Prasashan 120

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PRASHASAN
(The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration)
March, 2012, 120th
Issue
Government of Nepal
Ministry of General Administration
Administrative Reform and Internal Management Division
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 4200187, 4200367, 4200368, 4200369, Fax No.: +977-1-4200187
Web: www.moga.gov.np, E-mail: info@moga.gov.np
Editorial Board
Mr. Dharanidhar Khatiwada, Secretary - Chairman
Mr. Kewal Prasad Bhandari, Joint Secretary - Member
Mr. Murari Wasti, Under Secretary - Member
Mr. Ram Prasad Ghimire, Under Secretary - Member
Mr. DhirKumar Shrestha, Assistant Secretary - Member
Mr. Bhabani Pd. Shrestha, Section Officer - Member Secretary

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;fy{stf k|dfl0ft x'G5 . sf/0f, lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ult / lbzfaf6 b]zsf afFsL If]qx? k|ToIftM
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5ljlgdf{0f x'G5 . /fi6«b]lv cGt/f{i6«;Ddn] oxL cfwf/df d'n'sL k|zf;gsf] ult / lbzfnfO{
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;ªqmd0fsfnLg t/n jftfj/0fsf] k|efj b]vf k¥of] . kl/0ffd:j?k ck]lIft ultljlwsf 7fpFdf
s]xL cgk]lIft Jojxf/x? b]vf k/] . o;n] ubf{ lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] jt{dfg :j?k / ;~rfng
k|lqmof cfnf]rgfsf] ljifo aGof] . o;df k'glj{rf/ ug'kg]{ ckl/xfo{tf dx;'; ul/of] . o;nfO{
cj;/sf ?kdf u|x0f u/L eljiodf ;'wf/sf kfOnf rfNg' clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . r'gf}tLsf ?kdf
pkl:yt c;xh kl/j]znfO{ /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgf;lxt :jLsf/ ug{ ;s] ;dfwfgsf] af6f]df
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k'/:sf/sf ?kdf lnOg] ul/Fbf l:ylt ;xh x'g g;s]sf] xf] . o;y{ ;¿jfnfO{ cem Jojl:yt /
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n]v/rgfx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g . cfkmgf cd"No n]v/rgfx? pknAw u/fP/ o; klqsfsf]
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@= sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofªsg M
l;4fGt / Jojxf/ – k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n===========================!&
#= g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf M ljut / jt{dfg – l8NnL/fd af:tf]nf====================== ##
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*= ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g – g]q ;'j]bL …k|of;Ú=======================&*
(= lhNnf:t/df ;'zf;g sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf – ljzfn ef/åfh===========================*^
!)= cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ / k|zf;g – afns[i0f ;'j]bL===========================(%
!!= g]kfndf ul/aLsf] sf/0f, cj:yf / l:ylt tyf
;d:of / ;'emfj – uDeL/axfb'/ xf8f======================!)!
!@= Scope and Role of Government:
Global and National Context� - �� Khagendra Rijal...............................!@@
!#= Labour Relation and Union - Dr. Suman Kumar Regmi..................!#@
!$= Conflict of Interest:
Challenges to Implement in Nepal - Dr. Neeru Pokharel====================!#*
!%= Aid Dependency in Nepal:
A Politico-Administrative Perspective - Ganesh P. Adhikari, PhD=============!%$
!^= Decision – Making Process - Mr. Chet Nath Dahal......................!^@

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PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration
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ug{ ;s] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf klg bl/nf] / e/kbf]{ gx'g] s'/} x'Fb}g . t/ o;nfO{ t6:y
/ bl/nf] agfpg xfdL cfk}m slt cu|;/ 5f}F+ / o;sf nflu k|zf;s / g]t[Tj ju{af6 s]–slt
of]ubfg lbPsf 5f}F ;jfn xfd|f ;fd' v8f 5 . c/fhstf / cg'zf;gxLgtfn] lghfdtL
;]jf ;ªs6u|:t aGb} uPsf] s'/f Psflt/ xfdLn] la;{g x'Fb}g eg] csf]{lt/ cTolws /fhgLlts
x:tIf]kn] klg ;'zf;gdf cj/f]w k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 . ha;Dd o:tf ljs[lt / lj;ªultsf] cGTo
ul/Fb}g ta;Dd g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cl:y/ / k|lqmofd'vL eO{ g} /xG5 .
…cg'zf;gsf] kvf{n eTsfP/ :jtGqtfsf] gf/fÚ /dfOnf] t x'G5 t/ …3/ 9n]kl5 agfpg
w]/}} sl7g x'G5 .Ú clxn]sf] lghfdtL ;+:s[lt To:t} 5, xfdLn] o:t]} ;+:s[ltnfO{ slt e/y]u
ug]{ / ef]lnsf] ;ª3Lotfdf s:tf] ;+:s[lt n}hfg] ;f]Rg] a]nf ePsf] 5 . oL / o:t} ;jfnsf]
;dfwfg gvf]hL ;ª3Lotfdf lghfdtLsf] :j?k lgwf{/0f /fd|f] dflgGg .
;ª3Lotf jf PsfTds Joj:yfdf lgDgfg';f/ lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f x'g'k5{–
……;ª3Lotf jf PsfTdstf /fHo ;~rfngsf] dfWod (means) dfq xf] . of] g} nIosf]
clGtd ljGb' (ends) xf]Og . t/ /fHosf] p2]Zo Pjd nIo eg] /fi6«sf] ;jf{ªuL0f ljsf;
/ ;an /fi6« agfpg' eGg] x'G5 .ÚÚ o;}n] o;sf nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf] k|zf;g clxn]sf]
cfjZostf xf] .
