected to an electrical grid with storage to supply the laying hen rearing centers. This study requires a very competent design methodology in order to optimize the production and consumption of electrical energy. Our contribution consists in proposing a robust dimensioning synthesis elaborated according to a data flow chart. To achieve this objective, the photovoltaic system was first designed using a deterministic method, then the software "Homer" was used to check the feasibility of the design. Then, controllers (fuzzy logic) were used to optimize the energy produced and consumed. The power produced by the photovoltaic generator (GPV) is optimized by two fuzzy controllers: one to extract the maximum energy and another to control the batteries. The energy consumed by the load is optimized by a fuzzy controller that regulates the internal climate of the livestock buildings. The proposed control strategies are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink.
This research presents a method for reliability assessment considering the 23MVA, 230/15 kV
transformer through two 15 kV outgoing transmission lines at Debre Markos substation. It also goes further to
include 139 low voltage 15/0.4 kV distribution transformers. The total load connected to the 15 kV feeders are
varies between 0.33255 and 6.3185 MW. A composite system adequacy and security assessment is done using
Monte Carlo simulation. The basic data and the topology used in the analysis are based on the Institution of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Reliability Test System and distribution system for bus two of the IEEEReliability
Bus bar Test System. The reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and
expected interruption costs are being assessed and considered. Distribution system reliability information was
obtained from actual data for systems operating in Ethiopia Electric Utility office and Debre Markos substation
recorded data and online SCADA system.
Reliability Prediction of Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Network Usin...theijes
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Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
Coordinated planning in improving power quality considering the use of nonlin...IJECEIAES
Power quality has an important role in the distribution of electrical energy. The use of non-linear load can generate harmonic spread which can reduce the power quality in the radial distribution system. This research is in form of coordinated planning by combining distributed generation placement, capacitor placement and network reconfiguration to simultaneously minimize active power losses, total harmonic distortion (THD), and voltage deviation as an objective function using the particle swarm optimization method. This optimization technique will be tested on two types of networks in the form 33-bus and 69-bus IEEE Standard Test System to show effectiveness of the proposed method. The use of MATLAB programming shows the result of simulation of increasing power quality achieved for all scenario of proposed method.
Loss Reduction by Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on a Radial feederIDES Editor
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources
in recent times, the studies on integration of distributed
generation to the power grid have rapidly increased. In order
to minimize line losses of power systems, it is crucially
important to define the location of local generation to be placed.
Proper location of DGs in power systems is important for
obtaining their maximum potential benefits. This paper
presents analytical approaches to determine the optimal
location to place a DG on radial systems to minimize the power
loss of the system. Simulation results are given to verify the
proposed analytical approaches.
A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm OptimizationIJERA Editor
Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithmijtsrd
This paper proposes an immune feedback control algorithm for a three phase distribution static compensator DSTATCOM to mitigate several power quality problems such as harmonics, reactive power, and load unbalancing at distribution level. This control algorithm proposed for DSTATCOM, is validated for maintaining power factor to unity, load balancing, and harmonics reduction of supply currents. In this application, the proposed control algorithm on a DSTATCOM is implemented for the compensation of nonlinear loads. The simulations were performed in the environment of MATLAB SIMULINK. P. Thirumala | K. Mahesh "Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29812.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29812/power-quality-enhancement-using-dstatcom-by-immune-feedback-control-algorithm/p-thirumala
Optimal placement of facts devices to reduce power system losses using evolu...nooriasukmaningtyas
The rapid and enormous growths of the power electronics industries have made the flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices efficient and viable for utility application to increase power system operation controllability as well as flexibility. This research work presents the application of an evolutionary algorithm namely differential evolution (DE) approach to optimize the location and size of three main types of FACTS devices in order to minimize the power system losses as well as improving the network voltage profile. The utilized system has been reactively loaded beginning from the base to 150% and the system performance is analyzed with and without FACTS devices in order to confirm its importance within the power system. Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) and static var compensator (SVC) are used in this research work to monitor the active and reactive power of the carried out system. The adopted algorithm has been examined on IEEE 30-bus test system. The obtained research findings are given with appropriate discussion and considered as quite encouraging that will be valuable in electrical grid restructuring.
