Guidelines for Transforming Traditional Village into Eco-Village

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Guidelines for Transforming Traditional Village into Eco-Village
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-Binayak P Rajbhandari
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dflg; 7"nf] lbnn] x'G5 hftn] x'“b} g .
–dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b] jsf] 6f
dflg; 7"nf] s;/ L x'G5 <

Jojxf/ df nfu" ul/ lbP xfn xfdLn]
ef] lu/ fv] sf] vfB c;'/ Iffsf] l:yltdf
s] xL ;'wf/ cfp‘bf] xf] . xfn xfd|f]
d'n'ssf] hg;+Vof @,^^,)),))) /
s"n 3/ w'/ L;+Vof %$,@&,#)@ 5 .
aif] {gL vfBfGg ;d:of a] xf] g'{ gkg] {
3/ w'/ L ;ªVof sl/ a $),&),)))
5 . xfdLnfO{ ;g @))*/ ( /
@))(/ !) df qmdzM !,#@,(!)
d] l6«s 6g / #,@(,(&@ d] l6«s 6g
vfBfGg ck'u ePsf] lyof] eg] ;g
@)!)/ !! df $,$#,)%& d] l6«s
6g vfBfGg art ePsf] lyof] .
aif] {gL a] xf] g'{ kg] { vfBfGg c;'/ Iffsf]
;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf] wg ug'{ xfd|f nflu
kmnfdsf] Ro'/ f rkfP;/ x sl7g
ePsf] 5 . aif] {gL x/ ] s 3/ w'/ Ln] Ps
lbgdf %) u|fd -laxfg / a] n'sf
Ps Ps d'7L_ vfBfGg art ug] {
xf] eg] To;sf] b} lgs s"n kl/ df0f
@)# d] l6«s 6g x'g hfg] 5 . Ps
aif{df To;/ L ;l~rt vfBfGgsf]
s"n kl/ df0f &$,)(% d] l6«s 6g
x'g] 5 . aif{lbgdf o;/ L hf] ufOPsf]
vfBfGgnfO{ “ul/ aL lgaf/ 0fsf nflu
;fd'bflos kxn" cyjf "d'7Lbfg"
h:tf sfo{qmddfkm{t ufp‘a:tLdf
nfg ;s] 3/ kl/ jf/ sf] vfBfGg
c;'/ Iffsf] ;d:of s] xL dfqfdf eP
klg ;dfwfg x'g] lyof] . Osf] len] hdf
:yfgLo ;d"x / ;ldltx¿n] o:tf
;f] rx¿nfO{ d't{ ¿k lbg ;Sb5g
/ ;Sg' klg kb{5 . kl5 uP/
To;sf] cg's/ 0f / fli6«o :t/ df
x'g ;Sb5 . Osf] len] hdf o:tf]
;f] rsf] ;lx sfof{Gjogaf6 ef] vd/ L
lgld6ofGg ePkl5 / fHon] b] ze/ L
cyjf w] / } ufp‘df o:tf] sfo{qmd
lsg nfu" gug] { <

xfnsf] tyfslyt d"n k|jfxsf] s[lif
k|0ffnLcGtu{t / f;folgs dn /
laiffbLx¿sf] k|of] un] ubf{ jftfj/ 0f
k|b"lift x'g] , dflg; / a:t'efpsf]
:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg] { u/ ] sf] , /
h} ljs lalawtf gi6 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
To;} u/ L pQm s[lif k|0ffnLcGtu{t
t/ fO{sf v] tx¿nfO{ tf/ Gtf/
6ofS6/ n] hf] Tgfn] df6f] sf] ;+/ rgf
lalu|+b} / pj{/ f zlQm emg emg sd
x'“b} u} / x] sf] 5 . Ps jfnL k4ltn]
ubf{ gofF gofF / f] u ls/ fx¿sf]
k|sf] k a9b} u} / x] sf] 5 . tyfslyt
d"n k|jfxsf] s[lif k|0ffnL nf] esf]
;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/ t 5 . Tof] nf] e
eg] sf] k|lt PsfO hldgaf6 a9LeGbf
a9L pTkfbg lngsf nflu w] / } eGbf
w] / } / f;folgs dn, / f;folgs
laiffbL tyf xla{;fO8x¿sf] k|of] u
ug{‘ xf] . To:tf] k|lalw / cEof;af6
df6f] sf] ;+/ rgf lau|g] , pj{/ tf gi6
x'g] , df6f] sf hLjf0f'x¿sf] ;+Vof
cToflws Go"g x'g] , h} ljs lalawtf
gi6 x'g] s'/ fdf To:tf] s[lif k|0ffnLsf
kIfw/ x¿nfO{ ;/ f] sf/ 5} g .
pgLx¿nfO{ s] jn gfkmf;Fu dfq
dtna 5 . w] / } wg sdfP/ dfgl;s
zflGt k|fKt ug{ ;ls+b} g a? Tof]
u'dfOG5 eGg] 1fg klg pgLx¿nfO{
5} g . zfob To:tf] k|j[lttkm{ ;+s] t
u/ L n] v] sf lyP xfd|f sljlz/ f] d0fL
n] vgfy kf} 8ofnn] “d} vfpF d} nfpF
;'v;on jf df] h d u?F, d} gfr'F d}
xfF;' c? ;a d?g b'a{nx¿ . "
laiffbLo'Qm vfB kbfy{x¿af6 tof/
kfl/ Psf cg] sf} kl/ sf/ x¿ h:t}
eft, kmnk"mn, t/ sf/ L, bfn, df;',
cyjf b'w vfP/ / f] uL hLjg afFRg'
s'g} klg cy{df / fd|f] x'g ;Sb} g .
a? :j:ys/ vfgfsf] Pp6f jf
b'O{6f kl/ sf/ vfO{ :j:y / xg' /
dfgl;s zflGt k|fKt ug'{ a'l4dfgL
xf] . dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b] jsf] 6fn]
Psbd 7Ls eg] sf 5g "xftsf] d} nf
;'gsf] y} nf s] ug'{ wgn] , ;fu /
xftsf] d} nf ;'gsf] y} nf s] ug'{ wgn] ,
;fu / l;:g" vfPsf] a] z cfgGbL dgn] .
–dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b] jsf] 6f
s[lif, jftfj/ 0f / hLljsf] kfh{g

l;:g" vfPsf] a] z cfgGbL dgn] ".
To;f] eP s] ug] { t < cfkmgf nflu
cfaZos vfB kbfy{ :yfgLo :t/ df
g} pTkfbg ug] {, k|fªufl/ s pTkfbg
ug] { :yfgLo ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg /
;xfotf ug] {, xfd|f cfˆgf / } yfg] 1fg
vfB e08f/ 0f k|ljlw / k/ Dk/ fnfO{
k'ghL{ljt / ;Dj4{g ug] { .
ls;fgnfO{ s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/ 0f /
Jofj;flosLs/ 0fsf] gfddf laiffbL
k|of] u u/ L v] tL ug{ / hgtfnfO{
laiffbLo'Qm vfgf vfg afWo kfg] {
gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ oyflz3|
vf/ ] h ug]{ .
cg'jf+lzs¿kdf ¿kfGtl/ t
-h] g] l6sNnL df] l8kmfO8_ vfB
pTkfbg k|ljlwsf] k|of] uaf6
afnLgfnLsf] k|lt PsfO pTkfbg
cToflws dfqfdf a9fpg ;lsG5 .
pQm k|lalwsf] k|of] uaf6 afnLgfnLdf
/ f] u / sL/ fx¿sf] lgoGq0f klg
/ fd|f] ;Fu ug{ ;lsG5 . a} 1flgs
lx;fa lstfadf Tof] s'/ f ;xL xf] .
Tof] ;'Gbf / fd|} s'/ f xf] h:tf] klg
nfUb5 . t/ To:tf] k|ljlwn] xfd|f
/ } yfg] jfnLgfnLsf lglZrt hftx¿
x/ fpg] , To;;Fu ;DalGwt / } yfg]
1fg, k|ljlw / k/ Dk/ f x/ fpg] k|jn
;Defjgf / xG5 . To:tf] k|ljlw
ckgfpg] ax'/ fli6«o 7"nf lab] zL
sDklgx¿n] gk'+;s -a0f{z+s/ _
aLpx¿sf] pTkfbg ub{5g . To:tf]
aLp u/ fpg bzsf} +;Dd lg/ Gt/
cg';Gwfg ug'{ kb{5 . To;sf
nflu ax'/ fli6«o sDklgx¿n] c/ af} +
?lkofF nufgL ub{5g . ;+;f/ e/ sf
ls;fgx¿nfO{ To:tf aLp cfˆgf
ahf/ ;~hfndfkm{t pknJw
u/ fpFb5g . To:tf 7"nf lab] zL
ax'/fli6«o sDklgx¿df dG;fG6f] ,
8'kf] 06 / ;] Gh] 06f gfd'b 5g . 7"nf
lab] zL sDklgx¿n] pTkfbg u/ ] sf]
aLp k|of] u ug{ yfn] kl5 ls;fgx¿n]
sd pTkfbg lbg] cfˆgf] aLp / fVg
5f] 8b5g . gk'+;s aLpx¿ k|of] u
ug] { ls;fgx¿n] sfnfGt/ df x/ ] s
;fn ax'/ fli6«o sDklgx¿n] tf] s] hlt
w] / } d'No -/ sd_ ltg'{ kg] { ca:yf
cfpg] 5 . To;nfO{ lasf;f] Gd'v jf
cNk lasl;t d'n'ssf ls;fgx¿sf
nflu aflx/ L k|fljlws-cfly{s
em8sf elgG5 . :yfgLo :t/ df
cfˆgf] aLp / fVg 5f] 8] kl5 xfd|f
cfˆgf afnLgfnLsf hftsf aLpx¿
t nf] k e} ;s] sf x'g] 5g . To;} n] xfd|f
ls;fgx¿n] klg To:tf] em8sfsf]
;fdgf ug} { kg] { x'G5 . pgLx¿sf]

hLljsf] kfh{gsf lgldQ Tof] cToGt
r'gf} ltk"0f{ x'g] 5 . clxn] g} xfdLn]
sf7df8f} +df yfkflrlgof jf tf} nL
wfg nufpg rfx] df aLp kfOFb} g .
bfª / t/ fO{ e"efudf l;D7f/ f] -/ ftf]
rfdnsf] Ps hft_ / clGb -cglb_
wfg nufpg rfx] df aLp kfpg
d'l:sn e} ;s] sf] 5 . ;fgf ls;fgsf]
afx'Notf ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] cNk
ljsl;t d'n'ssf] ;/ sf/ / ;DalGwt
;ª3 ;+:yf / lj1x¿n] of] s'/ fnfO{
uDeL/ ¿kdf lng' kb{5 . Tolt dfq
xf] Og ;/ sf/ n] o; ;DaGwdf :ki6
gLlt / sfo{qmd th'{df ug'{ h?/ L 5
/ ls;fg ju{nfO{ ;To tYo hfgsf/ L
lbg' af~5gLo 5 .
sltko ca:yfdf h] g] l6sNnL
df] l8kmfO8 afnLgfnLsf hftx¿
xla{;fO8 -emf/ kft dfg] { / ;fog_
lg/ f] ws x'G5g . To;sf] cy{ s] xf]
eg] To:tf afnLgfnLdf emf/ kft
lgoGq0f ug{ ls;fgx¿n] xla{;fO8
-emf/ kft dfg] { / ;fog_ k|of] u ug'{
kg] { x'G5 . xla{;fO8n] df6f] / kfgLdf
k|j] z u/ L jftfj/ 0f k|b"lift ug] {
dfq xf] Og xfd|f] vfB rqmdf ;d] t
k|j] z kfpF5g . To;af6 dflg;sf]
/ ufO{a:t'sf] :jf:Yodf gsf/ fTds
c;/ kb{5 .
kl5Nnf s] xL bzsx¿df hnjfo'
kl/ jt{g / fli6«o / cGt/ fli6«o :t/ df
Ps uDeL/ ;/ f] sf/ sf] laifo ag] sf]
5 . dflg;n] cfˆgf] ;'v ;'lawfsf
nflu k|of] u ug] { lalaw k|lalwx¿sf
sf/ 0f hnjfo' kl/ jt{gn] 7"nf] ¿k
lng k'u] sf] 5 . o'/ f] k / cd] l/ sfsf
lasl;t d'n'sx¿df dfq xf] Og
lasf;f] Gd'v elgg] rLg, ef/ t,
a|flhn, blIf0f clk|msf, ;fpbL c/ a
/ s'a] t h:tf b] zx¿df ;d] t
xl/ t u[xaf6 pT;h{g x'g] sfj{g
8fOcS;fO8, ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8,
ldy] g, gfO6«; cS;fO8, k/ km
nf] / f] sfa{g, xfO8«f] kmnf] / f] sfa{g, tyf
;Nkm/ x] Shfˆnf] / fO8 h:tf xl/ t u[x
Uof;x¿sf] dfqf jftfj/ 0fdf a9b}
u} / x] sf] 5 . cf} Bf] lus lasf;sf]
qmd ;'? x'g'cl3 xfd|f] jfo'd08ndf
sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9]/ @*)
kLkLPd -!) nfvdf c+z_ ePsf] df
æd} vfpF d} nfpF ;'v;on jf df] h d u?F,
d} gfr'F d} xfF;' c? ;a d?g b'a{nx¿ .Æ
–sljlz/ f] d0fL n] vgfy kf} 8ofn