-!_ hgpQ/bfoL, lhDd]jf/L / Odfgbf/ Pjd r':t k|zf;g
-@_ ;Ifd, t6:y, kl/0ffdd'vL k|zf;g
-#_ k];fut bIftf, sfo{ut nugzLntf, g}lts Odfgbf/L, Jojxfl/s t6:ytf, /fhgLltaf6
d'St k|zf;g

PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration10
-$_ e|i6frf/d'St / nf]enfnraf6 t6:y k|zf;g
-%_ JolStjfbL rl/qaf6 d'St / ;fdlxs efjgfaf6 k|]l/t k|zf;g
-^_ k];fut ljz'4tf / g}lts Odfgbf/L
-_ hgtf / sfg'gsf] cf1fkfns
-*_ cg'zf;g, sfdk|lt lgi7fjfg, /fi6«k|lt b[9 ;ªsNkjfg
-(_ pRr g}ltsjfg
oL o:tf dxÎjk0f{ tÎj x'g, h;n]] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ pRrtd / dgf]ano'St agfpg
d2t ub{5 . ;ª3fTds jf PsfTds s]jn zf;gk4ltdfq xf] / lghfdtL ;]jf ;]jfk4lt ePsf]n]
s'g zf;g eGg] s'/fn] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf vf;} dxÎj /fVb}g, o;n] b}lgs ?kdf s:tf] ;]jf
lbG5 To;df e/ kb{5 . ;]jfn] g} lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] eljio lgwf{/0f /xG5 . ;ª3Lotfdf cem
lghfdtL ;]jf a9L lhDd]jf/ /xg'k5{, hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /xg] ePsf]n] klg ;ª3Lotfdf
a]sDdf sd{rf/L leqofpg' 3fts x'g hfG5 .
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 k|lqmof ;ª3fTds÷PsfTds Joj:yf M
x'gt ;ª3Lotfsf] :j?kd} lgwf{/0f gul/sg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6, egf{, kbf]Gglt,
avf{:tLsf s'/f ug{ h¿/L 5}g t/ o;nfO{ klg 5nkmnsf] ljifo agfpg ;s]df ef]lnsf lbgdf
lghfdtL ;]jfnufotsf cGo ;]jfsf] af/]df Pp6f dfu{bz{gsf ?kdf vfsf tof/ x'g] cj:yf
/xG5 / ef]lnsf lbgdf l/Sttf geO{ tof/Lk0f{ cj:yf /xg ;S5 . w]/}sf] ;f]rfO ;ª3Lotfdf
d'VodGqL cfkmg} dfG5] egf{ u/L k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ / cfkmg} dfG5]nfO{ /f]huf/ lbg] eGg]
;kgf a'lg/x]sf x'G5g . sd{rf/Lsf] ;ªVof, ;'/Iff lgsfosf] :j?k, lzIfs jf cGo ;/sf/L
;]jfsf] :j?k / sfo{;~rfng ;¿jf, j9'jf / sf/afxLsf ;jfndf ;}4flGts :jLs[t ul/Pg
eg] ef]lnsf lbgdf c:tJo:t k|zf;g x'g uO{ To;}af6 hftLo, If]qLo / n}ªlus bªuf e8sg
;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . oL ;jfnnfO{ gh/cGbfh ul/of]] eg] ……!* cf}F ztfAbLdf cd]l/sg /fi6«klt
uf/lkmN8nfO{ h;/L xTof ul/of],ÚÚ o:t} cj:yf a]/f]huf/Lsf] sf/0fn] glelqPnf eGg ;lsGg .
To;}n] ;ª3Lotfdf k|zf;lgs lgsfodf 5gf]6 ubf{ t6:ytf / of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t eP/ ug'{kb{5 .
jf:tjdf ;ª3Lotfdf lghfdtL, k|x/L, lzIfs jf cGo 5gf]6sf ;jfndf …;ª3Lo Jo'/f]Ú u7g
u/L 5gf]6 ug{ pko'St x'g] b]lvG5 / o:tf] ;ª3Lo Jo'/f]df s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] lgo'lSt, avf{:t,
sf/afxL ug]{ u/L cWoIf / ;b:osf] rog cfjZos /xG5 . d]/f] ljrf/df ;ª3Lotfdf hfg'cufl8
xfd|f] d'n'ssf nflu Ps dGqfno / To;cGtu{t sfof{no x'g pko'St b]lvG5 eg] ;ª3fTds
sd{rf/L 5gf]6sf nflu :jtGq Jo'/f]sf] Joj:yf eO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ dGqfno / To;cGtu{t
sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g /fd|f] b]lvG5 . sd dGqfnon] sfddf 5l/tf]kg, vr{df ldtJooL, kf/bzL{
x'g'sf] ;fy} sfddf lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfoL af]w x'g hfG5 . ;fgf] / r':t sd{rf/LtGqaf6 a9L
lhDd]jf/Lsf] cfzf /fVg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu :jtGq sd{rf/L lgo'lSt, kf/bzL{ ;¿jf k2lt,
:ki6 a9'jf gLlt / of]Uotf / Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf x'g h¿/L 5 . xfn
ljBdfg /x]sf dGqfnox?df b]xfoadf]lhddf ;dfof]hg u/L PsLs[t u/L ;fgf] cfsf/df /fVg]
xf] eg] xfnsf] vr{df w]/} s6f}tL eO{ ljsf;df vr{ ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf 11
-!_ k|:tfljt dGqfnox? -s]jn 5nkmnsf nflu_
-!_ u[x k|zf;g dGqfno (cfGtl/s ;'/Iff, ;Ldf, ck/fw lgoGq0f, sfnf]ahf/ lgoGq0f)
-@_ cfly{s Joj:yfkg dGqfno -cy{, of]hgf, dxfn]vf, j}b]lzs ;xfotf, C0f, cg'bfg_
-#_ ;fdflhs ;befj dGqfno -lje]bsf] cGTo, /xg;xg, ;fdflhs d}qL jftfj/0f,
;fdflhsLs/0f_
-$_ ljsf; lgdf{0f dGqfno -ljsf; of]hgf, lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{, ;jf{ªuL0f ljsf;sf sfo{_
-%_ :jf:Yo tyf hg;ªVof lgoGq0f dGqfno -gful/s :jf:Yo, hg;ªVof gLlt /
hg;ªVof lgoGq0f_
-^_ lzIff, /f]huf/ tyf o'jf dGqfno -dfgj ;+;fwg;DaGwL sfo{, lzIff /f]huf/;DaGwL
gLlt, /f]huf/;DaGwL gLlt, k|ljlw lzIff tyf Jofj;flos lzIff ;DaGwL gLlt, o'jf
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gLlt, lzIff, /f]huf/ Pjd o'jf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;dGjo /
;lGw;DaGwL sfo{_
-_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g Pjd :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng dGqfno -b]zsf] ;dli6ut k|zf;g,