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Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
Optimum Location of TCSC by Sensitivity Factor Analysis for Congestion Manage...rahulmonikasharma
Due to deregulation of electric market transmission congestion occurs due insufficient transmission capacity to accommodate all constraints for transmission of a line. FACTS devices such as Gate Controlled Series Capacitor and Thyristor Control Series Compensator can help to reduce the flow in heavily loaded lines by controlling the power flow in the network. It increases the load ability of the network and reduces the cost of production. Congestion management using series connected FACTS devices can be done in two steps. First, find the optimal location of FACTS device and second, optimize the setting of the control parameter of FACTS device. Three methods to determine the optimal location of series connected FACTS device are discussed in this paper. The approach is based on sensitivity of line loss, total system loss and real power flow performance index. The proposed method has been demonstrated on 9-bus system in MATLAB programming as well as SIMULINK.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Optimal Placement of FACTS Controllers for Congestion Management in the Dereg...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a methodology to determine the optimal location of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers for Congestion Management (CM) in the restructured electrical power system. An approach to find the optimum placement of Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulators (TCPAR) and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) has been proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is based on the sensitivity of transmission loss which a controller is installed. The total system losses and the power flows are considered as the performance indices. The traditional optimal power flow (OPF) problem is modified to include the market players, who will compete and trade simultaneously, ensuring the system operation stays within the security limits. In this paper, pool and bilateral contracts are considered. Here, an integrated methodology is proposed that includes the FACTS Controllers in a bilateral contract framework to maintain the system security and to minimize the deviations from the contractual requirements. The simulation results on IEEE 30 bus system show that the sensitivity factors could be used effectively for the optimal location of FACTS controllers in response to the required objectives.
In any power system, unexpected outages of lines or transformers occur due to faults or other disturbances. These events, referred to as contingencies, may cause significant overloading of transmission lines or transformers. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers provide a new facilities, both in steady state power flow control and dynamic stability control. Thyrister Controlled Series Capacitor (TSCS) based FACTS device for minimize the losses and power flow in long distance transmission line. The problem of determining the optimal TCSC parameters is formulated as an optimization problem and a N-R method based approach is applied to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. Programme is done on 3 bus system by N-R method.
Transmission Congestion Management by Using Series Facts Devices and Changing...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFCijtsrd
Occurrence of a fault in a power system causes transients. To stabilize the system, Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) are used. Load flow analysis is done to analyze the transients introduced in the system due to the occurrence of faults. The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACTS) devices such as UPFC are becoming important in suppressing power system oscillations and improving system damping. The UPFC is a solid-state device, which can be used to control the active and reactive power. This paper considers a power system as a case study for investigating the performance of UPFC is achieving stability. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults, the voltage deviations and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. The effectiveness of UPFC in suppressing power system oscillation is investigated by analyzing their voltage deviations and reactive power support in this paper. A proportional integral (PI) controller has been employed for the UPFC. It is also shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line. Navneet Kaur | Gagan Deep Yadav"Power Quality Improvement in Power System using UPFC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7139.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/7139/power-quality-improvement-in-power-system-using-upfc/navneet-kaur
Smart Power Transmission System Using FACTS DeviceIJAPEJOURNAL
Making of smart grids puts mounting pressure on the nation’s aging electric power transmission system. Just planting additional towers and stringing more line won’t practice the nation’s electric power transmission infrastructure to meet up the energy challenges ahead. Smart grids stand geared up to play a much larger role in the energy equation for reduction of transmission line losses. The FACTS controllers come out with the capability of enhancing transmission system control, reliability, and operation. This paper will discuss and express how Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) has effectively been applied to power system for efficiently regulating system voltage and thus increase system load ability. This paper investigates the effects of (STATCOM) on voltage stability of a power system at different positions.The simulation analysis of this paper can be used as guideline for power industry. The study is thereby simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software and simulation results show that STATCOM is effective in midpoint voltage regulation on transmission line. In this paper comparison is also performed between STATCOM and SVC under fault condition and it is proved that STATCOM have the capacity to provide more capacitive power for the period of a fault than SVC.