;g @)!! df Tof] dfqf #(!=&^
kLkLPd k'u] sf] tYof° k|sflzt
ePsf] 5 . To;} u/ L cf} Bf] lus
lasf;sf] qmd ;'? x'g'cl3 xfd|f]
jfo'd08ndf ldy] gsf] dfqf a9]/
&!% kLkLPd lyof] eg] ;g @)!! df
Tof] dfqf !&&$ kLkLPd k'u] sf] 5 .
xl/ t u[x Uof; pT;h{gdf t] n phf{
-@%=%)%_, pBf] uwGbf -!(=$)%_,
aglagfz -!&=$)%_, s[lifsf]
cfw'lgsLs/ 0f -!#=%)%_, oftfoft
-!#=!)%_, Jofj;flos ejg -&=@_
/ k|b"if0fsf] -@=*_ e"ldsf / x] sf]
tYo k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . xl/ t Uof;
pT;h{gn] hnjfo' kl/ jt{gnfO{ emg
emg ;d:ofu|:t u/ fpFb} nu] sf]
5 . kmn:j¿k cgfj[li6, cNkj[li6,
cyjf v08a[li6 x'g] , af9L cfpg]
/ k} / f] hfg] , tfkqmddf a[l4 x'Fb}
hfg] e} / x] sf] 5 . To;} sf sf/ 0f
Psflt/ jfnLgfnLsf] pTkfbg
sd x'“b} u} / x] sf] 5 eg] csf] {lt/
dflg;sf] hLljsf] kfh{g emg si6s/
/ r'gf} ltk"0f{ x'Fb} u} / x] sf] 5 .
;fdfGotof Ps lbgdf cyjf
laxfgb] lv / ftL;Dd tfkqmddf s] xL
l8u|Lsf] kl/ jt{g x'G5 . To;} n] $
l8u|Lsf] kl/ jt{g eGg] s'/ faf6 w] / }
dflg;nfO{ 8/ nfUb} g . t/ ;+;f/ e/
;fnfvfnf ! l8u|Lsf] kl/ jt{g x'g
dxf;fu/ sf] kfgLsf] , afo'd08nsf] /
hldgsf] 7"nf] efu crfSnL tflQg'
kb{5 . cfheGbf @),))) aif{cl3sf]
t'ngfdf laZjsf] afo'd08nsf]
tfkqmd # l8u|Ln] dfq a9] sf]
5 . t/ clxn] b] lvPsf] hnjfo'
kl/ jt{gnfO{ Wofg lbg] xf] eg] s] xL
bzsd} Tof] tfkqmd c? $ l8u|Ln]
a9g] 5 . xfd|f] afo'd08nsf]
tfkqmd $ l8u|Ln] a9g' eg] sf] 7"nf]
s'/ f xf] . h} ljs k|hfltsf dflg;,
hgfj/ , k+IfL, ;'IdhLjf0'f, hnr/ ,
af] 6la?jf, OToflbsf] cl:tTjsf
nflu hfnjfojLo cfwf/ g} ;dfKt
ePkl5 s] x'g ;Sb5, Tof] sNkgf
u/ f} + . To;} n] hnjfo' kl/ jt{g
xfd|f] u|xsf] Ps ;femf / cToGt
dxŒjk"0f{ r'gf} tL ag] sf] 5 . o;sf]
;fdgf xfdL ;a} k[YjLjf;Lx¿ ldn] /
ug'{ jf~5gLo ePsf] 5 . o;af6
plDsg s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/ 0f,
cf} Bf] lusLs/ 0f, gfkmf, tyf lasl;t
d'n'sn] ckgfPsf] af6f] g} 7Ls xf]
/ ToxL af6f] lx+8g' kb{5 eGg] h:tf
dfGotf / ts{nfO{ :yfg lbg ;lsg]
ca:yf ca afFsL / x] g . ;a} n] cf-
cfˆgf] t] ;|f] cfFvf tyf r] tgfsf] b[li6
vf] Ng] a] nf cfO;s] sf] 5 .

• dfly pNn] lvt ;d:ofx¿ /
r'gf} ltx¿af6 hf] lug tyf
kof{j/ 0f / k|s[lt ;+/ If0fnfO{
k|j4{g ug{ ;3g h} ljs
v] tL k|0ffnL h:tf lbuf] s[lif
k4ltx¿nfO{ hLjg bz{gsf
¿kdf ckgfpg] .
• ;fdflhs Gofosf] :yfkgf /
hLjgf] kof] uL ;f+:s[lts d'No
dfGotfx¿sf] hu] gf{ tyf k|j4{g
;a} txdf ug{ k|oTg/ t / xg] .
• cfk"m afrf} + tyf c?nfO{ klg
afFRg ;3fcf} +, cfk"m vfpF /
c?nfO{ klg v'jfcf} + eGg] hLjg
bz{gnfO{ Jojxf/ df ckgfpg] .
• To;sf nflu cfaZos kg] {
;fdflhs / ef} lts ;+/ rgfx¿
;a} hgf ldn] / agfcf} +, kl/ rflnt
u/ f} + / To;nfO{ emg dha't
agfpg] sfd u/ f} + . Osf] len] hsf]
cjwf/ 0ffn] ;d] 6] sf df] 6fdf] 6L
laifox¿ log} x'g .
To;f] eP s] ug] { t <
• hdLg s:sf] xf] <
• hdLg, h+un / kfgLsf] ;+/ If0f
lsg ug] {<
• hdLg, h+un, hn, h} las
lalawtf / hghLljsfaLr
s:tf] cGt/ ;DaGw 5 <
dl:t:s dGyg /
;d"xut 5nkmnsf nflu s] xL k|Zgx¿
• of] cGt/ ;DaGwnfO{ s;/ L
sfod / fVg] jf s;/ L emg
dha't / pTkfbgzLn agfpg] <
• Tof] sfddf Osf] len] hsf
;b:ox¿sf] e"ldsf / bfloTj s]
s] x'G5 <

Osf] len] hn] xfn xfdLn] ef] lu/ x] sf
kof{j/ 0fLo, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts,
cfly{s / k|flalws laifdtf Pjd
cl:y/ tfx¿nfO{ lbuf] ;+/ rgf,
Jojxf/ tyf ;dtfk"0f{ ;f] rdfkm{t
;Daf] wg ub{5 . g] kfnL kl/ k|] Ifdf
xfdLn] Osf] len] hsf cfwf/ e"t
dfkb08x¿nfO{ df] 6fdf] 6L ¿kdf tn
k|:t't u/ ] sf 5f} + . gd'gf Osf] len] h
sxlng tn pNn] lvt ca:yfx¿sf]
l;h{gf / lgdf{0f e} ;s] sf] x'g'
kb{5 . oL dfkb08x¿ k"/ f ug] {
qmddf lgdf{0fflwg Osf] len] hn]
r/ 0fj4 ¿kdf laleGg ;+/ rgf /
d'No dfGotfx¿sf] lasf; ub} { hfg'
kb{5 . tL pknlJwx¿sf] cg'udg
tyf d'Nof°gsf nflu laleGg
;"rsfÍx¿sf] pkof] u ul/ G5 .
To;nfO{ cWofo # df ;dfa] z
ul/ Psf] 5 .
Osf] len] hsf cfwf/ e"t dfkb08x¿
!= dlxnfdfly x'g] u/ ] sf ;a} k|sf/ sf
lx+;fsf] cGTo ePsf] ca:yf
@= afnaflnsfx¿dfly x'g] u/ ] sf
;a} k|sf/ sf lje] bsf] cGTo
ePsf] ca:yf
#= lzIffdf ;a} sf] ;dfg kx'Fr
;'lglZrt ePsf] ca:yf
$= k|fylds :jf:Yodf ;a} sf] ;dfg
kx"+r ;'lglZrt / s'kf] if0f/ lxt
;dfhsf] l;h{gf ePsf] ca:yf
%= dlxnfsf laz] if :jf:Yo
cfjZostfx¿ ;Daf] wg ePsf]
cj:yf
^= k|fs[lts ;|f] t tyf åGå
Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo
;xeflutf ePsf] ca:yf
&= gjLs/ 0fLo phf{sf] clwstd
pkof] u ePsf] ca:yf
Osf] len] hsf dfkb08x¿@

*= ;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLsf]
k|j4{g / Jofj;flosLs/ 0f
ePsf] ca:yf
(= ;d'bfosf ;f+:s[lts klxrfg
:yflkt / ;+/ lIft ePsf] ca:yf
!)= / } yfg] 1fg / k/ Dk/ fut k|ljlwsf]
ljsf;, ;+/ If0f / k|j4{g ePsf]
ca:yf
!!= hnjfo' kl/ jt{g / jftfj/ 0fLo
ljifdtfx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs¿kdf
;Daf] wg ug{ ;d'bfo
;lqmotfk"j{s nfluk/ ] sf]
ca:yf .
!@= ;fd"lxs g] t[Tj lasf; tyf
Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] ca:yf .
oL dfkb08x¿df :yfg /
kl/ j] zcg'¿k s] xL yk36 x'g
;Sb5 . t/ o;sf dfgjclwsf/
-vf;u/ L dlxnf, afnaflnsf /
;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf clwsf/ x¿_
;Fu ;DalGwt tyf k|fs[lts
;|f] tx¿sf] lbuf] , kof{j/ 0fd} qL
Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt kIfx¿nfO{
eg] 36fpg jf sf‘65f‘6 ug{ ldNb} g .
To:tf kIfx¿nfO{ la:tfl/ t ug{ jf
yKg rflx“ ldN5 . dfgjclwsf/ x¿sf]
;'lglZrttf;lxtsf] a} slNks lbuf]
s[lif -;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnL_,
gjLs/ 0fLo phf{, kmf] x/ d} nfsf] lbuf]
Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/ 0f
tyf dfgj / kof{j/ 0faLr :j:y
cGt/ ;DaGwsf] k|j4{g ug'{
Osf] len] hsf d"ne"t kIfx¿ x'g .
gjLs/ 0fLo phf{n] lgDglnlvt rf/
If] qdf k/ Dk/ fut phf{nfO{ la:yflkt
ub{5M
!= ljB't pTkfbg -;f} o{ phf{, atf;]
phf{ (wind mill) / h} ljs
Uof; (biogas) af6_,
@= kfgL jf sf] 7f ttfpg -;f} o{
phf{, atf;] phf{ / h} ljs
Uof;af6_,
#= df] 6/ ufl8sf] OGwg -afg:klts
t] naf6_, /
$= u|fdL0f phf{ ;] jf -;f} o{ phf{,
atf;] phf{ / h} ljs Uof;af6_ .
To;} n] xfdLn] k/ Dk/ fut ufpFaf6
Osf] len] hnfO{ 5'6ofpg] dfkb08x¿
dfly pNn] lvt kIfx¿;‘u ;DalGwt
x'g' kb{5 . o; egfO / ;f] r;‘u
;DalGwt 5nkmn rnfO{ :ki6tf
Nofpgsf nflu oxf“g] / s] xL
pbfx/ 0fx¿ k|:t't ul/ Psf 5g .
pbfx/ 0f ! M
dfgf} + Pp6f ufpFdf dfly pNn] lvt
w] / } h;f] dfkb08x¿ k"/ f ePsf 5g

t/ ToxfF Ps rf} yfO{ -@%%_ 3/ w'/ L
o:tf 5g, hxfF rkL{ / ;'wfl/ Psf]
r'nf] 5} g . h+un jf ;fd'bflos
jgaf6 c?n] yfxf gkfpg] u/ L ?v
jf a'6f sf6] / NofO{ bfp/ f agfpg]
/ To;} n] vfgf ksfpg] ul/ G5 .
afnaflnsfsf nflu ;fFemdf k9g,
n] Vg jf v] Ng cfaZos kg] { pHofnf]
-aQL_ sf] Joa:yf ul/ Psf] 5} g .
s] xL 3/ df eg] dl66t] nsf] 6'sL jf
nfnl6g aflnG5 . To:tf] ufpFnfO{
Osf] len] h dfGg ;lsG5 < o;sf]
l;wf hjfkm x'G5 ==;ls+b} g . Tof]
ufpFnfO{ Osf] len] h agfpg s] s]
sfd ug'{ kb{5 xf] nf < xfdLn] ;f] rf} +
/ atfcf} + .
pbfx/ 0f @ M
w] / } h;f] dfkb08x¿ k"/ f ePsf 5g
t/ ToxfF Ps rf} yfO{ -@%%_ hlt
3/ w'/ Ln] v] taf/ Ldf / f;folgs
dn, / f;folgs laiffbL / gk'+;s
aLpx¿sf] k|of] u ul/ / x] sf 5g .
ljiffbLo'Qm vfB pTkfbg ahf/ df
nu] / a] Rb5g / / fd|} wgfh{g
ul/ / x] sf 5g . t/ w] / } h;f] 3/ df
rkL{ / ;'wfl/ Psf] r'nf] 5} g . To:tf]
ufpFnfO{ Osf] len] h dfGg ;lsG5 <
o;sf] l;wf hjfkm x'G5 ==;ls+b} g .
Tof] ufpFnfO{ Osf] len] h agfpg s]
s] sfd ug'{ kb{5 xf] nf < xfdLn]
;f] rf} + / 5nkmn u/ f} + .
pbfx/ 0f # M
w] / } h;f] dfkb08x¿ k"/ f ePsf
5g t/ ToxfF bzdf Ps -!)%_
3/ w'/ Ldf dlxnfdfly lalaw lx+;f
x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 . 3/ leqsf] ;a} lg0f{o
k'?ifn] dfq ug] { kl/ kf6L 5 . 3/ sf]
;|f] t Joj:yfkg, cfly{s pkfh{g,
/ vr{;DaGwL s'g} klg lg0f{o ubf{
dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;l/ s u/ fOFb} g .
To:tf] ufpFnfO{ Osf] len] h dfGg
;lsG5 < o;sf] l;wf hjfkm x'G5
==;ls+b} g . Tof] ufpFnfO{ Osf] len] h
agfpg s] s] sfd ug'{ kb{5 xf] nf <
xfdLn] ;f] rf} + / atfcf} + .
pbfx/ 0f $ M
w] / } h;f] dfkb08x¿ k"/ f ePsf
5g t/ Toxf“ bzdf Ps 3/ w'/ Ldf
-!)%_ afnaflnsfdfly lalaw
lje] b e} / x] sf] 5 . s] xL 3/ w'/ Ln]
afnaflnsfnfO{ :s'n k7fpFb} gg a?
ufO{afv|f r/ fpg k7fpF5g . s;} n]
5f] / LnfO{ csf{sf] leQf 6fNg] hft
eGb} :s'n k7fp+b} gg t/ 5f] / f] n]