of]hgf, ;dGjo, :yfgLo ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, ;|f]t kl/rfng / hg;xeflutf, :yfgLo
lgsfosf] sfo{, :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;zStLs/0f, ;dfj]zL, ;fdflhs jftfj/0f,
ljsf;df :yfgLo lgsfosf] eldsf, :yfgLo lgsfosf] u7g, ;|f]t afF8kmfF8_
-@_ :jtGq lgsfo -;ª3fTds sd{rf/L 5gf]6 / e|i6frf/ pGd'ngsf nflu_
-!_ sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ;ª3Lo Jo'/f]
-@_ e|i6frf/ pGd'ng Jo'/f]
-#_ ;ª3Lo lgjf{rg Jo'/f]
-$_ n]vfk/LIf0f Jo'/f]
-%_ :yfgLo lgsfodf ;dGjo Jo'/f]
-#_ sfof{nox?
 s]Gb| / ;ª3df ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;]jf;'ljwf hgtfnfO{ lbgsf nflu cfjZostfg';f/
sfof{no, ljefu agfO{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'{kg]{ .
 plNnlvt dGqfnocGtu{t /xg] u/L cfjZostfcg'?k klxn]] g} sd{rf/Lx?sf]
;ªVof, kb / of]Uotf, 5gf]6 k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L ;ªVof / kb ldnfg
;ª3Lotfdf b]z uPsf] cj:yfdf ljBdfg sd{rf/L ;ªVof a9L x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{
Joj:yfkg x'g h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu xfnsf] sd{rf/L, lzIfs / k|x/LnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{
eGg] ;jfndf ulx/f] ax; x'g h¿/L 5 . x/]s ;ª3n] cfkmgf] If]qdf cfkmg} If]qsf gful/sx?
egf{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g] sf/0fn] s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ klxn] g} to x'g'k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf ?kdf xfnsf] s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L ;ªVofsf] slt k|ltzt s]Gb|df /fVg] / slt k|ltzt

;ª3df n}hfg], s:tf] cj:yfdf ;ª3Lotfsf] sd{rf/L / s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ /
sxfF, s;/L sd{rf/L ldnfg ug]{ of] klxn] g} to ug{ h¿/L x'G5 . o;f] gul/Pdf /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf a9b5 / hgtfn] ;/sf/L ;]jf ;xL ?kdf kfpg ;Sb}gg eg] xfnsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
Joj:yfkgsf] sf/0f vr{ a9g uO{ cg'Tkfbs If]qdf ;/sf/n] a9L vr{ ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ljsf; lgdf{0f
/ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf sd vr{ hfg] sf/0fn] pTkfbg If]q 36b} uO{ /fi6« cfly{s ?kn] hh{/ aGg
hfg] x'G5 . o;}n] ;fgf] r':t ldtJooL / pTkfbgdns k|zf;g cfjZos /xG5 . ;ª3Lotfdf
…efF8tGq k|0ffnL cyf{t lhTg]sf] k|zf;gÚ eGg] dfGotf knfof] eg] k]ml/ b]z Psk6s g/fd|/L
lr/f kg{ ;S5 eg] eO;s]sf] åGå cj;fg k'gM hfUg ;S5 . efF8tGqn] ;dfhdf cl:y/tf,
e|i6frf/, s'zf;gafx]s s]xL lbg ;Sb}g . xfn}sf lbgx?df s]xL dGqfno, sfof{no / If]qdf
o:t} ;+:s[ltsf]÷k4ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . zlSt / cfly{s n]gb]gsf] e/df k|zf;gsf s]xL
/fd|f kbx? s]xL cj;/jfbLx?n] kfpg]sf] eL8 a9b} uPsf] 5 . o;n] k|zf;g t e|i6 aG5 g}
;dfh klg k|ultsf] ky 5f8]/ bnbndf efl;g k'U5 . ……zlStsf cufl8 ;To / Odfg ;w}F}F tn
kg]{ ePsfn] ;dfhdf hªunL /fh x'g hfG5 / kmntM ;dfh lx+;f / eoaf6 u|l;t /xG5 .ÚÚ
k|zf;gsf ljåfg DofS;j]a/sf] k|zf;lgs k4lt / l;4fGt clxn] g]kfndf Wj:t kfl/Psf]
5 . o:tf] sfo{n] k|zf;gdfq tx;gx; x'g] xf]Og ;dfh g} cl:y/ aGg hfG5 . plNnlvt
cj:yfaf6 k|zf;gnfO{ arfO{ dof{lbt Pjd pQ/bfoL agfpgsf nflu ;a} k|zf;gljb sd{rf/L
ju{ / pRrkb:y ju{n] ;f]Rg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 . xfn}sf s]xL jif{b]lv s'g} 7fpFdf sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf
…au/]n] af]sf v;L 5fg] h:tf] 5fGg] rngsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .Ú oxL ljsf; ef]ln ;ª3Lotfdf
;/]/ ghfnf eGg ;lsGg . o:tf] cj;/jfbLsf] ljsf;n] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ul/df 36g]dfq xf]Og
lghfdtLk|lt hgljZjf; u'Dg hfg] lglZrt 5 . g]kfndf Pp6f e|d g]t[Tj ju{n] kfn]sf] kfOG5,
Tof] xf] s';L{ / dGqfno k|flKtkl5 sfg'g / ;'zf;gnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug]{ rng . sltko cj:yfdf
g]t[Tj txaf6 ;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ cTolws x:tIf]k ug]{ rngn] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an xb};Dd
lu/]sf] 5, / ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 o:tf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] s'g dgl:yltsf ;fy sfd
ub{5g / /fi6«n] s] cfzf /fVg], o:tf /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Laf6 lj;ªult / ljs[ltnfO{ ha;Dd
;dfKt kfl/Gg ta;Dd dGqfno / g]t[Tj ju{;fd'Gg] ;]jfu|fxL xf]Ogg sd{rf/Lsf] eL8 a9L /xG5 .