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TCSC Placement Problem Solving Using Hybridization of ABC and DE Algorithm
1. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp: (1-6), Month: April - June 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 1
Paper Publications
TCSC Placement Problem Solving Using
Hybridization of ABC and DE Algorithm
1
Ritesh Diwan, 2
Preeti Sahu
1,2
Electronics and Telecommunication department Raipur institute of technology Raipur, India
Abstract: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices represents a technological
development in electrical power systems to have a tendency to generate the power with minimum price and less
time that fulfill our requirement according to our need. Now a days Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
devices play a vital role in boost the power of system performance and power transfer capability. TCSC is an
important member of family. In practical TCSC implementation, several such basic compensators may be
connected in series to obtain the desired voltage rating and operating characteristics, so its placement is very
important. This paper represent a meta heuristic hybrid Algorithm of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and
Differential Evolution (DE) for finding the best placement and parameter setting of Thyristor Controlled Series
capacitor to attain optimum power flow (OPF) of grid network. The proposed technique is tested at IEEE-30 bus
test System. Result shows that the selected technique is one of the best for placement of TCSC for Secured
optimum Power Flow (OPF).
Keywords: Optimal placement, Severity index, stressed power system, System loadability, TCSC, Hybrid DE/ABC.
I. INTRODUCTION
FACTS devices have been used for solving various power system issues like voltage stability, power flow control, and
transfer capability etc. The FACTS concept was initially outlined by N.G. Hingorani, in 1988. According to IEEE
definition, it is Alternating current transmission system incorporating power electronic based and other static controllers
to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. [1]
FACTS devices such as Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator can help increase power transfer capacity in heavily
loaded network because of its capability to control power flow flexibly. In a multi-machine network, the influence of
TCSCs on the network is complex since the control of any one device influences all others,In a competitive (deregulated)
power market, the location of these devices and their control can significantly affect the operation of the system. Optimal
allocation and control of these devices will be very important. Use of TCSC to maximize Total Transfer Capability
generally defined as the maximum power transfer transaction between a specific power-seller and a power-buyer in a
network.[2]
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices is an important parameter in electrical power
systems, which makes utilities able to control power flow, increase transmission line stability limits, and improve security
of transmission systems. In addition, FACTS devices can be used to maximize power transfer capability and minimize
transmission system power loss, leading to an efficient utilization of existing power systems. However to what extent the
performance of FACTS devices can be brought out highly depends upon the location and the parameters of these devices.
In this, we propose one of the newest Evolutionary Optimization Techniques, namely Differential Evolution (DE) to
select the optimal location and the optimal parameter setting of TCSC which minimize the active power losses in the
power network, and compare it is performances with Genetic Algorithm (GA). [3]
2. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp: (1-6), Month: April - June 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 2
Paper Publications
In deregulated power systems, total transfer capability (TTC) analysis is presently a critical issue either in the operating or
planning because of increased area interchanges among utilities. FACTS devices can be an alternative to reduce the flows
in heavily loaded lines, resulting in an increased transfer capability, low system loss, improved stability of the network,
reduced cost of production and fulfilled contractual requirement by controlling the power flows in the network. It is
important to ascertain the location for placement of these devices because of their considerable costs. A method to
determine the suitable locations of thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC) and thyristor controlled phase angle
regulators (TCPAR) based on the real power flow performance index sensitivity has been suggested, for enhancing the
total transfer capability of the interconnected power system. A conceptually reasonable and computationally feasible
approach has been developed. [4]
Considers the placement of Flexible AC transmission system devices into power systems with a criterion of maintaining a
prescribed level of control reconfigurability. Control reconfigurability is measures the small signal combined
controllability and observability of a power system with an additional requirement on tolerance to loss of measurement
data in any single measurement unit in the system, which have not been considered in the existing works. Control device
placement is formulated as an optimization problem of finding a minimum number of new control devices to meet a
prescribed control reconfigurability threshold. A binary search algorithm and a genetic algorithm are applied to Thyristor
Controlled Series Compensators into a number of IEEE test systems. [5]
A genetic-algorithm (GA) based OPF algorithm for identifying the optimal values of generator active-power output and
phase shifting purpose. The locations of phase shifters are selected based on sensitivity analysis. To overcome the
shortcomings associated with the representation of real and integer variables using the binary string in the GA population,
the control variables are represented in their natural form. Also crossover and mutation operators which can deal directly
with integers and floating point numbers are used. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus is presented and compared with the
results of other approaches. [6]
With the interconnection of the large regional power grid and the establishment of the future electricity market, since the
grid power flow randomness and the probability of transmission congestion occurred greatly increased, transmission
congestion has become more serious that affects the safe and stability of the modern power grid, which is bad for the
efficient and economical operation of electricity market. How to solve the transmission network congestion problem have
become forefront topics at the field of electricity market. In the traditional vertical management mode, once the
transmission power exceeds the limited case, the dispatch center schedules independently according to certain principles,
which is different from the electricity market environment. The electrical energy is circulated by electricity trading. The
economic interests of all market participants is involved in eliminating the congestion process, meanwhile, eliminating
congestion requires not only the technical support, but also the consideration of the justice and benefits, which makes the
congestion problem more complicated. Elimination of congestion mainly uses two types of technical and economic
methods. The former mainly relies on the advanced and reasonable scheduling means (e.g. FACTS controlling
technology), the latter mainly uses the price mechanism.[7]
II. TCSC PLACEMENT PROBLEM
A. TCSC:
A TCSC can be defined as a capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a series capacitor shunted by a Thyristor
controlled reactor in order to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.