d/ ] kl5 j} t/ 0fL tf5{ eg] / :s'n
k7fpF5g . s] xL 3/ w'/ Ln] cfˆgf] k'/ fgf]
k/ Dk/ fnfO{ k5ofP/ afnlaafx ul/
lbg] jf !$ aif{d'lgsf 5f] / fx¿nfO{
wgfh{gsf nflu ef/ t k7fpg]
ub{5g . ;Nofgsf s] xL ufla;x¿df
o:tf unt Jojxf/ x¿ cfh klg
e} / x] sf] s'/ f k|sfzdf cfPsf 5g .
oL Jojxf/ nfO{ xfd|f] sfg'gn] ;d] t
jGb] h nufPsf] 5 . t/ k/ Dk/ f /
;+:s[ltsf gfddf afnaflnsfdfly
o:tf lje] bx¿ sfod} 5g . To:tf]
ufpFnfO{ Osf] len] h dfGg ;lsG5 <
o;sf] l;wf hjfkm x'G5 ==;ls+b} g .
Tof] ufpFnfO{ Osf] len] h agfpg s–
s;n] s] s] sfd ug'{ kb{5 xf] nf <
xfdLn] 5nkmn u/ f} + / atfcf} + .
cWoogn] s] b] vfPsf] 5 eg]
w] / } h;f] Osf] len] hx¿sf] ;aeGbf
7"nf] r'gf} lt eg] sf] Osf] len] hsf
;b:ox¿n] ;a} ;Fu ldn] / a:g, Ps
csf{nfO{ ;Ddfg / dfof u/ L ldn] /
sfd ug{ l;Sg' g} xf] . o; ;DaGwdf
lgDglnlvt ;jfnx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ 5g
• xfd|f] k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs
dfGotf cg'?k Ps csf{nfO{
uf/ f] ;f/ f] kbf{ ;xof]u / x] / larf/
ug] { tyf ;|f] tx¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg
ug] { dfGotf / Jojxf/ ePsf]
;d'bfosf] l;h{gf ug] {,
• kl/ jf/ b] lv ufpF;Dd ;a}
k|sf/ sf lg0f{ox¿ ;fd"lxs
¿kdf dfq ug] {,
• Osf] len] hleq x'g} ;a} k|sf/ sf
åGåx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ufpFleq}
laz] if ;+/ rgf -;fd'bflos
dWo:ytf ;ldlt_ dfkm{t
kLl8td'vL Gofo k4lt cg'¿k
ug] {,
• Osf] len] hleq sfo{/ t lalaw
;d"x, Sna, ;xsf/ L / ;fdflhs
ahf/ x¿sf] sfo{;DaGwL lawfg,
d'No, dfGotf / ahf/ efp tyf
C0f / Aofh;DaGwL Joa:yf
d'n'sdf k|rlnt sfg'gsf]
bfo/ fleq / xL Osf] len] hsf
;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;xeflutfdf
lgwf{/ 0f ug] { / To;sf] kfngf
ug] {,
• d"n k|jfxsf] cy{tGqaf6 :jtGq
:yfgLo :jfjnDaL cy{tGqsf]
lasf; ug{ k|oTg/ t / xg] .
o;sf lgldQ ;DalGwt laifosf
la1x¿;Fu Osf] len] hsf pBdL
o'jf, dlxnf / k|f} 9 ;b:ox¿n]
sfo{zfnf u/ L :yfgLo :jfjnDaL
cy{tGqsf] pko'Qm gd'gf lasf;
ug] { / To;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug] { .

Osf] len] hleqsf x/ ] s 3/ w'/ Ldf x'g}
kg] { ;"rsfÍ tyf ef} lts ;+/ rgfx¿
lgDglnlvt 5g . Osf] len] hdf oL
;+/ rgf jf ;"rsfÍx¿sf] k|flKtsf
lgldQ kl/ of] hgfsf k|flalws
;xfos, ;fdflhs kl/ rfns /
kl/ of] hgf ;+of] hs nufot cGo
;DalGwt sd{rf/ Lx¿ ;lqmo
¿kdf sfo{/ t x'g' afG5gLo 5 . oL
;"rsfÍx¿sf cfwf/df Osf] len] hsf
;b:ox¿ cfkm} n] xfdL Osf] len] h
lgdf{0fsf] of] hgfa4 sfd ul/ / x] sf
5f} + ls 5} gf} + egL n] vfhf] vf ug{
;Ifd x'g] 5g .
• k|f/ lDes afn lasf; s] Gb|
lgdf{0f tyf afnaflnsfdfly
x'g] lae] bsf] cGTosf] k|lqmof
• dlxnf ;b:ox¿dfly x'g]
u/ ] sf lalaw lae] b / lx+;fsf]
cGTosf] k|lqmof
• Osf] len] hsf lalaw sfo{df
3/ sf x/ ] s ;b:osf] ;lqmo
;xeflutf
• Osf] len] h lgdf{0fsf nflu
;d"x tyf ;xsf/ Lsf] u7g /
;xeflutf
• ;+:s[lt, snf / k/ Dk/ fut
k|lalwx¿sf] ;+/ If0f /
kl/ rfng
• k|fylds :jf:Yo tyf dlxnf
:jf:Yo k/ fdz{ s] Gb|sf]
:yfkgf / pkof] u
• tfhf t/ sf/ L tyf kmnk"mn
;+sng s] Gb|, Pjd ;fdflhs
ahf/ lgdf{0f / pkof] u
• :jfjnDaL ufx{:Yo cy{tGqsf]
Osf] len] hsf ;"rsfÍx¿#

lgdf{0ftkm{ cu|;/ tf
• ;fd'bflos dgf] / ~hg /
cfWoflTds :ynsf] lgdf{0f
• rlk{ lgdf{0f / k|of] u
• afof] Uof; jf uf]a/Uof;
lgdf{0f / k|of] u
• ;'wfl/ Psf] w'“jf/ lxt r'nf]
lgdf{0f / k|of] u
• ufO{ tyf afv|fsf] ;'wfl/ Psf]
uf] 7 lgdf{0f / k|of] u
• s'v'/ f / xfF;sf] ;'wfl/ Psf]
vf] / lgdf{0f / k|of] u
• sDkf] i6 jf h} ljs dn tyf
laiffbL pTkfbg / k|of] u
• ;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/ t ax'cfoflds
v] tLkftL .
Osf] len] h jf ;d'bfosf
pknlJwx¿nfO{ tn lbOPsf]
rf6{cg'¿k n] vfhf] vf ug{ ;lsG5 .
pQm rf6{df xfdLn] k|fKt ug{
vf] h] sf pknlJwx¿nfO{ cyf{t
dfkb08x¿nfO{ df] 6fdf] 6L rf/
kIfdf afFl8Psf] 5 . tL kIfx¿ x'gM
!= kof{j/ 0f -k[YjL_,
@= ;fdflhs ;+/ rgf -cUgL_,
#= ;+:s[lt / cfWofTd -jfo'_,
$= ef} lts ;+/ rgf -hn_ .
rf6{df x/ ] s If] qdf rf/ rf/ j6f
j[t lbOPsf] 5 / x/ ] snfO{ rf/
rf/ efudf ljeflht ul/ Psf] 5 .
Osf] len] hsf] n] vfhf] vf ubf{ x/ ] s
efunfO{ / +ufP/ c° lbOG5 . of] rf6{
cg';f/ n] vfhf] vfsf] k"0ff{° ^$ 5 /
Osf] len] h sxlngsf nflu cf} ;tdf
$* c° k|fKt ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . To;sf
;fy} o; n] vfhf] vfaf6 Osf] len] hdf
s] –s] sfd x'g afFsL 5 Tof] ;"rgf
klg k|fKt x'G5 . rf6{df lbOPsf
sltko ;+/ rgf tyf n] vfhf] vf ul/ g]
laifoa:t' dfly lbOPsf] dfkb08
tyf ;"rsfÍdf 7ofSs} ToxL zAbdf
gk/ ] sf klg x'g ;Sb5g .

Osf] len]hsf] JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs n]vfhf]vf
k|0ffnL
kfgL
]fs¿xt]f|;]fsLgfk=!
f0fI/+;
{fhpoLf0/sLjgt[sLsP=@
_6i]fkDs,;foU]fofa,{o}f;-Lnff0|k
fgkfy:fgr/+;solfb'df;=#
fdn]d{Ofyt;Sfoˆ,g]fmk=$
rF'xk
LjY[k
!= :j:y vfBfGg
/fw';fd{tl"kfc
Lbffijl/ndsjl}h÷s/lfu+f|k=@
u]fokp/gbfkTp
;foU]fofa/{Lkr=#
Lnff0|kLt]vsjl}hg3;=$
ckgfPsf]
cfuf]
sn"dftulfex;=!
fomql|ko{f0gl
tl|kqGt{ycLjDnjfj:]fubl=@
ft4jtl|k
fnxld÷fj];y:fj:sdlyf|k=#
:jf:Yo k/fdz{
t/lfwfcfdoN"dshlfdf;=$
fj'o/ffIzlnfj
kl/rfng
xfjf
;fsjltumQloJ,fns,fg{h;l=!
stl[s:+f;,tlL/tuf/kD/k=@
ljljwtf
f0]fs6il[bFfog=#
$= zflGt, dfof tyf ljZjJofkL
fomql|kv'dGp{mktfgt]r+;
dTfoWfc÷tl[s:+;
fgr/+;stl}fe
f0/j{fok
fgr/+;shlfdf;

k/ Dk/ fut ufpFFF“nfO{ Osf] len] hdf
¿kfGt/ 0f ug] { k|d'v sfdx¿nfO{
r/ 0fa4 ¿kdf tLg aif{leq ug] {
cln dxTjfsf+IfL of] hgfsf ;fy
tn k|:t't ul/ Psf] 5 . oxfF pNn] v
ePsf hlt sfdx¿ tLg aif{leq
ug{ ;lsPdf w] / } / fd|f] , kfFr aif{leq
ug{ ;lsPdf / fd|f] , / ;ft jif{leq
ug{ ;lsPdf ;Gtf] ifhgs pknlJw
dflgg] 5 .
aif{ Ps
r/ 0f ! M u|fdL0f ;d'bfo;Fu 5nkmn
/ cjwf/ 0ffut cled'vLs/ 0f
Osf] len] hsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;femf
p2] Zo xf] - pgLx¿nfO{ cfaZos kg] {
vfg] s'/ f, phf{ / kfgLdf zt k|ltzt
cfTd lge{/ x'g' . To;sf nflu
pgLx¿n] h] hlt / h] h:tf sfo{x¿
ub{5g To;sf] k|lts"n cyjf g/ fd|f]
c;/ df6f] , kfgL, hnjfo', h+un,
h} ljs lalawtf, / z'IdhLjf0f'sf
;fy} dflg; / ufO{j:t'sf] :jf:Yodf
klg kg'{ x'Fb} g . Osf] len] hsf x/ ] s
;b:on] csf] { ;b:onfO{ o;af/ ]
a'emfpg] , ;Demfpg] / To;cg'¿k
sfd ug{ pTk|] / 0ff lbg] sfo{ ug'{
kb{5 . of] p2] Zo k|flKtsf nflu
pgLx¿n] gofF k|ljlw -;f} o{ phf{sf
Kofgndfkm{t laB't pTkfbg_ nfO{
k'/ fgf jf / } yfg] k/ Dk/ fut k|lalw;Fu
PsLs[t ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf k'/ fgf
k|ljlwdf aiff{bsf] kfgL kf] v/ Ldf
;+sng, aLp ;+/ If0f -cfˆgf nflu
cfaZos jLp cfkm} 5gf] 6 u/ ] /
/ fVg] _, OToflb kb{5g .
oL k|ljlwnfO{ k|fs[lts k4ltx¿sf]
-h:t} u8of} n] dn, h} ljs
k/ Dk/ fut ufp“nfO{
Osf] len] hdf ¿kfGt/ 0f
ug] { r/ 0fa4 sfdx¿$

/ afg:klts laiffbL_ lbuf]
Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;dli6ut
sfo{z} nL -h:t} ;3g h} ljs v] tL
k|0ffnL_ ;Fu PsLs[t ug'{ cfaZos
x'G5 . oL sfdx¿ ug{ Osf] len] hdf
laleGg vfn] ;d"x, Sna, ;+:yf /
;xsf/ Lx¿sf] u7g h?/ L x'G5 .
UffpFaf;Lx¿n] of] s'/ f] a'emL ;d"x
jf Snax¿ u7g ug{ pT;'stf
b] vfPdf u} ;;n] To:tf ;d"x jf
Snax¿ -h:t} x] Ny Sna, of] ufSna,
Osf] Sna, ;f+:s[lts Sna, ;fOa/
Sna, OToflb_ u7g ug{ ;xhLs/ 0f
ug'{ kb{5 . s] s'/ f] Wofgdf / fVg'
cfaZos 5 eg] o:tf Snax¿
ufpFFFFjf;Ln] cfaZostf dx;';
u/ ] cg';f/ u7g ul/ g' kb{5 . ;a}
jf w] / } Sna jf ;d"xx¿ Ps} kN6
u7g ul/ g' cfaZos x'“b} g . ;d"x
jf Snax¿ u7g ul/ g' cfkm} df
sfd xf] Og t/ :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{
To;sf] dxŒj / cfaZostf af] w
u/ fO{ pgLx¿s} kxndf ;d"x jf
Snax¿ u7g ul/ g' Ps dxŒjk"0f{
pknlJw eg] xf] . To;nfO{ ;fdflhs-
cfly{s kl/ jt{gtkm{sf] klxnf] kfOnf
dfGg ;lsG5 .
cfˆgf] k/ Dk/ fut ufpFFFFnfO{
Osf] len] hdf ¿kfGt/ 0f ug{
ufpFFFFaf;Lx¿ ;xdt ePdf ;aeGbf
klxnf Osf] len] h Joj:yfkg
;ldlt u7g ul/ g' kb{5 . To:tf]
;ldltdf dlxnf, k'?if, afn aflnsf,
lszf] / lszf] / L, o'jf / k|f} 9x¿sf]
;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/ fOg'
afG5gLo x'G5 . To:tf] k|ltlglwTj
ePsf] ;ldltn] / fd|/ L sfd ug{
;Sb5 To;f] ePdf ¿kfGt/ 0fsf]
sfddf / fd|f] hg;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
x'g ;Sb5 .
To;kl5 csf] { dxŒjk"0f{ ;ldlt xf]
Osf] Sna . Osf] Snadf klg o'jf,
lszf] / lszf] / L, afnaflnsf / :s'n jf
sn] hdf k9g] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d] t
;+nUg u/ fP/ u7g ul/ g' kb{5 .
To;f] ePdf pQm Snan] kof{j/ 0f,
hnjfo' kl/ jt{g, ;/ ;kmfO{, k|fs[lts
;|f] t / h} ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/ If0f,
h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnL h:tf ljifox¿df
hg;+r] tgfd"ns sfo{ s'zntfk"j{s
ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
t] ;|f] cfaZos ;d"x xf] - ls;fg
;d"x jf ;xsf/ L . ls;fg ;d"x jf
;xsf/ Lsf] d"n bfloTj / sfd xf]
- ;3g h} ljs v] tL k4lt ckgfP/
k|lt PsfO If] qkmn -k|lt s67f
jf k|lt / f] kgL_ :j:ys/ lalaw
vfB kbfy{ -cGg, bnxg, t/ sf/ L,
kmnk"mn, df5f, df;', c08f, b'w,
3f+F;, OToflb_ / ;Dej eP;Dd
w] / } pTkfbg ug] {, To;;DaGwL
k|ljlws 1fg, ;"rgf / cg'ej
l5d] sLx¿;Fu cfbfg k|bfg ug] {, /