clxn]sf] s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L ;ªu7g o:t} ;+:s[ltaf6 x's]{sf] x'Fbf lj8«f] ljN;g / DofS;j]a/sf]
l;4fGt sfuhL ?kdf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . kmntM e|i6frf/ a9]sf] / s'zf;g a9]sf] b]lvg
yfn]sf] 5 .
clxn] x/]s JolStsf d'vaf6 k|zf;g r':t, kf/bzL{ / e|i6frf/d'St x'g'kg]{ cfjfh
pl7/x]sf] 5 . k|zf;gnfO{ o:tf] ?kdf @)$ kl5 k'¥ofpg] sfo{ xfd|f] g]t[Tj txaf6} ePsf]
s'/f oyfy{ xf] . o;}n] pQ/bfoL k|zf;g / t6:y ;+oGq cfhsf] hg dfu xf] . e|i6frf//lxt
;dfh ta sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 ha sfg'gadf]lhd sfdsf/afxL dof{lbt 9ªun] ul/G5 . o;}n]
plNnlvt sf/0fn] k|zf;g ;+oGq r':t, t6:y / Joj;foL x'g'k5{ . ……sd{rf/Lsf] ;ªVofeGbf
klg lghx?n] lbg] u'0f:t/ ;]jfsf] dxÎj /xg'k5{ .ÚÚ o;}n] klg ;ª3 jf PsfTds Joj:yfdf
lghfdtLsf] ;ªVof slt /xg] eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} dxÎj /xFb}g . ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd, sfo{of]hgf

Pjd ToxfF p7g] /fh:j / ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8df e/ kg]{ s'/f x'g hfG5 . s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf xfnsf]
;ªVofdf /x]sf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? /fi6« ;ª3Lotfdf uPkl5 sd dfqdf cfjZos kg]{
ePsf]n] lgZro g} kb ldnfg ubf{ slt / s'g tx;Dd ;ª3Lotfdf n}hfg] / sltnfO{ :j]lR5s
cjsf; lbg] h:tf s'/fx? klxn] g} to ul/g'k5{ . o;sf nflu …pRr:t/Lo cfof]uÚ u7g u/L
o;;DaGwL lj:t[t k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ h¿/L /xG5 . ;ª3Lotfdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6
;DaGwdf ef/tLo 5gf]6 k|lqmofnfO{ ckgfpFbf /fd|f] x'g] b]lvG5 . ef/tsf] lghfdtL ;]jf 5gf]6
@ k|sf/n] x'g] Joj:yf 5, ;ª3Lotf / s]Gb|Lotf . ;ª3df ;ª3n] g} k'ln;, k|zf;g 5gf]6
u5{ eg] s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L s]Gb|Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ug]{ k|rng 5 . g]kfndf xfn;Dd nf]s ;]jf
cfof]un] g} of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] xfn;Dd
sd{rf/L 5gf]6 / of]Uotfdf s'g} ljjfb ePsf] 5}g / ef]lnsf lbgdf klg ;ª3Lotf jf PsfTds
h] eP klg ;fj{hlgs If]qsf sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 lgikIf lgsfoaf6 x'g h¿/L 5 . o;f] geP b]z
k'gM åGådf km:g k'U5 . o;sf nflu d]/f] ljrf/df xfnsf] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg / cfjZos
sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 lgDgcg';f/ x'g'kg]{ JolStut /fo k|:t't u/]sf] 5' M
!_ s]Gb|||Lo sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg
-s_ s]Gb|df /x]sf] clxn]sf] xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Lsf sd{rf/LnfO{ sl/a @% k|ltzt
sd{rf/L x/]s ;ª3df :yfgfGt/0f u/L ;ª3nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .
-v_ @) k|ltzt sd{rf/L s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf sfd rnfpg] u/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
-u_ !% k|ltzt sd{rf/LnfO{ s]Gb| / ;ª3sf] k'nsf ?kdf sfd ug]{ u/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
-3_ afFsLnfO{ GoldenHandshake df labf ug]{ jf hu]8fdf /fVg] Joj:yfkg ug{ pko'St x'g] .
pSt sfo{sf nflu xfnsf] df}h'bf b/aGbLnfO{ a9fpg] sfo{ gug]{ / xfnsf] b/aGbLeGbf
a9L cfjZos k/] s]jn s/f/af6 sfd rnfpg sfg'gadf]lhd sd{rf/L lng] . t/ o:tf] s/f/nfO{
lg/Gt/tf glbg] / sfg'gdf g} ;do ls6fg u/L ;Demf}tf ug]{ / ;do ;lsPkl5 :jtM cjsf;
kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
sd{rf/L 5gf]6 Joj:yf
-s_ s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L 5gf]6 k|lqmof xfn nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 eO/x]sf]n] casf] ;+ljwfgdf
;f]xLadf]lhd s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
-v_ ;ª3Lotfsf sd{rf/Lsf nflu s]Gb|Lo nf]s ;]jfn] Eofpg] xf] eg] o;}nfO{ To; ;ª3sf
JolStdWo]af6 b/vf:t lnO{ pko'St pd]bjf/ 5fgL k7fpg] jf To:t} ;ª3Lotfdf
klg lgikIf nf]s ;]jf jf cGo :jtGq lgsfo ;+ljwfgdf v8f u/L pSt lgsfonfO{
sd{rf/LnfO{ 5gf]6 u/L k7fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
-u_ lgikIftfsf] ;jfndf s]Gb|Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ljz]if lg/LIf0f, lgb]{zg / sf/afxL ug]{
clwsf/ lbg] .

t6:ytfsf] l;4fGt
xfnsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g jf:tjd} x:tIf]ksf/L ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . o;}n] lghfdtL
sd{rf/L c;Ifd, gfnfos / rfs8Ljfhsf ?kdf kl/lrt 5 . ha;Dd lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ t6:y
agfOFb}g o;n] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g / o;} sf/0fn] ;dfh ;w}FF} k|tfl8t eO/xg'k5{ . clxn];Ddsf]
k|rng (Train) x]bf{ ;/sf/ ;~rfng ug]{ g]t[Tj txn] kbnfO{ …hDbf/LÚ 7fGg] k|j[ltn] ;d:of a9b}
uPsf] 5 . sltko dGqLHox?n] t dGqfnonfO{ sfg'gadf]lhdeGbf klg cfkmgf] nx8df dGqfno
/ sd{rf/L ;~rfng u/]s} sf/0f ;/sf/L ;+oGqn] b'b{zf ef]Ug'k/]sf] tLtf] ;To xfdL;Fu tfh}
5 . dGqLsf :jsLo ;lrjx?n] dGqfno rnfpGh]n ;'zf;g / ljlwsf] zf;g ;Dej x'g] s'/f
xf]Og . o:t} ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; a9b} uPdf ef]lnsf lbgx?df klg k|zf;sLo Ifdtfdf x|f; cfO{
;/sf/L ;]jf r':t, Odfgbf/Lk0f{ ?kdf gx'g] lglZrt /xG5 . o;}n] klg o;nfO{ a]n}df Wofg lbg
h¿/L 5 . sd{rf/Lx?df t6:ytf gePdf k|zf;lgs sfdsf/afxL :jR5, kf/bzL{, pQ/bfloTj
gx'g] cj:yf /xG5 . k|zf;gnfO{ t6:y /fVg] s'/f ;w}F}F ul/G5 t/ Jojxf/df /fd|f] dfG5]eGbf klg
cfkmg} dfG5] vf]Hg] rng oyfjt 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|zf;lgs t6:ytfsf] s'/f slt ;Dej
x'g;S5, oyfy{ xfd|f ;fd' 5n{ªu 5g . x/]s g]t[Tjsf] klxnf] sfd g} sd{rf/L ;¿jf b]lvPsf]
5 . o;}nfO{ dgg u/]/ clxn]sf] ;/sf/n] xfnnfO{ ;¿jf gug]{ / kl5 ;¿jf ubf{ klg sfdsf]
dNofªsgsf] cfwf/df ug]{ egL :ki6 kfgf{n] klg ;/sf/sf] km]/abn;Fu} sd{rf/L ;+oGq x:tIf]k
x'g] s'/fsf] ;ªs]t ub{5 .
;'zf;gsf gfddf e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] sfd csf]{ /xFb} cfPsf] kf6f] xf] . of]Uotf,
Ifdtf / p;n] xfl;n u/]sf] tflnd / Jofjxfl/s 1fg, ;LkeGbf klg cfkmgf] dfG5] 5fGg
yfn]kl5 e|i6frf/ ;+:yfut x'g' :jefljs} dflgG5 . Odfgbf/ g]t[Tj ju{ x'g]lalQs} tNnf] tx :jtM
cf1fkfns aGb5 . o;df zªsf ug'{ kb}{g . sfg'gadf]lhd sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f gePs} sf/0fn]
k|zf;gsf] cfnf]rgf a9]sf] xf] eg] ;'zf;g ;+:yfut x'g g;s]sf] xf] . k|zf;gdf t6:ytf /
/fhgLltaf6 cx:tIf]k sfuhL 3f]8f h:t} ePsf] 5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf t6:y
lghfdtL k|zf;g clxn]sf] HjnGt dfu klg xf] / o;nfO{ /fhgLltaf6 d'St /fvL hgtfsf] ;]js
agfpg Jofj;flosLs/0f ug{ h¿/L eO;s]sf] 5 . ;/sf/ cfpF5 hfG5 t/ lghfdtL ;]jf :yfoL
x'G5 / lgikIf Pjd t6:y x'G5 eGg] s'/f s]jn sfuhdf ;Lldt eP/ uPsf] 5, o;nfO{ a]n}df
g;RofP sfnfGt/df …dfs'/fn] cfkmg} cfdfnfO{ vfg]Ú u/] h:t} gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . pR5[ªvn
/ cg'zf;gxLgtfn] s;n] s'g a]nf s;nfO{ k5f5{ eGg ;lsGg .