Fig 1 TCSC configuration
3. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp: (1-6), Month: April - June 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 3
Paper Publications
B. Placement problem:
There is a troublesome task to perform optimum placement of TCSC because of high price of TCSC but it is
necessary to find out the precise location of device. There is no, to the simplest of author’s data, paper that suggest a
straight forward and reliable technique for determinative the suitable location of FACTS devices with static issues.
Several factors depend on the situation of the device. optimum Power Flow (OPF) for reactive power planning could be a
static nonlinear programming downside aimed at programming the controls of the facility of system in an exceedingly
manner that optimizes an explicit objective perform whereas satisfying a collection of physical and operational
constraints imposed by instrumentation limitations and security needs [8].
III. METAHAURISTIC METHOD
A. Differential Evolution:
A basic variant of the DE algorithm works by having a population of candidate solution (called agents). These agents are
moved around in the search-space by using simple mathematical formulae to combine the positions of existing agents
from the population. If the new position of an agent is an improvement it is accepted and forms part of the population,
otherwise the new position is simply discarded. The process is repeated [9].
Step 1: Initialize a set of population members randomly.
Step2: Evaluate the fitness (objective value) for each population member and record the best fitness and member.
Step3: Shuffle the population into a number different sets to make the differential variations of the whole population.
Step4: From the populations in Step3, select one to be 'base vector' population and determine the 'weighted difference'
population from other two sets of population, then add the base vector and weighted difference vector together to obtain
the 'mutant population'
Step5: Crossover operation between the initial population and the mutant population by randomly replacing the initial
population with the mutant population at the crossover probability
Step6: Evaluate fitness of the mutant vectors, compare with that of the initial population and replace some of population
members by the better vectors obtained
From Step5
Step7: Record the best member found so far
Step8: Repeat Step2 to Step7 until one of the stopping criteria is met. The criterion is either the maximum number of
generations or the target value of the best fitness. The solution to the problem is the recorded member from Step7
B. Artificial bee colony:
The artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC), a relatively new meta-heuristic algorithm based on the social behavior
observed in honey bee swarm, was introduced in 2005 by Karaboga as a solution to the optimization problem with
multivariable functions. It is based on the observation made on the social behavior of the honey bee swarm.
The artificial bees are classified into three categories:
1. Employed bees: Each artificial employed bee is attached to a single food source. It has two functions: exploit this
food source, and advertise its position, by dancing in the hive, to attract more artificial onloooker bees to further exploit
this food source.
2. Onlooker bees: The artificial onlooker bees tend to chose the best food source to exploit. As such good food sources
attract more artificial bees, thus get more exploited.
3. Scout bees: When a given food source has been exhausted, its employed bee will be converted to a scout that will
chose a random new food source to exploit. A food source represents a possible solution to the considered optimization
problem, while its quality represents the fitness of the solution.
The artificial bee population is evenly divided by the artificial employed bees (SN artificial bees) and the artificial
onlooker bees (LN artificial bees).
4. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp: (1-6), Month: April - June 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 4
Paper Publications
C. Proposed method:
Here we are using somewhat different terminology i.e. hybridization of artificial bee colony (ABC) and Differential
algorithm (DE) [10].
(1) Initialize the population of solutions
(2) Population is evaluated.