cfˆgf :j:ys/ pTkfbgx¿ ahf/ df
nuL a] rlavg ug] { . ;3g h} ljs
v] tL k|0ffnLsf cu'jf ls;fgx¿sf]
bfloTjcGtu{t cfˆgf] gd'gf k|bz{gL
kmfd{df gf} nf k|ljlw, aLp ljhg /
;fdu|Lx¿sf] cg';Gwfg, canf] sg /
clen] vLs/ 0f ug] { / To; laifodf
s[ifs kf7zfnf ;~rfng ug] { sfd
kb{5 . s[ifs kf7zfnfdfkm{t gf} nf]
k|ljlw / ;fdu|Lx¿sf af/ ] df ;xefuL
ls;fgx¿nfO{ cg'ej / 1fg cfbfg
k|bfg ul/ G5 . gf} nf k|ljlwcGtu{t
;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLn] ;d] 6g]
lgDglnlvt laifo / k|ljlwx¿
kb{5gM
• a} 1flgs afnLrqm / To;sf]
Joj:yfkg,
• afnL ;3gtfdf a[l4,
• PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg,
• df6f] sf] ;+/ rgf / pj{/ f zlQmsf]
k|j4{g,
• k|f+ufl/ s tyf h} ljs dn /
laiffbLx¿sf] pTkfbg, k|of] u /
laqmL,
• :yfgLo jLpx¿sf] ;+sng,
ljsf;, k|of] u, ;+/ If0f / k|j4{g,
• :yfgLo kz'x¿sf] gZn
;'wf/ tyf uf] 7 / kf] if0f
Joj:yfkgdfkm{t pTkfbsTj /
pTkfbgdf a[l4,
• :yfgLo k+IfLx¿sf] gZn ;'wf/ /
pTkfbsTjdf a[l4,
• k|f+ufl/ st/ sf/ L/ kmnk"mnx¿sf]
pTkfbsTj / pTkfbgdf a[l4,
• Osf] len] hsf pTkfbgx¿sf]
k|;f] wg / ahf/ Joj:yfkg,
OToflb .
To;sf nflu cfaZos kg] { cGo
;xof] u u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfaf6
cyf{t lhNnfsf ;DalGwt ;/ sf/ L
lgsfox¿af6 pknJw u/ fOg' kb{5 .
Osf] len] hdf ¿kfGt/ 0f ug{ 5gf] 6
ul/ Psf] ufpFFFFsf ;a} 3/ w'/ Lsf
3/ d'nL jf k|ltlglwx¿sf]
;xeflutfdf cfof] hgf ul/ g] klxnf]
5nkmn / cled'vLs/ 0f sfo{qmddf
df] 6fdf] 6L oL laifox¿df 5nkmn /
;xdlt ag] kl5 pQm 5gf] 6 ul/ Psf]
ufpFFFFnfO{ Ps :j:y / lbuf] a:tLsf
¿kdf kl/ sNkgf u/ L Osf] len] hdf
¿kfGt/ 0f ug] { ;a{;Ddt lg0f{o kfl/ t
ul/ g' kb{5 . klxnf] a} 7sd} ;a{;Ddt
lg0f{oaf6 Osf] len] h Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] klg u7g ul/ g' kb{5 .
pQm ;ldltnfO{ ( jf !! ;b:oLo
agfpg ;lsG5 . kbflwsf/ Lx¿sf]
5gf] 6 ubf{ dlxnf ;d"x, ls;fg
;d"x, o'jf ;d"x, lszf] / L ;d"x,
afn ;d"x / k|f} 9 gful/ s ;d"xaf6
k|ltlglwTj u/ fOg' kb{5 . ;ldltdf
dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof k'?ifx¿sf] eGbf
sd x'g' x'Fb} g a? Pshgf a9L g} x'g'
kb{5 . lsgeg] 3/ leq, v] taf/ L /

uf] 7df k'?ifx¿eGbf dlxnfx¿n] a9L
sfd ub{5g t/ xfd|f] k/ Dk/ fut
d'No dfGotfn] dlxnfnfO{ ;w}
k'?ifeGbf k5fl8 / fv] sf] 5 . Tolt
dfq xf] Og dlxnfx¿n] 3/ leq /
aflx/ u/ ] sf sfdx¿nfO{ klg dfGotf
lbOPsf] 5} g cyf{t cjd'Nog ug] {
ul/ Psf] 5 . To:tf] k/ Dk/ fx¿df
kl/ jt{g Nofpg dlxnfx¿nfO{ lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf ;fy} kl/ jt{gsf] sfddf
cufl8 ;fg'{ lgtfGt h?/ L 5 . pQm
lg0f{odf ;a} ;xefuLx¿sf] x:tfIf/
clgjfo{ ¿kdf ul/ g' kb{5 . a} 7ssf]
lg0f{o k'l:tsf a} 7s ;xhLs/ 0f
ug] { ;+:yf / JolQmn] klxn] b] lv g}
Joj:yf ul/ / fv] sf] x'g' kb{5 .
Osf] len] h Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g
ePkl5 pQm a} 7s k'l:tsf ;lrjsf]
lhDdfdf lbOg' kb{5 / cfufdL a} 7s
sxfF, slxn] slt ah] nfO{ / fVg] eGg]
jf/ ] df klg ;f] xL a} 7sdf lg0f{o
ul/ g' kb{5 .
;xhstf{n] a} 7ssf ;xefuLx¿nfO{
a} 7ssf] cGTocl3 klxnf] aif{sf
sfdx¿af/ ] r/ 0fut ¿kdf hfgsf/ L
lbg' kb{5 . xfd|f] casf] sfd eg] sf]
;fdflhs tyf ;|f] t gS;fÍg /
3/ w'/ L ;j] {If0f xf] eg] / atfpg'
kb{5 . tL ultlalwx¿ s;n] , s;/ L,
/ lsg ub{5 / To;df ufpFFFFsf ;b:o
/ x/ ] s 3/ w'/ Lsf] s:tf] ;xeflutf
cfaZos x'G5 eGg] af/ ] df klg
atfpg'' kb{5 . To;f] ul/ of] eg] x/ ] s
3/ w'/ Lsf d'nL jf a} 7sdf efu lng]
k|ltlglwn] cfk"mnfO{ dfgl;s ¿kdf
tof/ kfg'{sf ;fy} cfufdL a} 7sdf
cfaZos kg] { ;"rgfx¿ tof/ kf/ L
Nofpg ;Sb5g .
r/ 0f @ M :ffdflhs tyf ;|f] t
gS;fÍg / 3/ w'/ L ;j] {If0f
5gf] 6 ul/ Psf] ufpFFFFnfO{ Osf] len] hdf
¿kfGt/ 0f ug{sf nflu of] hgf
tof/ kfg{ ;fy} eljiodf s] s:tf
;"rsfÍx¿df s] s:tf c;/ x¿ k/ ]
eGg] cf+sng jf d'NofÍg ug{ ;a}
3/ w'/ Lsf] cnu cnu / ;dli6ut
¿kdf hfg;f+lVos, ;fdflhs,
cfly{s / ;|f] t ;fwgx¿af/ ]
hfgsf/ L / To;sf] gS;f;d] t
cfaZos kb{5 . oL ;"rgfx¿ xfdLn]
ufpFFFFjf;Lx¿sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf
;+sng / gS;fÍg ug] { sfd ug'{
kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf lagf
tof/ kfl/ Psf] tYofÍ, k|ltj] bg jf
gS;fsf] of] k|lqmofdf s'g} dxŒj
gx'g] dfq xf] Og To;n] Osf] len] hsf]
lgdf{0f ug] { k|lqmofnfO{ g} nueu
;dfKt kfl/ lbG5 . csf] { zJbdf
ufpFFFFjf;Lx¿sf] ;xeflutfa] u/
;fdflhs gS;fÍg, ;j] {If0f jf kl5
uP/ cGo s'g} ultlalw ul/ of] jf ug{
yflnof] eg] To;n] ufpFFFFjf;Lx¿nfO{
lgis[o kfg{ yfNb5 . la:tf/ } uP/

kl/ jt{gsf] k|lqmofdf k"0f{lj/ fd
nfUg ;Sb5 . To;} n] ;xhstf{x¿n]
/ ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] o; s'/ fnfO{
Psbd} Wofg lbg' cfaZos 5 .
;fdflhs tyf ;|f] t gS;fÍg ubf{
ufpFFFFjf;Lx¿nfO{ g} cufl8 ;f/ ] /
;fg;fgf sfd ug{ nufpFFg' kb{5 .
;aeGbf klxnf t To:tf] gS;f
e'OFdf sf] / ] / agfpg' kg] { ePsf] n]
gS;f s'g 7fpFdf agfpg] xf] , To;sf]
lgSof} {n ufpFFFFjf;Ln] 5nkmnkZrft
ug'{ kb{5 . gS;f agfpg :yfgLo
:t/ df ;lhn} kfpg ;lsg] a:t'x¿
h:t} ;fgf lu66L, ds} , s] / fp jf
rgfsf u] 8fx¿, To;} u/ L ;] tf] ,
/ ftf] , kx] +nf] , jf xl/ of] / +ux¿, ;fgf
;fgf kftx¿, ;fgf ;fgf sf7sf
6'qmfx¿sf] k|of] u ul/ g' kb{5 . oL
;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf gS;fÍgsf]
k|lqmof ;'? x'g' cl3 g} lszf] / L, o'jf jf
jfn ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿dfkm{t u/ fpg'
kb{5 . ;fdflhs ;|f] t gS;fÍgsf]
;'?jft ufpFFFFsf] ;aeGbf klxnf]
3/ w'/ Laf6 u/ ] / clGtd 3/ w'/ Ldf
k'uL 6'+Uofpg' kb{5 . x/ ] s 3/w'/ Lsf
ef} lts ;+/ rgfx¿ h:t} 3/ , uf] 7,
rkL{, wf/ f, afof] Uof;, s/ ] ;faf/ L
OToflbnfO{ ;+s] t ug{ lu66L, ds} ,
s] / fp, / rgfsf] u] 8f, sf7sf
6'qmf, ;fgf kft OToflbsf] k|of] u
ug'{ kb{5 . v] taf/ Lsf] lsl;dsf
-df6f] sf] / +u jf l;+lrt/ cl;+lrt_
nflu laleGg a:t' / / +ux¿sf] k|of] u
ul/ g' kb{5 . To;} u/ L ;fj{hlgs
:yfg jf ;|f] t s] Gb|x¿ h:t} lzz'
:ofxf/ s] Gb|, :s'n, sn] h, ahf/ ,
xf6 nfUg] :yfg, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo
s] Gb|, :ffd'bflos tflnd tyf ;|f] t
s] Gb|, lhNnf c:ktfn, s[lif ;] jf
s] Gb|, kz' ;] jf s] Gb|, ;fa{hlgs
wf/ f] jf k+w] / f] , a; kfs{, lkl;cf] ,
lkmNd xnnfO{ klg gS;fdf b] vfOg'
kb{5 . o;sf cltl/ St ;8s, gbL
jf vf] nf, jg jf ;fd'bflos jgnfO{
klg gS;fdf b] vfOg' kb{5 .
e'OFdf ;a} ufpFFFFaf;Lsf] ;xeflutfdf
gS;f tof/ ul/ ;s] kl5 ;a} 3/ w'/ Lsf
d'nL jf k|ltlglwnfO{ gS;fdf cfˆgf]
3/ / ;|f] t ;fwgx¿ l7s 5 ls 5} g
x] / L atfpg] ;do lbOg' kb{5 . ;a} n]
cfˆgf] / fo lbO{ cfaZos ;'wf/ ul/
;s] kl5 Tof] gS;fnfO{ ;xhstf{n]
7"nf] rf6{ k] k/ df x'ax' ptfg'{ kb{5 .
To;nfO{ e'O{+df km} nfP/ / fvL km] l/
;a} 3/ w'/ Lsf d'nL jf k|ltlglwnfO{
sfuhsf] gS;fdf cfˆgf] 3/ / ;|f] t
;fwgx¿ l7s 5 ls 5} g x] / L atfpg]
;do lbg' kb{5 . ;a} n] cfˆgf]
;xdlt lbO ;s] kl5 Pp6f kmf]6f] klg
lvRg' kb{5 . To;kl5 gS;fÍgsf]
sfd l;l4Psf] hfgsf/ L lb+b} wGojfb
lbg Osf] len] h Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf
cWoIfnfO{ cg'/ f] w ul/ g' kb{5 .
pxfFn] dgtJo / fvL wGojfb lbO

