H ydrocarbon I
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This document discusses aliphatic hydrocarbons, specifically alkanes. It begins by introducing hydrocarbons and classifying them as either aliphatic or aromatic. Alkanes, also known as paraffins, are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons that have the general formula CnH2n+2. The simplest alkane is methane, and higher alkanes like ethane, propane, and butane make up homologous series where the molecular formula differs by CH2. Alkanes can exhibit isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements and properties.
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This document provides information on common functional groups found in organic chemistry. It defines functional groups as specific atomic or bond arrangements within molecules that determine characteristic chemical reactions. The document then lists numerous common functional groups organized by element, including their structural formulas, prefixes, and suffixes. It also defines names used for radical species and moieties.
Homologous series
Homologous series are groups of compounds that have similar chemical properties and differ from each other by an additional CH2 group. To be considered homologous, a series must: 1) have members that can be represented by a common chemical formula; 2) have members that differ by 14 amu (-CH2-); 3) have members prepared through the same chemical reaction; and 4) have members that exhibit the same chemical properties. The presence of a common functional group determines the chemical properties within each homologous series.
Homologous series
A homologous series is a series of compounds with similar chemical properties where each member differs from the next by a CH2 group. The key characteristics of a homologous series are:
1) Each member can be represented by a common chemical formula that differs by CH2.
2) Members are prepared by a common method.
3) Members have the same chemical properties.
4) Each member differs from the next by one CH2 group which has a mass of 14.
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Organic chemistry deals with carbon compounds, especially hydrocarbons which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond. They can be produced through the dehydration of alcohols, which removes a water molecule, or through the dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, which involves heating the alkyl halide with an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide to eliminate hydrogen halide and form an alkene.
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This document outlines learning outcomes and content about hydrocarbons. It discusses the bonding ability of carbon and different types of organic compounds. It introduces the alkane and alkene homologous series, including their structures, properties, and reactions. Specific topics covered include structural formulas of alkanes and alkenes, combustion reactions, substitution reactions with halogens, and uses of alkanes and alkenes. Polyunsaturated foods are also mentioned.
Alkane 11
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. They have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkanes can be represented by structural formulas that show the specific arrangement of atoms in the molecule. Structural isomers are possible for alkanes with five or more carbons. Alkanes are prepared through hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes, decarboxylation of fatty acids, and reduction of alkyl halides. They undergo halogenation reactions to form alkyl halides. Physical properties like boiling point increase with increasing molecular size and branching decreases boiling point.
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Alcohols. Kamran Mammadli
This document provides information about alcohols, including their structure, nomenclature, and classification. It begins by reviewing hydrocarbons and noting that alcohols differ in that they contain an OH (hydroxyl) functional group. Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether the alcohol carbon is bonded to 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms. Naming involves identifying the parent chain and lowest locant for the OH group. Examples of methanol, butanol, and isopropanol are provided to illustrate the nomenclature rules.
Classification, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds.pptx
This document provides information on the classification, nomenclature, and isomerism of organic compounds. It discusses how organic compounds are classified based on their structure as acyclic, cyclic, aromatic, etc. It also describes the IUPAC system for systematically naming organic compounds based on functional groups and molecular structure. Key points covered include naming conventions for alkanes, alkenes, alkyl halides, and other compound classes.
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Classification, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds.pptx
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
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PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
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MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Directdamage
Indirectly
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Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
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H ydrocarbon I
- 1. Chapter-3 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Mr. Amol R. Pagare Department of Chemistry
- 2. Contents • Introduction • Alkanes • Higher Alkanes • Isomerism • Nomenclature • Preparation of Alkanes • Reactions of Alkanes
- 3. Introduction Organic compounds which consists of only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms are know as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are of different types. They are classified as follows :
- 4. Classification Of Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Aromatic Hydrocarbon Benzene C6H6 Naphthalene C10H8 Alkanes C C CnH2n+2 Methane Ethane Propane Alkenes C C CnH2n Ethene Propene Alkenes C C CnH2n-2 Acetylene Propyne Cyclic Aliphatic CnH2n Cyclo propane Cyclo Butane
- 5. Classification by structure On the basis of structure, we separate all organic compounds into a number of families (e.g. alcohol, amine, acid, alkane family). While doing this we observe that, we have classified the compounds on the basis of their physical and chemical properties. A Particular set of properties is a characteristic of a particular kind of structure. The variations in properties are also observed within a family, e.g. Methane. b.p. is - I62"C while ethane b.p.is 88.5°C Not only this but within a single compound there may be variations in properties, e.g. lactic acid shows dextro and leavo rotation. These variations in properties corresponds to variations in structure.
- 6. Alkane family Alkanes are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons , containing C C . General formula- CnH2n+2 Alkanes are also referred to as paraffin's. The simplest alkane is the methane (CH4) which occurs in nature. The next members-of the alkane family are ethane, propane, butane, hexane etc. Many of them occur naturally and the chief source of alkanes is mineral oil or petroleum. Therefore, these hydrocarbons have been assigned to the same family as methane on the basis of their structure.
- 7. Higher Alkanes: The Homologous Series When the alkanes are arranged in the increasing order of their molecular formula we find that, the formula of each individual differ from that of its 'neighbour by- CH2- group. A set of compounds, in which the members differ in composition from one another by –CH2- is known as a homologous Series and tne members of the series are called homologues. Homologous series is observed in all types of organic compounds containing different functional groups.
- 8. Different Homologous series Alkanes Alcohols Alkyl halides CH4 CH3 OH CH3 X C2H6 C2H5 OH C2H5 X C3H8 C3H7 OH C3H7 X C4H10 C4H9 OH C4H9 X C5H12 C5H11 OH C5H11 X C6H14 C6H13 OH C6H13 X C7H16 C7H15 OH C7H15 X C8H18 C8H17 OH C8H17 X C9H20 C9H19 OH C9H19 X C10H22 C10H21 OH C10H21 X
- 9. Isomerism Compounds having same molecular formula but different structural arrangements represent different compounds. Such compounds are called isomers or isomerides, and the phenomenon is known as isomerism. Isomer differ in their physical and chemical properties. As we go up the series of alkanes , we find that, as the number of atoms increases the number of possible arrangements of these atoms also increases. Thus, there are two different ways (I and II) of arranging the four carbon atoms having molecular formula C4H10 Actually there exists two such compounds having different physical properties n-butane and iso-butane.
- 10. To be Conti…. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH3 (I)- n-butane C4H10 (II)- Iso-butane C4H10 (b.p. O0c) (b.p. -120c) CH3