xfdLn] o:tf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5f}F+ hxfF sd{rf/L eP/ :jfledfg arfpg'eGbf
rfs8L / nf]e / nfnrsf e/df sfg'gaflx/sf sfd klg ug{ kl5 kb}{gf}F . :jfy{klt{ ug{ /fi6« /
hgtfeGbf g]tf / g]t[Tjsf] :jfy{klt{ ug{ xfdL /fi6«;]js g} pS;fpg] u5f}F{ . To;}n] klg k|zf;g
abgfd x'gdf xfdL cfkm} bf]ifL 5f}F . o; s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] dgg ug{ h¿/L 5 . pbfx/0f x]/f}F,
x/]snfO{ sdfpg] 7fpFdf hfg} kg]{ / To:tf] 7fpFdf uPkl5 ;w}F}F cfkm} a:g'kg]{ Pp6f ;+:s[ltsf]
ljsf; u/]sf 5f}F+ . oL / o:t} ljs[lt ;ªu7gnfO{ k]jf agfO{ hldgbf/L kfP;/x ug]{ k4ltsf]
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df geO{ xr'jfsf] cfwf/df 5fGg] rngsf] ;+:s[lt
a9b} uPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|zf;gn] s;/L t6:ytfsf l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;S5

s'/f ;'zf;g M sfd e|i6frf/hGo
/fi6« ;an / ;Ifd ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf lge{/ /xG5 . :jR5 5ljsf] ;/sf/ 5 eg]
d'n'sn] pNn]vgLo k|ult u5{ . l5d]sL d'n's rLgnfO x]g]{ xf] eg] !(() kl5 v'nfkg cfof] /
!((% kl5 dfq cGt/f{li6«o nufgL lelqPsf]] b]lvG5 . hDdfhDdL ……@)÷@% jif{sf] bf}/fgdf @=%
k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4 /x]sf] d'n's clxn] !) k|ltzteGbf dflysf] xf/fxf/Ldf eO{ ljZjsf] bf];|f]
7nf] cfly{s ;DkGg d'n's aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .ÚÚ ToxfF ljsf;df /fhgLlt x'Fb}g eg] sfddf
a]OdfgL xF'b}g . To;}n] ;kmn /fi6«sf] ?kdf clxn] ljZjdf rrf{sf] lzv/df k'Ug ;kmn ePsf]
5 . ……/fhgLlt gLlt lgdf{0f / ;dfhnfO{ ;xL lbzf lgb]{z ug]{ ynf]sf] ?kdf ljsl;t ul/Psf]]n]
rLg clxn] ljsf;sf] pRr txdf k'Ug ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o:t} csf]{ l5d]sL d'n's ef/t klg
@ cªssf] cfly{s j[l4b/ sfod ug{ ;kmn /x]sf] 5 .ÚÚ Tof] x'g'sf] dn sf/0f ;fj{hlgs
If]qdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k Gog /xg' / sd{rf/Lx? Joj;foL aGg' csf]{ sf/0f xf] . k];fut
If]q /fhgLltaf6 s]xL xb;Dd d'St /xFb} cfPsf] sf/0f klg ljsf;df ultzLn b]lvPsf] 5 .
ToxfF ……s'g} klg sd{rf/L s'g} kf6L{sf] eft[ ;ªu7g x'g kfpFb}g / To:tf] ePdf p;n] ;]jfaf6
xft w'g'k5{ .ÚÚ k|zf;gn] x/]s sfd ;Dkfbg ubf{ /fi6«k|lt akmfbf/ /xL lgikIf sfo{ ug'{k5{ /
k|zf;gk|lt hgljZjf; ePs} sf/0f ToxfFsf] k|zf;g uf}/jzfnL 5, cg'zf;g / sd{rf/LaLrdf
7nf] ;xof]ufTds efjgf /x]sf] x'G5 t/ xfd|f] b]zdf clws[t / ggclws[taLr 7nf] vf8n 5
s]jn cg'zf;gsf] . sfg'gadf]lhd ;[lht kb;f]kfgsf] dof{bf eTsfpFbf xfdL uf}/jzfnL x'G5f}F
eGg] efg kflnPsf] x'Fbf klg p5[ªvntf a9g uPsf] tLtf] oyfy{ xfdL ;fd' /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
olb o:t} p5[ªvntf a9g] xf] eg] ef]lnsf lbgdf xfd|f] k|zf;g sxfF k'U5 d}n] a'em]sf] k|zf;g
pRr k|zf;sn] gLlt lbg] / tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Ln] sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf] t/ clxn] t pN6f] ePsf]
5, k|zf;s ;xfos sd{rf/Lsf] cGtu{t x'g] h:tf] u/L sfd} gug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf]
5 . ……sd{rf/Lsf] xs–lxtsf] nflu Pp6f ;ªu7g pko'St x'G5 / sfg'gn] Tof] eG5 .ÚÚ t/
g]kfndf hlt kf6L{ 5g p;sf] eft[ ;ªu7g v'Ng] rng 5 / h'g kf6L{sf] ;/sf/ 5 To;sf
eft[ sd{rf/L cfkm g} dGqL aGg] / c? sd{rf/LnfO{ cfb]z lbg] kl/kf6Lsf] ljs[lt g} clxn]sf]
;d:of xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf s:tf] / slt :jR5 ;'zf;go'St k|zf;gsf] sNkgf ug]{
zf;sLo ;'wf/sf s'/f
zf;sLo ;'wf/sf y'k|} s'/fx? ;'lgG5g / sfg'gL zf;g / t6:ytfsf] w]/} jsfnt
ul/G5 . t/ Jojxf/df o;nfO{ slxNo} nfu ul/Psf]] 5}g . ;/sf/sf] km]/abn;Fu}} sd{rf/L
k|zf;g rnfodfg x'G5, lsg hxfF uP klg sd{rf/Ln] P]g, sfg'g / ;/sf/sf] lgb]{zgdf
g} sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t/ Tof] ;f]r slxNo} knfPsf] kfOGg . …sdfpmF / vfpmFÚ eGg] 7fpFdf Pp6}
JolSt÷;dxsf] xfnLd'xfnL ;w}F}F x'G5 t/ hf] t6:y / Odfgbf/ 5 pm ;w}F}F kfvf nfu]sf] 5 .