;s] kl5 ;xhstf{n] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6
wGojfb lb+b} s] xL lbgkl5 ul/ g]
3/ w'/ L ;j] {If0fsf af/ ] df 5f] 6s/ Ldf
atfpg' kb{5 . 3/ w'/ L ;j] {If0f slxn]
/ s;/ L ul/ g] 5 eGg] af/ ] atfpFb}
pSt ;a] {If0fdf ;a} 3/ w'/ Ln] ;lqmo
¿kdf ;xof] u ug{ lsg cfaZos 5
eGg] af/ ] atfpg' kb{5 .
r/ 0f # M ;d"xx¿sf] u7g jf
k'gu{7g / klxnf] aif{sf] sfo{ of] hgf
lgdf{0f
Osf] len] hdf ¿kfGt/ 0fsf nflu
5gf] 6 ePsf] ufpFFFFdf dlxnf ;d"x,
ls;fg ;d"x, s[ifs ;xsf/ L, afn
;d"x, lszf] / L ;d"x, o'jf ;d"x, Osf]
Snj, k|f} 9 gful/ s ;dfh h:tf ;d"x
/ ;xsf/ Lx¿ u7g e} ;s] sf / sfd
ul/ / x] sf x'g ;Sb5g . o:tf ;a}
;d"x lqmofzLn 5g eg] Psbd} / fd|f]
eof] . s] xL ;d"x / ;xsf/ L 5g t/
Osf] len] hsf p2] Zocg'¿k sfd ug] {
vfnsf 5} gg eg] To:tf ;d"xnfO{
;b:ox¿sf] ;xdltdf k'gu{7g
jf gofF u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . dfly
pNn] v ul/ Psf sltko ;d"x 5Fb}
5} gg eg] To:tf ;d"xx¿ u7g ug'{
kg] { x'G5 . h:t} afn clwsf/ Sna,
dlxnf ;d"x, Osf] Sna, o'jf Sna,
lszf] / L ;d"x, k|f} 9 gful/ s ;dfh,
k|f+ufl/ s s[lif ;xsf/ L, gub] afnL
;xsf/ L, vfB k|zf] wg ;xsf/ L,
;fd'bflos dWo:ytf ;ldlt, dlxnf
:jf:Yo clwsf/ ;ldlt, OToflb .
Osf] len] hdf oL ;a} Sna / ;d"xsf
cf-cfˆg} lhDd] jf/ L / e"ldsf x'G5g .
To;} n] o:tf ;d"x / ;xsf/ Lx¿sf]
u7g / k'gu{7g 3/ w'/ L ;a] {If0fkZrft
ul/ xfNg' kb{5 . ;d"x u7g ug'{
cl3 x/ ] s ;d"xsf sfd, st{Jo /
Osf] len] hdf ltgLx¿sf e"ldsfsf
af/ ] df df] 6fdf] 6L ;xdlt ul/ g'sf
;fy} ltgnfO{ a} 7s k'l:tsfdf ;d] t
clen] lvs[t ul/ g' h?/ L x'G5 .
Osf] len] hdf laleGg sfd jf
ultlalwnfO{ Jojl:yt¿kdf
l56f] 5l/ tf] ug{/ u/ fpg klxnf] aif{
-!@ dlxgfdf_ ul/ g] sfdx¿sf]
;"rL tof/ kfl/ g' kb{5 . o:tf] ;"rL
klxnf] a} 7sdf k|d'v ;|f] t JolQmn]
lbPsf] cled'vLs/ 0fsf] ] cfwf/ df
tof/ kfl/ g' kb{5 . ;fwf/ 0ftof
o:tf] ;"rLsf] k|fyldstfdf
qmdzM dlxnf / lszf] / L :jf:Yo
/ clwsf/ , afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo
/ clwsf/ , o'jf ;zQmLs/ 0f tyf
kof{j/ 0f / ufpFFFFsf] jftfj/ 0f,
hnjfo' / s[lif, ;3gh} ljs v] tL
k|0ffnL / hLljsf] kfh{g, :j:ys/
s[lif pTkfbg / k|zf] wg, ;/ sf/ L
lgsfo;Fu ;fem] bf/ L / ;dGjo,
ahf/ Aoj:yfkg, ;~rf/ / aflx/ L
hut;Fu ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{

kb{5g . oL laifox¿nfO{ ;Daf] wg
ug{ agfOg] sfo{ of] hgf tLg aif{sf]
x'g] 5 . klxnf] aif{d} tLg aif{sf]
df] 6fdf] 6L sfo{ of] hgf klg agfpg
;lsG5 . t/ klxnf] aif{sf] sfo{
of] hgfdf eg] ToxL aif{df ug{ ;lsg]
sfdx¿nfO{ dfq ;d] 6g'kb{5 .
o;sf nflu cWofo # df lbOPsf]
Osf] len] hsf ;"rsfÍx¿sf cfwf/ df
agfpFbf pQd x'G5 .
r/ 0f $ M ;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnLaf/ ]
tflnd tyf cled'vLs/ 0fx¿
;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnL lsg <
• Jofj;flos / f;folgs s[lif
k|0ffnLsf] t'ngfdf ;3g
h} las v] tL k|0ffnL ckgfpFbf
Ps} If] qkmnaf6 $ u'0ff;Dd
a9L pTkfbg x'G5 eGg] tYofÍ
k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
• To;} u/ L ;3g h} las v] tL
k|0ffnLdf l;rfOsf] nflu
Jofj;flos s[lifdfeGbf sd
kfgL rflxG5 . Ps ;o ju{dL6/
If] qkmndf ;3g h} las v] tL
k|0ffnL ckgfpFbf $)) ln6/ kfgL
rflxG5 eg] TolQs} If] qkmn, pxL
:yfg, pxL afnL / pxL df} ;ddf
Jofj;flos v] tL ubf{ l;rfOsf
nflu &%) ln6/ kfgL rflxG5 .
• ;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnLdf
afnL nufpFFFbf cln glhs
glhs nufOG5 tfls Pp6f
af] 6n] csf] {nfO{ clnslt 5fofF
kf/ f] ; . 5fofFn] jf] 6 lj?jfaf6
x'g] jfikLs/ 0f (evaporation) df
^# k|ltztn] sdL cfpF5 . ;3g
h} las v] tL k|0ffnLn] df6f] df
pj{/ tf / k|f+ufl/ s tTjx¿sf]
dfqf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+t'lnt
/ fVg d2t ub{5 . To;} sf/ 0f af] 6
lj?jfsf] kftaf6 / ;fpg] lqmof
-transpiration_ sd x'G5 . v] t
af/ Lsf] df6f] sf] kfgLdf kf] ifs
tTjx¿ ;+t'lnt dfqfdf ePdf
/ ;fpg] lqmofdf -transpiration_
&% k|ltzt;Dd sdL cfpF5 .
jfikLs/ 0f tyf / ;fpg] lqmofdf
sdL x'g' eg] sf] kfgL sd v] /
hfg' xf] cyf{t af] 6la?jfsf] a[l4
lasf;sf nflu sd kfgL rflxg'
xf] . s[lif pTkfbgdf hlt w] / } kfgL
nfU5 Tolt w] / } k} ;f vr{ x'G5 .
• ;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnL
ckgfpFbf df6f] sf] ;+/ rgf /
pj{/ tf lalu|g kfpFb} g h:tf] ls
Jofj;flos v] tL k|0ffnLdf x'g]
ub{5 . Jofj;flos v] tL k|0ffnLdf
k|of] u ul/ g] / f;folgs dnx¿sf
sf/ 0f df6f] df k|f+ufl/ s tTjx¿
sd x'Fb} hfg] / df6f] sf] ;+/ rgf
lalu|g] x'G5 . v] taf/ L hf] Tg jf
vGg ufxf/ f] x'g] x'G5 . 8Nnfx¿sf]

;fOh 7"nf] 7"nf] x'Fb} hfG5 .
8Nnf k'm6fNg dxfef/ t o'4 n8]
h:t} x'G5 . To;sf ;fy} df6f] sf]
cDnLokgf klg a9] / hfG5 .
df6f] sf] kLPr ^– & x'g' kg] { 7fpFdf
Tof] 36b} uP/ # – $ x'G5 . To:tf]
cDnLokgf w] / } jfnLgfnLsf] a[l4
lasf;sf lgldQ pko'Qm x'Fb} g .
csf] {lt/ ;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnL
ckgfpFbf df6f] sf] dflyNnf] ;tx
-!! OGr_ df To;sf] cfotgsf]
@ k|ltzteGbf a9L k|f+ufl/ s tTj
sfod x'g hfG5 . kmn:j¿k
df6f] sf] agf] 6 / kLPr afnLgfnLsf
nflu pko'Qm / lx/ xG5 .
• Jofj;flos v] tL k|0ffnLdf laleGg
vfnsf / f;folgs laiffbLx¿sf]
k|of] u x'G5 . laiffbLn] xfjf /
kfgLnfO{ b"lift agfpF5 . dflg;,
ufO{a:t' / k+IfLx¿sf] :jf:Yodf
k|lts"n c;/ kfb{5 . df6f] sf
z'IdhLjf0f' / u8of} nf clg cl/ Ëfn
/ dfx'/ L h:tf pkof] uL ls/ fx¿sf]
;+Vof w] / } sd x'g hfG5 . ;3g
h} las v] tL k|0ffnLn] o;k|sf/ sf
k|lts"n c;/ x¿ kfb} {g .
• ;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnL ckgfP/
pTkfbg ul/ Psf vfBa:t'x¿
-cGg, bfn, t/ sf/ L_ sf] cfˆgf]
;'uGw / :jfb sfod / xG5 . To:tf
s'/ fx¿ ksfpg klg sd OGwg /
;do nfUb5 . sd OGwg nfUg'
eg] sf] sd vr{ x'g' xf] .
• Jofj;flos v] tL k|0ffnLn] h} ljs
lalawtfdf k|lts"n c;/ kfb{5 .
o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] ;3g h} las
v] tL k|0ffnLn] h} ljs lalawtf
-af] 6la?jf tyf jfnLgfnLsf
hftx¿ / hgfj/ x¿sf k|hftL
tyf hftx¿_ sf] ;+/ If0f /
lasf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of] ubfg ub{5 .
• jftfj/ 0f / :jf:Yodf kfg] { k|lts"n
c;/ x¿nfO{ jf:tf gug] { xf] eg]
Jofj;flos v] tL k|0ffnL w] / } hUuf
hdLg ePsf ls;fgx¿sf nflu
cfocfh{g ug{ dfq plrt 5 .
t/ ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf nflu of]
v] tL k|0ffnL pko'Qm 5} g . ;fgf
ls;fgx¿sf] vfB / hLljsf] kfh{g
;'/ Iff / cfo cfh{gsf nflu ;3g
h} las v] tL k|0ffnL pko'Qm 5 .
• ;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnLn] / } yfg]
1fg / k/ Dk/ fut k|lalwsf] hu] gf{,
lasf;, k|j4{g / ;b'kof] u ub{5 .

t/ Jofj;flos v] tL k|0ffnLn]
To;nfO{ dxŒj lb+b} g . kmn:j¿k
tL 1fg / k|lalw x/ fP/ hfg]
hf]lvd 5g .
;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnLn] d"ne"t
¿kdf lgDglnlvt laifoa:t'x¿nfO{
;d] 6b5M
!= ;fd'bflos ;zQmLs/ 0f /
kl/ jt{g,
@= a} 1flgs afnLrqm / To;sf]
Joj:yfkg,
#= afnL ;3gtfdf a[l4,
$= PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg,
%= df6f] sf] ;+/ rgf / pj{/ f zlQmsf]
k|j4{g,
^= k|f+ufl/ s tyf h} ljs dn /
laiffbLx¿sf] pTkfbg, k|of] u /
laqmL,
&= :yfgLo jLpx¿sf] ;+sng,
ljsf;, k|of] u, ;+/ If0f / k|j4{g,
*= :yfgLo kz'x¿sf] gZn ;'wf/
tyf uf] 7 / kf] if0f Joj:yfkg
tyf ltgLx¿sf] pTkfbsTj /
pTkfbgdf a[l4,
(= :yfgLo k+IfLx¿sf] gZn ;'wf/ /
pTkfbsTjdf a[l4,
!)= k|f+ufl/ st/ sf/ L/ kmnk"mnx¿sf]
pTkfbsTj / pTkfbgdf a[l4,
!!= Osf] len] hsf pTkfbgx¿sf]
k|;f] wg / ahf/ Joj:yfkg,
!@= hnjfo' kl/ jt{gsf r'gf} tLx¿sf]
laZn] if0f, / :ffdgf ug] { / 0fgLlt .
of] ;a} sf nflu cfaZos kg] { ;xof] u
u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yf / ;DalGwt
;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿af6 pknJw
u/ fOg' kb{5 .
oL / cGo ;DalGwt laifox¿df
Osf] len] hsf ls;fg / o'jfx¿nfO{
;Lkjfg / ;lqmo agfpg ;do
;dodf ;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnLsf
tŒjx¿af/ ] tflnd/ cled'vLs/ 0fx¿
lbg' cTofjZos x'G5 . To:tf tflnd
/ cled'vLs/ 0fx¿ k"j{ of] hgfsf
cfwf/ df cfof] hgf ul/ g' pQd x'G5 .
To:tf] of] hgf Osf] len] h;DaGwL
k|flalws ;Nnfxsf/ ;Fu k/ fdz{
u/ L sfo{qmd ;+of] hs / sfo{qmd
clws[tx¿n] :yfgLo ufpFFFFjf;Lx¿sf
cfaZostfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf / fvL
th'{df ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{ of] hgf
klxnf] aif{d} tof/ kf/ L tflnd /
cled'vLs/ 0f klg ;'? ul/ xfNg'
kb{5 .
r/ 0f % M ;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnLsf]
sfof{Gjog
r/ 0f $ df pNn] v ul/ P cg';f/ sf
;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnLn] ;d] 6g]
laifosf sfdx¿ tflndkZrft ;'?
ul/ g' kb{5 . o;;DaGwL sltko
;"rsfÍx¿ cWofo # df lbO{Psf
5g . ltgsf] cfwf/ df sfo{ ;Dkfbg
of] hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ubf{ pQd