(3) For cycle = 1; REPEAT
(4) New solutions (food sources positions) in the neighbourhood of are produced for the employed bees (ne) using
= +rand (i j) ∗ ( − ) (k is the solution in the neighbourhood, rand (i j) being a random number in −1 ≤
rand ≤ 1) and evaluate them
(5) Store the best values between and after greedy selection process
(6) Probability values for different solutions of are calculated by means of their fitness values using equation
=
∑
Here F represents the fitness values of solutions and these are calculated by using
=
Then after values are normalized into [0, 1]
(7) Based on the probabilities , new solutions for the onlookers are produced from the xi
(8) REPEAT Step-5
(9) Next, the abandoned solution (position or source) is determined if exits, and it is replaced with a newly produced
random solution for the scout as explained in scout bee phase i.e., using = +r ∗ ( – )
(10) Memorize the best food source solution obtained so far (11) cycle = cycle+1
(12) Until cycle = Maximum;
(13) stop.
IV. RESULT
From the whole analysis, we obtain that as we increase the reference value primarily the power loss is increases in case of
DE but after that it decreases and that point is the best location of TCSC placement.
Ref 1 2 3 4
Power Loss 5.0864 5.0905 5.0898 5.0864
5. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
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But from the ABC analysis as we increase as the number of iteration, power loss is same in all the case.
Ref 1 2 3 4
Power Loss 5.7763 5.7763 5.7763 5.7763
From the whole analysis it is clear that hybrid of ABC and DE give best result for TCSC placement. DE gives the
minimum power loss and ABC maintain the power loss to be constant.
Below graph showing the combine analysis of both Algorithm.
V. CONCLUSION
The effectiveness of the best installation of FACTS for minimizing the active power generation price in power system is
investigated. TCSC is reactance control FACTS device which may manage power flow between the lines. To indicate the
effectiveness of the projected methodology standard take system (IEEE 30 bus) is employed for simulation study.
Simulation results reveal that the projected algorithmic rule works satisfactorily for the system sat at rated load.
Moreover, it will be inferred from the simulation results that installation of TCSC will scale the transmission loss and
improve the ability flow through the transmission line at reduced generation price for all the techniques mentioned.
REFERENCES
[1] N. G. Hingorani, and L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission
Systems", IEEE Press, New York, 2001.
[2] Wang Feng and G. B. Shrestha, "Allocation of TCSC devices to optimize total transmission capacity in a
competitive power market," 2001 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat.
No.01CH37194), Columbus, OH, 2001,pp.587-593vol.2.doi: 10.1109/PESW.2001.9169
[3] G. I. Rashed, Y. Sun and H. I. Shaheen, "Optimal TCSC placement in a power system by means of Differential
Evolution Algorithm considering loss minimization," 2011 6th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and,pp.
Applications, Beijing,20112209-2215.doi:10.1109/ICIEA.2011.5975957
Algorithm Power Loss
DE 5.0996
ABC 5.7763
6. ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp: (1-6), Month: April - June 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 6
Paper Publications
[4] K. S. Verma, S. N. Singh and H. O. Gupta, "FACTS devices location for enhancement of total transfer capability,"
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OH,2001,pp.522-527vol.2.doi:10.1109/PESW.2001.916902.
[5] Q. Qin and N. E. Wu, "Control reconfigurability-based placement strategy for FACTS devices," 2013 American
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[6] N. B. Muthuselvan, P. Somasundaram and S. S. Dash, "Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles
Security Enhancement of Optimal Power Flow using Genetic Algorithm," 2006 International Conference on Power
Electronic, Drives and Energy Systems, New Delhi, 2006, pp. 1-4.doi: 10.1109/PEDES.2006.344300
[7] F. Li and X. Li, "Research on Design and Application Based on TCSC Optimal Model for Congestion," 2010 Asia-
Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Chengdu,2010,pp.1-4doi: 10.1109/APPEEC.2010.5448166
[8] G. R. Kumar, R. K. Rao and S. S. T. Ram, "Power Flow Control and Transmission Loss Minimization model with
TCSC and SVC for Improving System Stability and Security," 2008 IEEE Region 10 and the Third international
Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, Kharagpur, 2008, pp.1-5.doi 10.1109/ICIINFS.2008.4798368.
[9] B. Sookananta, "Determination of FACTS placement using differential evolution technique," 2009 International
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[10] Ajith Abraham, Ravi Kumar Jatoth and A. Rajasekhar “Hybrid Differential Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm”
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