æl;4fGt / lgi7fsf] k|zf;g gePkl5 :yfoL ;/sf/ ;w}F} cl:y/ aGg hfG5 . o;n] e|i6frf/
a9]sf] 5, ;dfhdf cl:y/tf a9]sf] 5 / ;/sf/L sfdx?df l9nf;':tL a9]sf] 5 .Æ jf:tjdf
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLltaf6 cnUofpg]lalQs} hgpQ/bfoL / 5l/tf] k|zf;g x'g hfG5 .
olb sfg'gaflx/ s;}n] sfd u5{ eg] xb};Ddsf] sf/afxL ug]{ cfF6 ;/sf/n] ug]{ xf] eg] xfdLn]

;w}F} ;'zf;g, e|i6frf/d'St k|zf;g / pQ/bfoL k|zf;g egL elg/xg' kb}{g, :jtM x'g] s'/f x'g .
ca Pp6f k/LIf0f u/f}F, sfg'gadf]lhd pQ/bfloTj / lhDd]jf/ tf]sf}F clg cg'udgnfO{ alnof]
agfpg' …lt3|f x]/]/ sf/afxL ;f];{ x]/]/ b08k'/:sf/ xf]Og sfg'g / p;n] u/]sf] /fd|f / v/fa
sfd x]/]/ k'/:sf/ / b08 ug]{Ú sfo{sf] ;'¿jft u/f}F, ;DejtM k|zf;g s]xL lbgdf g} kl/0ffdd'vL
aGg hfG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf ;+;bn] agfO{ sfo{kflnsfåf/f cg'df]lbt P]g / lgodadf]lhd u7g /
;~rflnt /x]sf] x'G5 . nf]s ;]jfaf6 k/LIf0f eO{ of]Uotfdf 5gf]6 x'g] ePsf]n] of] ;]jfdf s'g}
kf6L{sf] dfG5] 5flgg]eGbf klg of]Uo JolSt hf] ;a} kf6L{ / ;dfhsf] 5flgg] ub{5, n] g} k|zf;g
;~rfng u/]sf] x'G5 . t/ :ki6 gLlt / sfg'gL cfwf/df ;¿jf, a9'jf, k'/:sf/ Pjd b08–
;hfosf] Joj:yf gul/Psf]]n] o:tf] lgikIf k|zf;g ;]jf k|j]z;Fu}} s'g} kf6L{sf] emG8f af]Sg afWo
kfl/G5 . clxn]sf] oyfy{ / tLtf] ;To oxL xf] . olb cg'dfgof]Uo ;¿jf, a9'jf, b08k'/:sf/sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPdf pm kf6L{sf] sfo{stf{ xf]Og b]z / hgtfsf] ;]js aGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt
x'Fb}g . s'g} klg /fi6«;]js ;]jfdf /fhgLlt ug{ k|j]z u/]sf] klg xf]Og / OR5f klg xf]Og t/
afWotfn] kf6L{sf] sfo{stf{ agfOG5 . h;sf sf/0f k|zf;gdf t6:ytf / Jofj;flostfsf s'/f
;dfKt x'G5g . p;sf] l;4fGt s'g;Fu glhs 5, ef]6 s;nfO{ xfN5 eGg] s'/f p;sf] j}olSts
/ g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] t/, æs'g} kf6L{sf] sfo{stf{ eO{ emG8f af]Sg' lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfg'g /
Jojxf/ ljZjdf k|rng /x]sf rngx?sf] alv{nfk xf] .Æ /, o;} sf/0f k|zf;g kl/0ffdd'vL /
Jofj;flosLs/0f gePsf] 7f]s'jf ug{ ;lsG5 . olb kl/0ffdd'vL / pQ/bfoL k|zf;g agfpg] xf]
eg] t6:ytfdf hf]8 lbpmF / Jofj;flosLs/0f u/f}F . k|zf;g ;a}sf] xf] / of] ;femf ;+:yf xf] .
o;nfO{ ha;Dd ;'b[9, ;an Pjd ;Ifd kfl/Gg ;dfhdf hgtfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf 7Ls 9ªuaf6
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g, of] klg oyfy{ xf] . æJolSt x]/]/ ;]jf lbg] xf]Og k|df0f / sfg'g x]/]/ ;]jf lbg]
afgL a;fn .Æ /, d]/f] dfG5] xf]Og /fd|f] dfG5] eGg] efjgf /fv]/ /fi6«;]jsnfO{ sfd lbg] xf] eg]
lgZro g} k|zf;g ;'lw|g] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'Fb}g . k|zf;gdf x/]s JolSt ;Ifd 5g t/ cj;/sf]
sdLn] pgLx? c;Ifd b]lvPsf 5g . ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ u/L gLlt to ug]{ xf] eg]
s;}n] xLgtfaf]waf6 u|l;t /xg'kg]{ lyPg .
clxn] g} x]/f}F, cy{ g} lsg 7Ls x'nfs lsg a]7Ls, u[x g} lsg 7Ls ;fdfGo lsg
a]7Ls of] ;d:of tL dGqfnodf a:g]df cfPsf] cxd xf] / o:tf] cxdtf cfpg' s;}sf] bf]if
xf]Og, bf]if xf] k4ltsf], ;+:sf/sf] / k/Dk/fsf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
— — —, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, sf7df8f}F M sfg'g lstfa Joj:yfkg ;ldlt .