x'G5 . ;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnL;DaGwL
la:t[t 1fgsf nflu cf] / ] s g] kfnåf/ f
k|sflzt æ;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnLÆ
gfds k':ts k9g / ;f] xLcg';f/
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'emfj lbOG5 .
aif{ b'O{ M
r/ 0f ^ M klxnf] aif{sf sfd /
pknlJwx¿sf] k'g/ fjnf] sg /
bf] ;|f] aif{sf] sfo{ of] hgf lgdf{0f /
sfof{Gjog
ultlalwnfO{ Jojl:yt¿kdf
l56f] 5l/ tf] ug{ / u/ fpg klxnf] aif{
-!@ dlxgf_ df ul/ Psf sfdx¿sf
pknlJwx¿nfO{ k'g/ fjnf] sg ul/ g'
kb{5 / bf] ;|f] aif{sf] sfo{ of] hgf
tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 . o:tf] sfdsf]
;"rL k|d'v ;|f] t JolQmn] lbPsf]
cled'vLs/ 0fsf] ] cfwf/ df tof/
kfl/ g' kb{5 . ;fwf/ 0ftof o:tf]
;"rLsf] k|fyldstfdf klxnf] aif{df
em} + dlxnf / lszf] / L :jf:Yo /
clwsf/ , afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo
/ clwsf/ , o'jf ;zQmLs/ 0f tyf
kof{j/ 0f / ufpFFFFsf] jftfj/ 0f, hnjfo'
/ s[lif, ;3gh} ljs v] tL k|0ffnL /
hLljsf] kfh{g, :j:ys/ pTkfbg /
k|zf] wg, ;/ sf/ L lgsfo;Fu ;fem] bf/ L
/ ;dGjo, ahf/ Aoj:yfkg, ;~rf/
/ aflx/ L hut;Fu ;dGjo tyf
;xsfo{ kb{5g . dfly g} pNn] v
ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 ls oL laifox¿nfO{
;Daf] wg ug{ agfOg] sfo{ of] hgf
tLg aif{sf] x'g] 5 . klxnf] aif{d} tLg
aif{sf] df] 6fdf] 6L of] hgf klg agfpg
;lsG5 . t/ bf] ;|f] aif{sf] sfo{
of] hgfdf ToxL aif{df ug{ ;lsg]
sfdx¿nfO{ dfq ;d] 6g' kb{5 . bf] ;|f]
aif{df ljleGg ;d"x / ;xsf/ LnfO{
lbOg] tflnd, cled'vLs/ 0f,
;d'bfonfO{ lbOg] laleGg ;xof] u /
;dGjosf nflu ul/ g] sfox{?nfO{
sfo{ of] hgfdf ;d] l6g' kb{5 .
cWofo # df lbOPsf] Osf] len] hsf
;"rsfÍx¿sf cfwf/ df lj:t[t sfo{
of] hgf agfOg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
r/ 0f & M ;/ sf/ L lgsfosf
k|ltlglwx¿;Fu 5nkmn / ;xsfo{
Osf] len] hsf ;"rsfÍx¿nfO{ x] bf{
kf7sx¿nfO{ :ki6 e} ;s] sf] x'g' kb{5
ls g] kfn h:tf] b] zdf k/ Dk/ fut
ufpFFF+nfO{ Osf] len] hdf ¿kfGt/ 0f
ug] { sfd ufpFFF+af;Lx¿af6 dfq jf
cf] / ] s g] kfn h:tf u} / ;/ sf/ L
;+:yfsf] PSnf] k|of;af6 dfq
;Dej x'Fb} g . To;sfnflu sltko
;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿;Fu klg ;xsfo{
ug'{ / ;xof] u lng' cfjZos x'G5 .
pbfx/ 0fsf nflu s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt
sltko sfdx¿ lhNnf s[lif lasf;
sfof{no, lhNnf kz' ;] jf sfof{no
tyf lhNnf jg sfof{nosf ;fy}

lhNnf l;+rfO sfof{no, e";+/ If0f /
hnfwf/ lasf; sfof{no / ;fgf
l;rfO sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo u/ ] / /
;xof] u lnP/ ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . dlxnf
;zQmLs/ 0fsf] sfd lhNnf dlxnf
lasf; sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo u/ L ug'{
kg] { x'G5 . k|f/ lDes afn lasf;sf]
sfd lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, :yfgLo
lasf; sfof{no -lhlj; / uflj;_
/ lhNnf dlxnf lasf; sfof{no;+Fu
;dGjo u/ L ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . s'g sfdsf
nflu s'g ;/ sf/ L sfof{no;Fu
s;/ L ;dGjo ug] { / s:tf] ;xof] u
slxn] / s;/ L lng ;lsG5 eGg]
af/ ] df ufpFFF+af;Lx¿ tyf pgLx¿sf
;d"x / ;xsf/ LnfO{ sd} yfxf x'G5 .
;/ sf/ L lgsfo / ufpFFF+af;L tyf
pgLx¿sf ;ª3;+:yfx¿aLr / x] sf]
of] vf8nnfO{ sd ug{ :yfgLo
u} / ;/ sf/ L ;+:yfx¿n] cxd e"ldsf
lgaf{x ug'{ kb{5 . :ki6 zJbdf eGbf
:yfgLo ls;fg ;d"x, dlxnf ;d"x,
o'jf Sna, lszf] / L ;d"x, Osf] Sna,
ax'd'vL s[lif ;xsf/ L ;+:yfx¿nfO{
;DalGwt lhNnf sfof{nox¿df
btf{ u/ fpg / cfaZos ;DaGw /
;dGjo :yflkt ug{ ;xof] u ug'{
jfG5gLo x'G5 . of] sfo{nfO{ bf] ;|f]
aif{df / flvP klg of] sfd x/ ] s aif{
lg/ Gt/ ul/ g' kb{5 .
r/ 0f * M ;fd'bflos ;+:yf Pjd
;d"xx¿sf] ;zQmLs/ 0f / kl/ rfng
klxnf] aif{df pNn] v ul/ Psf
sltko ;d"xnfO{ k'gu{7g / sltko
gofF ;d"xx¿ u7g ul/ ;s] kl5
pgLx¿nfO{ sfo{ bIftfsf nflu
sltko tflnd / cled'vLs/ 0fx¿
lbg' kg] { x'G5 . klxnf] aif{df u7g
jf k'gu{7g ePsf ;d"xx¿df afn
Sna, dlxnf ;d"x, Osf] Sna, o'jf
Sna, lszf] / L ;d"x, k|f} 9 gful/ s
;dfh, k|f+ufl/ s s[lif ;xsf/ L,
gub] afnL ;xsf/ L, vfB k|zf] wg
;xsf/ L OToflb kb{5g . gfdaf6}
yfxf kfOG5 ls Osf] len] hdf oL
;a} Sna, ;d"x / ;xsf/ Lsf cf-
cfˆg} lhDd] jf/ L / e"ldsf x'G5g .
;d"x u7g jf k'gu{7g ug'{cl3 x/ ] s
;d"x jf ;xsf/ Lsf sfd, st{Jo /
Osf] len] hdf ltgLx¿sf e"ldsfsf
af/ ] df ;xdlt ul/ g' kb{5 / To;nfO{
a} 7s k'l:tsfdf ;d] t clen] lvs[t
ul/ g' h?/ L x'G5 .
bf] ;|f] aif{df laleGg ;d"x, Sna tyf
;xsf/ Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;Lk / sfo{
bIftfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu laleGg
tflnd / cled'vLs/ 0fx¿ lbOg'
kb{5 . t;y{ bf] ;|f] aif{ ;'? x'g'cl3
g} s'g ;d"x, Sna jf ;xsf/ LnfO{
s'g tflnd jf cled'vLs/ 0f slxn]
lbg] eGg] af/ ] df la:t[t sfo{ of] hgf
agfO;s] sf] x'g' kb{5 . Tof] sfo{
of] hgfsf] sfof{Gjog bf] ;|f] / t] ;|f]
aif{df ul/ g' kb{5 .

:yfgLo ;d"x, Sna /
;xsf/ LnfO{ lgDglnlvt tflnd /
cled'vLs/ 0fx¿ lbOg' kb{5 M
!= Osf] len] hdf ;d"x kl/ rfng
lsg / s;/ L <
@= kof{j/ 0f, :yfgLo ;|f] t / h} ljs
lalawtfsf] ;+/ If0f, k|j4{g /
pkof] udf o'jf / afnaflnsfsf]
e"ldsf
#= Osf] len] hsf] ;kmfOdf o'jf Sna
/ lszf] / L ;d"xx¿sf] bfloTj /
e"ldsf
$= dlxnf :jf:Yo / afn clwsf/ af/ ]
hgr] tgf clej[l4sf nflu
dlxnf ;d"x, lszf] / L ;d"x /
o'jf Snjx¿sf] e"ldsf
%= k|f+ufl/ s t/ sf/ L pTkfbg, u|] l8ª
/ ahf/ Aoj:yfkg
^= t/ sf/ L / kmnk"mnx¿sf] k|zf] wg
/ ahf/ Aoj:yfkg
&= b'Uw kbfy{sf] pTkfbg, u'0f:t/
Joj:yfkg / ahf/ Ls/ 0f
*= cfod"ns Joj;fosf] k|j4{g /
jhf/ Ls/ 0f
(= s'l6/ pBf] u k|j4{g
!)= a} slNks phf{ s] , lsg /
s;/ L <
!!= ;3g h} ljs v] tL k|0ffnL /
s[ifs clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf
nflu h] l6P, ls;fg ;d"x /
dlxnf ;d"xx¿sf] bfloTj /
e"ldsf
!@= PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkgdf
h] l6P / cu'jf ls;fgx¿sf]
e"ldsf
!#= h} ljs dn / h} ljs laiffbL s] ,
lsg / s;/ L<
!$= cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts
tyf kof{j/ 0fLo clwsf/ x¿
!%= s[ifs clwsf/ / lbuf] s[lif
;~hfn
dfly pNn] lvt sltko tflnd /
cled'vLs/ 0fx¿ ;a} Osf] len] hsf
afl;Gbf jf ;d"xx¿sf nflu Ps}
x'g ;Sb5g . t/ tLdWo] sltko
tflnd jf cled'vLs/ 0fx¿ :yfgLo
afl;Gbfsf cfaZostfcg'¿k of] hgf
ul/ g' kb{5 . dfly pNn] lvt sltko
tflnd / cled'vLs/ 0fx¿ kl/ of] hgf
lasf; ug] { jf sfof{Gjog ug] { u} ;;n]
cfof] hgf ug'{ kg] { x'G5 eg] sltko
tflnd jf cled'vLs/ 0fx¿ lhNnfsf
;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/ ] /
ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . clg sltko tflnd
/ cled'vLs/ 0fx¿ :yfgLo ;d"x jf
;xsf/ Lsf kbflwsf/ L tyf tflnd
k|fKt cu'jf ls;fgx¿n] ;~rfng
ug{ ;Sb5g .
;s] ;Dd ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/ s
¿kdf v] taf/ L, s'l6/ pBf] u
wGbf jf Joj;fod} ;+nUg u/ fP/
tflndx¿ ul/ +bf pknlJwd"ns
x'G5 . pbfx/ 0fsf nflu tn s] xL

tflnddf ug{ ;lsg] ultlalwx¿af/ ]
;"rL k|:t't ul/ Psf] 5 .
cfocfh{gsf nflu s'l6/ pBf] u
k|j4{g tflndx¿ M
Osf] len] hsf] s'l6/ pBf] udf pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsg] vfB a:t'x¿ x'gMM blx,
lrh, u'Gb|'s jf l;GsL, crf/ x¿,
;'sfPsf t/ sf/ Lx¿ -d'nf, uf] ne] +8f,
ss{nf] , ufh/ , d:of} / f, l;dL,
OToflb_ / kmnx¿ -d] jf, cf?, sfFrf]
cfFk, cdnf, s] / f, OToflb_, ;'sfPdf
df5f / df;' -s'v'/ f, v;L, Rof+u|f,
/ f+ufsf_ . tof/ ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
u'0f:t/ k/ LIf0f, Koflsª / n] alnª .
;xefuLx¿nfO{ oL ultlalwx¿df
k|ToIf ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fOg' kb{5 .
r/ 0f ( Osf] len] hsf ;"rsfÍx¿
cg'¿k x/ ] s 3/ w'/ LcGtu{t ef} lts
;+/ rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f / k'glgdf{0f
Osf] len] hsf x/ ] s 3/ w'/ Ldf
lgDglnlvt ef} lts ;+/ rgfx¿sf]
lgdf{0f jf k'glgdf{0f ul/ g} kb{5M
• rlk{
• afof] Uof;
• ;'wfl/ Psf] w'“jf/ lxt r'nf]
• ufO{ tyf afv|fsf] ;'wfl/ Psf]
uf] 7
• s'v'/ f / xfF;sf] ;'wfl/ Psf] ] vf] /
• sDkf] i6 vf8n jf h} ljs dn
tyf laiffbLsf] 8«d
rlk{ lsg <
v'nf lb;f lk;fa ug] { Jojxf/
c;Eotfsf] ;"rs dfq xf] Og Tof]
Jojxf/ sf sf/ 0f xfd|f ufpFFFF3/ df
sltko ;?jf / f] ux¿n] h/ f uf8] /
a;] sf 5g . Tolt dfq xf] Og To;af6
xfdLn] / ufO{a:t'n] lkpg] kfgL;d] t
k|b'lift x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 . Osf] len] h
k|fs[lts ;|f] t / ;Dkbfx¿sf] lbuf]
Joj:yfkg ug{ k|ltj4 ePsf ;Eo
dflg;x¿sf] a:tL ePsfn] rlk{
lbuf] Osf] len] hsf] klxnf] ;"rs
xf] . xfn g] kfn ;/ sf/ n] klg o;sf
nflu laz] if sfo{qmd uDeL/tfsf
;fy nfu" ul/ / x] sf] 5 . sltko
ufpFFFFx¿nfO{ v'nf lb;fd'Qm ufpFFFF
/ a:tLsf ¿kdf 3f] if0ff ul/ Psf]
kfOG5 . ;/ sf/ n] :yfgLo lasf;
sfof{noaf6 v'nf lb;fd'Qm ufpFFFF /
a:tLsf hgtfsfnflu dfq cg'bfg /
;xof] u lbg] gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjog
ul/ / x] sf] 5 . ofb / fVg' kg] { s'/ f s]
5 eg] of] ;/ sf/ sf] / fli6«o sfo{qmd
xf] . o;sf nflu o; kl/ of] hgfaf6
s'g} cfly{s cg'bfg jf ;kf] 6{ ug] {
Joj:yf 5} g . t;y{ Osf] len] hsf
afl;GbfnfO{ cfˆgf] ufpFFFFnfO{ v'nf
lb;fd'Qm ufpFFFFdf ¿kfGt/ 0f ug{
cfaZos ;/ ;NNffx / cled'vLs/ 0f
lbg' jf~5gLo x'G5 .

afof] Uof; KnfG6 lsg <
h+un df;] / bfp/ f afNg] k/ Dk/ f
k'/ fgf] xf] . t/ To;n] xfd|f]
jftfj/ 0f / hnjfo'df gsf/ fTds
c;/ kfb{5 eGg] s'/ f k|dfl0ft
e} ;s] sf] 5 . To;} n] vfgf ksfpg
tyf hf8f] 7fpFdf sf] 7f tftf] kfg{
bfp/ fsf] ;66fdf cGo OGwgx¿sf]
k|of] u ug{' kg] { ePsf] 5 . To:tf
a} slNks OGwgx¿dWo] afof] Uof;
-uf] a/ Uof;_ klg Ps xf] . afof] Uof;
pTkfbgsf nflu uf] a/ / rlk{ dn
klg k|of] u ug{ ;lsG5 . rlk{ dn
k|of] u ug{ lxlRsrfpg] 3/ kl/ jf/ n]
uf] a/ dfq klg k|of] u ug{
;Sb5g . g] kfn
;/ sf/ n] ufpFFFj:tLdf
afof] Uof; KnfG6
agfpg ;xof] u
ul/ / x] sf] 5 . ofb
/ fVg' kg] { s'/ f s] 5
eg] of] ;/ sf/ sf]
/ fli6«o sfo{qmd
xf] . o;sf nflu
o; kl/ of] hgfaf6
s'g} cfly{s cg'bfg
jf ;kf] 6{ ug] {
Joj:yf 5} g .
To;} n] Osf] len] hsf
afl;GbfnfO{ o;
ljifodf cfaZos
;/ ;Nnfx /
cled'vLs/ 0f dfq lbOg' cfaZos
5 .
g] kfndf Ps 3g ld6/ afof] Uof;
KnfG6 agfpg xfn ? &%)) b] lv
*%)) ;Dd nfUg] cg'dfg 5 .
qm=;+= phf{sf k|sf/ x¿ k|lt:yfkg kl/ df0f
! cNsf] xn !=! ln6/
@ UffO{sf] u'OF7f !@=#) s] hL
# rfsf] {n !=$ s] hL
$ dl66t] n )=^@ ln6/
% l8h] n )=%@ ln6/
^ laB't $=& lsnf] jf6 cfj/
& bfp/ f #=$& s] hL
* PnlkhL -l;ln08/ sf]
Uof;_
)=$% s] hL
( UffO{sf] u'OF7f !@=#) s] hL
!) rfsf] {n -s8f sf] Onf_ !=$ s] hL
!! uf] n -g/ d sf] Onf_ !=^ s] hL
afof]Jof; KnfG6
Ps 3g ld6/ afof]Uof;n] k|lt:yflkt ug]{ cGo phf{sf
k|sf/x¿sf] kl/df0f

!) 3gld6/ Ifdtfsf] afof] Uof;
Knf06af6 dfl;s !$=@ s] hLsf
!) j6f PnlkhL -Uof;_ l;ln08/ n]
hlQs} Uof; pTkfbg ub{5 . Ps 3g
ld6/ afof] Uof;n] k|lt:yflkt ug] {
cGo OGwg jf phf{sf k|sf/ x¿sf]
kl/ df0f lgDgfg';f/ 5M
;'wfl/ Psf] w'“jf/ lxt r'nf] lsg <
xfd|f] k/ Dk/ fut r'nf] df bfp/ f
/ fd|/ L aNb} g / efG;f k"/ } w'jfFn]
el/ G5 . To;/ L w'jfF el/ Psf]
efG;fdf vfgf ksfpg] JolQm
vf;u/ L dlxnfsf] :jf:Yodf g/ fd|f]
c;/ kl/ / x] sf] x'G5 . pgL kmf] S;f]
/ Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL lalaw
;d:ofaf6 kLl8t e} / x] sL x'lG5g .
csf] {tkm{ bfp/ f / fd|/ L gaNbf vfgf
ksfpg a9L ;do nfUg] x'G5 .
To;sf klg cfkmg} c;/ x¿ 5g h:t}
sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] pT;h{g w] / }
kl/ df0fdf x'G5 . To;n] e"d08nLo
tfkdfg a9fpg d2t ub{5 . To;} n]
Osf] len] hdf k/ Dk/ fut r'nf] x¿nfO{
w'jfF/ lxt r'nf] df ¿kfGt/ 0f ug'{
kb{5 . To;f] ul/ Pdf dfly pNn] lvt
;d:ofx¿sf] ;Daf] wg / ;dfwfg
x'G5 . xfd|f Osf] len] hx¿df w] / }
3/ x¿df w'jfF/ lxt r'nf] 5g / s] xL
dflg;nfO{ To:tf] r'nf] agfpg klg
cfpF5 . o;sf] nflu :yfgLo ;|f] t
eP k'U5 / x/ ] s 3/ n] clnslt ;do
lbP/ To:tf] w'jfF/ lxt r'nf] agfpg
;Sb5g . :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿n] o;nfO{
tbf?stfsf ;fy k"/ f ug'{ h?/ L 5 .
ufO{ tyf afv|fsf] ;'wfl/ Psf] uf] 7
lsg <
xfd|f] ufpFFFF3/ df ufO{, e} ++;L, afv|f,
e] +8f / a+u'/ jf ;'+u'/ sf vf] / x¿
cAoal:yt x'G5g . To:tf vf] / x¿sf
sf/ 0f 3/ kfn'jfsf] :jf:Yo gfh's
;'wfl/Psf] uf]7;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]

/ x] sf] kfOG5 . t;y{ ;a} k|sf/ sf
3/ kfn'jf a:t'efpsf] nflu kfgL
gr'lxg] , a:g] 7fpF cf] efgf] / Gofgf]
x'g] , dn d"q hDdf eP/ lxnfDd]
gx'g] , bfgfkfgL / fVg] ;kmf efF8f jf
8'F8x¿ ePsf vf] / x¿sf] Joa:yf
ul/ g' kb{5 . ufO{sf] ;'wfl/ Psf]
uf] 7df ux"Ft ;+sng x'g] gfnL / ;fgf]
sG6] g/ jf 8«dsf] Aoa:yf u/ ] sf]
x'g' kb{5 . To;/ L hDdf ul/ Psf]
ux"FtnfO{ kfgLdf ld;fO{ jf kmd] {G6] zg
u/ L kftnf] kf/ L -kfgLdf ld;fO{_
afnLgfnLdf dn jf laiffbLsf ¿kdf
k|of] u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;k|sf/ uf] 7
;'wf/ / To;sf dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿
x'gM kf] if0f, ux"Ft ;+sng / k|of] u,
sDkf] i6, uf] a/ Uof; / vfgf ksfpg]
OGwgsf ¿kdf uf] a/ sf] ;d'lrt
k|of] u . pTkfbgx¿sf] clen] vLs/ 0f
/ plrt ahf/ Joj:yfkg .
s'v'/ f / xfF;sf] ;'wfl/ Psf] vf] / lsg <
xfd|f] ufpFFFF3/ df s'v'/ f / xfF;nfO{ ;fgf]
xfjf gl5g] { vf] / df / ftLdf y'Gg] / c?
a] nfdf v'nf 5f] 8g] tyf c08f kfg] {
kf] yLsf nflu 3/ sf] s'gfdf Pp6f
8fnf] df k/ fn / fv] / agfOPsf] kfOG5 .
w] / } ;do;Dd aflx/ v'nf 5f] l8g]
ePsfn] s'v'/ f / xfF;n] htftt} kmf] x/
ug] {, af/ Lsf ;fu;JhLx¿ vfP/ w'?Ss}
kfg] {, la/ fnf] , afh / cGo hGt' jf
lzsf/ L k+IfLx¿sf] lzsf/ aGg k'Ug] ,
aiff{ ofddf kfgLdf leh] / la/ fdL kg] {,
kfgL lkpg gkfpg] tyf kmf] x/ kfgL
lkP/ la/ fdL kg] { / ;?jf / f] ux¿
v'nf¿kdf ;g] { h:tf ;d:ofx¿ cfO
kb{5g . oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg
ug] { u/ L s'v'/ f / xfF;sf] vf] / df
;'wf/ ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . To:tf vf] / x¿df
lgDglnlvt Aoa:yf ul/ g' kb{5M
• / ftLdf ;'/ lIft ¿kdf -aGb
ug{ ;lsg] emofn 9f] sf ePsf] _
af; a:g ;Sg] xfjf v] Ng]
Joj:yf;lxtsf] vf] /
• c08f kfg] { kf] yLx¿sf nflu
vf] / leq PsfGtdf c08f kfg] {
:yfgsf] Aoa:yf
• aGb vf] / aflx/ xl/ of] 3fF;kftdf
rg{ / df6f] v] Ng kfpg] Aoa:yf
• aGb vf] / leq / aflx/ :jR5
lkpg] kfgLsf] laz] if efF8f] / bfgf
/ fVg] laz] if efF8f] sf] Aoa:yf .
s'v'/ f / xfF;sf cnfjf sltko
t/ fO{sf lhNnfx¿df s] xL ;d'bfon]
;'wfl/Psf] xfF; / s'v'/f]sf] vf]/

k/ ] jf kfng ug] { u/ ] sf] kfOG5 . k/ ] jf
kfng g] kfnL s[lifsf] Ps cleGg
cªu / x] sf] kfOG5 . k/ ] jf kfngaf6
klg ls;fgx¿n] hLljsf] kfh{gnfO{
;xh kfg{ s] xL cfly{s pkfh{g ug] {
u/ ] sf 5g . t;y{ k/ ] jf kfngsf
nflu agfOg] vf] / ;'/ lIft -3fd
kfgL / x'/ L jtf;af6 k/ ] jfsf] ;'/ Iff
x'g] , rf] / x¿ / lzsf/ L r/ f tyf
hgfj/ x¿af6 ;'/ Iff x'g] , c08f kfg] {
kf] yL k/ ] jf -k/ ] jL_ sf nflu plrt
Joj:yf_ x'g' kb{5 . To;sf ;fy}
k/ ] jfx¿nfO{ lbgsf] b'O{ k6s rf/ f]
lbg] / :jR5 lkpg] kfgLsf] Joa:yf
klg ul/ g' kb{5 .
k+IfL -s'v'/ f, xfF;, k/ ] jf, OToflb_
pTkfbgsf kIfx¿ x'g vf] /
Joj:yfkg, EoflS;g] zg, kf] if0f,
pTkfbg, k|f] ;] l;ª / ahf/
Joj:yfkg .
sDkf] i6 vfN8f] jf h} ljs dn tyf
laiffbLsf] 8«d lsg <
Osf] len] hdf / f;folgs v] tL
k|0ffnLnfO{ :yfg x'Fb} g . Osf] len] hsf
;a} ls;fgx¿n] h} ljs jf k|f+ufl/ s
v] tL ug'{ kb{5 . To;sf lgldQ
ls;fgx¿n] cfkm} jf ;d"x /
;xsf/ Ldfkm{t k|f+ufl/ s dn tyf
h} ljs dn tyf laiffbL pTkfbg ug'{
kb{5 . cfkmg} ufO{a:t'sf] dnd"q,
af/ L / sfNgfsf 3fF;kft, lkgf /
v/ fgL nufotsf s'/ fx¿ ldnfP/
pRr u'0f:t/ Lo k|f+ufl/ s dn tyf
sDkf] i6 pTkfbg ug'{ kb{5 . To;} u/ L
ufO{sf] uf] a/ -h'6sf] af] / fdf kf] sf
kf/ ] / / fVg] _, lalaw hl8a'6Lo
laz] iftf ePsf ?v la?jf -lgd,
asfOgf] , lr/ fOtf] , c;'/ f] , tLt] kftL,
lv/ f] {, l;:g', af] emf] , cfFv, l6d'/ , ;'lt{,
;okqL, uf] bfj/ L, 9'ª«L km"n, wt'/ f] ,
OToflb_ sf kft / kmnx¿nfO{ dl;gf]
kf/ L sf6] / 8«ddf a/ fa/ dfqfdf
/ fVg] , / ux"Ft -8«ddf / flvPsf
s'/ fx¿ 8'Ag] u/ L_ xfnL xfjf l5g{
gkfpg] u/ L lasf] { aGb u/ L # xk
mtf;Dd / fvL emf] n h} ljs dn tyf
laiffbL pTkfbg ug'{ kb{5 .
o:tf] h} ljs dn tyf laiffbLnfO{
a9L k|efjsf/ L kfg{ OPd -Okm] lS6e
dfOqmf] cu] {lgHd_ sf] klg k|of] u ug{
;lsG5 . OPd gePdf @) ln6/ sf]
8«ddf ! ln6/ blx -NoflS6s
JofS6] l/ ofsf] ;|f] tsf ¿kdf_ / Ps
lsnf] u|fd sf] ;] afnL af] 6 la?jfsf]
luvf{x¿ ePsf h/ fx¿nfO{ dl;gf]
u/ L sf6] / -gfO6«f] hg l:y/ Ls/ 0f
JofS6] l/ ofsf nflu_ ld;fpg'
kb{5 . o; laifodf Osf] len] hsf
ls;fgx¿nfO{ h] l6P tyf s[lif

clws[tx¿af6 cfaZos Jofjxfl/ s
tflnd / cled'vLs/ 0f lbOg' kb{5 .
;f] tflnddf s] s] s'/ f slt slt
dfqfdf s;/ L / lsg ld;fP/ / fVg'
kb{5 clg slt ;dokl5 dn jf
laiffbL tof/ x'G5 / To;nfO{ s;/ L
k|of] u ug'{ kb{5 eGg] laifodf :k:6
u/ L a'emfpg' cfaZos x'G5 . o;
laifodf cfaZos hfgsf/ L / 1fgsf
nflu cf] / ] s g] kfnåf/ f k|sflzt
";3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnL" gfds
k':ts k9g ;lsG5 .
aif{ tLg M
r/ 0f !) M bf] ;|f] aif{sf sfd /
pknlJwx¿sf] k'g/ fjnf] sg /
t] ;|f] aif{sf] sfo{ of] hgf lgdf{0f /
sfof{Gjog
ultlalwnfO{ Jojl:yt tyf
l56f] 5l/ tf] ¿kdf ug{ / u/ fpg
bf] ;|f] aif{df ul/ Psf sfd /
pknlJwx¿nfO{ k'g/ fjnf] sg ul/ g'
kb{5 / t] ;|f] aif{sf] sfo{ of] hgf tof/
kfg'{ kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{ of] hgf k|d'v
;|f] t JolQmn] lbPsf] cled'vLs/ 0fsf] ]
cfwf/ df tyf cWofo # df lbO{Psf]
Osf] len] hsf ;"rsfÍx¿sf cfwf/ df
lj:t[t agfOg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o:tf
sfdx¿sf] k|fyldstfdf klxnf] /
bf] ;|f] aif{df em} + dlxnf / lszf] / L
:jf:Yo / clwsf/ , afnaflnsfsf]
:jf:Yo / clwsf/ , o'jf ;zQmLs/ 0f
tyf kof{j/ 0f / ufpFFFFsf] jftfj/ 0f,
hnjfo' / s[lif, ;3gh} ljs v] tL
k|0ffnL / hLljsf] kfh{g, :j:ys/
pTkfbg / k|zf] wg, ;/ sf/ L
lgsfo;Fu ;fem] bf/ L / ;dGjo,
ahf/ Aoj:yfkg, ;~rf/ / aflx/ L
hut;Fu ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{
kb{5g . dfly g} pNn] v ul/ ;lsPsf]
5 ls oL laifox¿nfO{ ;Daf] wg
ug{ agfOg] sfo{ of] hgf tLg aif{sf]
x'g] 5 . t] ;|f] aif{sf] sfo{ of] hgfdf
ToxL aif{df ug{ ;lsg] sfdx¿nfO{
dfq ;d] 6g'kb{5 . bf] ;|f] aif{df
ljleGg ;d"x / ;xsf/ LnfO{ lbOPsf
sltko tflnd, cled'vLs/ 0f, tyf
;d'bfonfO{ lbOPsf laleGg ;xof] u
/ ;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿;+u ;dGjosf
nflu ul/ g] sfox{?nfO{ t] ;|f] aif{sf]
sfo{ of] hgfdf klg ;d] l6g' kb{5 .
r/ 0f !! M ;fd'bflos ;+/ rgfx¿sf]
lgdf{0f / pkof] u
Osf] len] hsf ;Defljt / cfaZos
;fd'bflos ;+/ rgfx¿ cGtu{t
lgDglnlvt kb{5gM
• afn lasf; s] Gb|
• dlxnf :jf:Yo k/ fdz{ tyf ;|f] t
s] Gb|
• ;fd'bflos Sna jf ejg
• ;fd'bflos dgf] / ~hg :yn -v] n

d} bfg, lkslgs :yn, kfsf
;b:ox¿sf] nflu la>fd :yn_
• ;fd'bflos ;~rf/ s] Gb|
• ;fd'bflos xf6 ahf/
• ;fj{hlgs wf/ f jf Ogf/
• ;fj{hlgs kf} jf jf kf6L
¿kfGt/ 0fsf] r/ 0fdf / x] sf sltko
Osf] len] hdf dfly pNn] lvt s] xL
;+/ rgfx¿sf] lgd{f0f e} ;s] sf] 5 eg]
sltko Osf] len] hdf oLdWo] s'g} klg
;+/ rgf ag] sf 5} gg . oL ;+/ rgfx¿
:yfgLo cfaZostfcg';f/ ufpFFFFaf;L,
u} / ;/ sf/ L ;ª3;+:yf / :yfgLo
;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿sf] ;fem] bf/ Ldf
lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . dfly pNn] lvt
;+/ rgfx¿sf] nflu plrt :yfgsf]
5gf] 6 ;a} sf] ;xdltdf cfjZos
sfg'gL k|lqmof k'/ ofO{ ul/ g' kb{5 .
afn lasf; s] Gb|, dlxnf :jf:Yo
k/ fdz{ tyf ;|f] t s] Gb| tyf
;fd'bflos ;~rf/ s] Gb| h:tf
;+/ rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f k|fs[lts
;fdu|Lx¿ / ;'wfl/ Psf] k/ Dk/ fut
k|lalwsf] k|of] u u/ L ug'{ a] z
x'G5 . o:tf k|s[lts ;fdfu|Lx¿df
af+;, 9'+uf, df6f] , / sf7 kb{5g .
;'wfl/ Psf] k/ Dk/ fut k|lalwdWo] Ps
xf] -kmnfd] ;fFrf] df lyr] / agfOPsf]
df6f] sf] sfFrf] O66f Compressed
Stabilized Earth Blocks
(CSEB) . of] 3/ sf] kvf{nsf nflu
cfjZos O§f agfpg] / fd|f] k|ljlw
xf] . of] k/ Dk/ fut ksfPsf] / ftf]
O66feGbf km/ s / ;:tf] klg x'G5 .
o:tf O66faf6 agfOPsf 3/ x¿
hf8f] df} ;ddf Gofgf / udL{ ofddf
708f x'G5g .
Osf] len] hleq kfos kg] { :yfgdf
dlxnf :jf:Yo k/ fdz{ tyf ;|f] t
s] Gb| -d:jfk;|f] s] _ sf] :yfkgf /
;+rfng ug{ ;+:yf / Osf] len] h
Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf v] Ng' kb{5 . dlxnf :jf:Yo
k/ fdz{ tyf ;|f] t s] Gb| tflnd k|fKt
dgf] ;fdflhs k/ fdz{stf{n] ;+rfng
ug'{ kb{5 . d:jfk;|f] s] df :yfgLo
h8La'6Lx¿ / laleGg :jf:Yo
;d:ofdf ltgsf] k|of] u lalwx¿ /
;+/ If0faf/ ] hfgsf/ L lbOg' kb{5 .
oL sfdx¿sf nflu cf] / ] s g] kfnn]
lasf; u/ ] sf] / k|of] u ub} { cfPsf]
k|lqmof, lalw / kmf/ fdx¿ ;a}
Osf] len] hx¿df k|of] u ul/ g' kb{5 .
To;} u/ L ;fd'bflos ;~rf/ s] Gb|
tyf ;fd'bflos xf6 ahf/ klg
:yfgLo cfaZostfcg';f/ ufpFFFFaf;L,
u} / ;/ sf/ L ;ª3;+:yf / :yfgLo
;/ sf/ L lgsfox¿sf] ;fem] bf/ Ldf
lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . dfly pNn] lvt

;+/ rgfx¿sf] nflu plrt :yfgsf]
5gf] 6 ;a} sf] ;xdltdf cfjZos
sfg'gL k|lqmof k'/ ofO{ ul/ g' kb{5 .
r/ 0f !@ M ;3g h} las v] tL
k|0ffnLaf/ ] cfaZos tflnd /
;xof] u
k|f+ufl/ s v] tL g] kfnL s[lifsf] ;+:s[lt
xf] . t/ cfh o;n] a9bf] / f;folgs
v] tL k|0ffnLsf] Jofj;flos k|j4{g
/ To;n] lgDTofPsf kof{j/ 0fLo /
:jf:YohGo ;d:of / r'gf} ltx¿sf]
;fdgf ug'{ k/ ] sf] 5 . To;sf]
nflu xfdLn] ;3g h} las v] tL
k|0ffnL h:tf lbuf] s[lifnfO{ k|j4{g
/ k|;f/ ug'{ afG5gLo ePsf] 5 .
;3g h} las v] tL k|0ffnL h:tf
lbuf] s[lifnfO{ k|j4{g u/ L ;fgf
ls;fgx¿sf] hLljsf] kfh{g / vfB
;'/ IffnfO{ ;'/ lIft kfg{ ;kmntf
kfOPsf 5g . To;afx] s ;3g
h} las v] tL k|0ffnLn] jftfj/ 0fLo
;d:of, df6f] sf] ;+/ rgf / pj{/ tf,
dflg; / a:t'efpsf] :jf:Yo h:tf
s'/ fdf klg ;sf/ fTds k|efj kf/ ] sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . To; laifodf dfly klg
xNsf 5nkmn e} ;s] sf] 5 .
;fd'bflos :jf:Yo lSnlgsn]
Osf] len] h Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;Fu
;dGjo u/ L dlxnf, afnaflnsf /
;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|fylds
:jf:Yo ;] jf pknJw u/ fpg' kb{5 .
kf] if0f / hg:jf:Yosf b[li6sf] 0faf6
nfesf/ L t/ sf/ L -xl/ of ;fu;JhL,
lel08, ef06f, k/ jn, ss{nf] , ufh/ ,
d'nf, l;dL, OToflb_ / kmnkm"nx¿
-d] jf, s] / f, cDaf, gf:kftL, cfFk,
cdnf, sfutL, hfd'g, OToflb_ sf]
pTkfbg Osf] len] hleqsf x/ ] s af/ L
jf s/ ] ;faf/ Lx¿df ug{ cfaZos
cled'vLs/ 0f, tflnd, ;xof] u /
;/ sf/ L lhNnf sfof{nox¿;Fu
cfaZos ;dGjo ;+:yf / Osf] len] h
Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿ b'a} n] ;lqmo
¿kdf ug'{ kb{5 .
r/ 0f !# M Osf] len] haf/ ] cfˆg}
j] a;fO6dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/ L
xfdL clxn] ;"rgf k|lalwsf] o'udf
5f} + . ;a} ;"rgf, hfgsf/ L / 1fgsf]
;|f] t OG6g] {6 cyjf j] a;fO6x¿
ePsf 5g . j] a;fO6df k|jflxt
hfgsf/ L / ;"rgf ;f/ f ;+;f/ e/ L
t'?Gt} / k|efjsf/ L ¿kdf k'Ub5 .
To;} n] Osf] len] hn] pknJw u/ fpg]
;] jf / ;'lawfx¿af/ ] sf] hfgsf/ L
cfkmg} j] a;fO6dfkm{t lbg] Joj:yf
ul/ g' / fd|f] x'G5 .
Osf] len] hsf] j] a;fO6df s] s:tf
;"rgf cyjf hfgsf/ Lx¿ x'g'
knf{ < Osf] len] hsf] j] a;fO6x¿df
df] 6fdf] 6L ¿kdf tn lbOPsf
laifox¿df hfgsf/ L lbOPsf] kfOG5M

• Osf] len] h sxfF 5 < slxn] /
s;/ L :yfkgf ePsf] xf] <
• Osf] len] hsf] b[li6sf] 0f, bz{g /
laz] if ultlalwx¿
• Osf] len] hsf] ;fdflhs,
ef} uf] lns / kof{j/ 0fLo ljj/ 0f
• Osf] len] h glhssf ko{6sLo
:yfg / cWoog cg';Gwfg ul/ g'
kg] { laifox¿af/ ] hfgsf/ L
• Osf] len] hdf sfo{/ t laleGg
;d"x, Sna / ;xsf/ Lx¿af/ ]
hfgsf/ L
• Osf] len] hsf ;fj{hlgs
;+/ rgfx¿ -dfly pNn] v ul/ Psf
;a} ;+/ rgfx¿_ af/ ] hfgsf/ L
• Osf] len] hn] cfˆgf ;b:o / cGo
;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ pknJw
u/ fpg] ;] jf / ;'ljwfx¿af/ ]
hfgsf/ L
• Osf] len] hdf aGb] h nufOPsf
s'/ fx¿
• Osf] len] hleqsf] ;'/ Iff Aoa:yf
• Osf] len] hdf :jod;] jsx¿sf
nflu :yfg, ;'ljwf / pgLx¿n]
ug{'kg] { sfdx¿
• Osf] len] hdf cfpg]
cg'';Gwfgstf{ jf kfx'gfsf
nflu ul/ Psf] Joj:yf, ;] jf,
;'ljwf / z'Ns
• Osf] len] hdf :jod;] as,
cg';Gwfgstf{ jf kfx'gf e}
cfpgsf nflu e/ ] / k7fpg' kg] {
lgj] bg kmf/ fd
• lh1f;f / ;'emfjx¿sf] nflu
;Dks{ Od] n .
Osf] len] hx¿n] cfˆgf] j] a;fO6df
of] eGbf afx] s cGo laifodf klg
hfgsf/ Lx¿ / fVg ;Sb5g . d'Vo
s'/ f s] xf] eg] j] a;fO6 hlt w] / }
hfgsf/ Ld"ns / cfsif{s x'G5 Tolt g}
w] / } To:tf Osf] len] hdf :jod;] as,
cg';Gwfgstf{ / kfx'gfx¿ cfpg]
;Defjgf x'G5 . Osf] len] hdf
:jod;] as, cg';Gwfgstf{ /
kfx'gfx¿ cfpg' eg] sf] Osf] len] hsf
;b:ox¿sf] cfo{cfh{g a9g] ;fy}
Osf] len] hsf] cem Jofks k|rf/ x'g]
;Defjgf klg xf] .

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