— — —, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), sf7df8f}F M sfg'g lstfa Joj:yfkg ;ldlt .
— — —, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}F M sfg'g lstfa Joj:yfkg ;ldlt .

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg M l;4fGt / Jojxf/
k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n*
ljifo k|j]z
s'g} klg ;ªu7g lglZrt p2]Zo tyf nIo k|flKtsf] nflu :yfkgf ePsf] x'G5 . o:tf]
p2]Zo / nIo xfl;n ug{ cGo ;fwgsf] t'ngfdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] a9L dxÎj x'G5 . ;ªu7gsf]
nIo / p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ s'/f sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L s]–slt k|efjsf/L 9ªun] k/f
u/]sf] 5, ;do / nfut k|efjsfl/tf s]–s:tf] /x]sf] 5 h:tf kIfx?df lge{/ /xg] ub{5 .
sd{rf/L lgo'lSt x'g] a]nfdf lghaf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf]] glthf xfl;n x'g ;Sof] ;s]g eg]/ lgSof}{n
ug]{ lgoldt sfo{n] ;ªu7gnfO{ ;kmntfsf] l;F9Ldf r9fpFb} n}hfG5 eg] sfd ug]{ / gug]{aLrdf
e]b ePg jf ;Dkflbt sfo{sf] dNofªsg ug]{ kl/kf6L g} ePg jf unt / xr'jf 9ªusf] eof] eg]
To:tf] ;ªu7g ktgsf] af6f]df cf]/fnf] nfUb5 . j:t'lgi7 sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgn] sd{rf/LnfO{
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg u/L eljiodf ;'wf/sf nflu cj;/ klg k|bfg ub{5 . sd{rf/Ldfly Joj:yfkgn]
s;/L x]/]sf] 5, To;sf] hfgsf/L klg lbG5 . To;}n] sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg
ug]{ sfo{ dxÎjk0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn sfo{leq kb{5 .
;dfhdf ;ªu7g jf ;+:yfsf] cl:tTj;Fu} k|To]s /f]huf/bftf ;+:yfn] s'g} g s'g}
?kdf cfkmgf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ul/cfPsf] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . s;}n]
s;}nfO{ /f]huf/ lbG5 eg] To;n] s] sfd u/]sf] 5, ck]lIft sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sof] ;s]g,
u/]sf] 5 5}g, h:tf s'/fsf] vf]hL tyf dNofªsg ub}{g eg]/ kTofpg ;lsFb}g . sfo{;Dkfbg
dNofªsgnfO{ ;j{k|yd Jojl:yt ?kn] k|of]u ug]{ ]o eg] pBf]uklt /j{6 cf]j]g (Robert Owen)
nfO{ hfG5 . ;g !*)) df pgn] :s6NofG8sf] Go' ngfs{df ;~rfng u/]sf] cfkmgf] sk8f
ldnsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ug{sf nflu u'0frl/q k'l:tsf (Character Books)
/ rl/q Ansx? (character Blocks) k|of]udf NofP .
g]kfndf sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd s:tf] 5 eg]/ x]g]{ k|rng lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)!# tyf lgodfjnL, @)!# hf/L ePkl5 ;'¿ ePsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# df
k|To]s dGqL, ljefuLo k|d'v tyf c•fsf xflsdn] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] l/kf]6{ uf]Ko u/L
/fVg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . t/ Tolt a]nf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf klg gePsf] / k|of]hg klg vf;}
* pk;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno �.

ePsf] b]lvFb}g . oBlk lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# lgdf{0f ubf{ ljlzi6 ]0fLsf] xsdf d]l/6 (Merit)
/ cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf h]i7tfsf] cfwf/df kbf]Gglt ug]{ k|rng sfod ul/of] .
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# vf/]h u/L lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)@! nfu ePkl5
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf gofF Joj:yf ul/of] . of] lgodfjnL, @)@% ;fndf ePsf] klxnf]
;+zf]wgn] a9'jfsf] #)) k0ff{ªsdf !)) cªs sf=;=d=sf] nflu 5'6ofOPsf] lyof] . To;kl5
lgodfjnLdf ePsf ;+zf]wgn] sf=;=d=sf] cªsef/ 36a9 u/] klg sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{
eg] pRr dxÎj k|bfg ul//Xof] . @)$) ;fndf ePsf] lg=;]=lg=sf] ;+zf]wgn] t a9'jfsf] s'n #))
k0ff{ªsdf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ !!@ cªs cyf{t #=# k|ltzt ef/ k|bfg ul/Psf]] lyof] .
To;a]nf sf=;=d'=nfO{ dn tÎjsf] ?kdf lnFb} z}lIfs of]Uotf, tflnd, juL{s[t If]qsf] cg'ej,
sfof{no k|d'v eO{ sfo{ u/]sf] cg'ej, /rgf jf s[lt cflb kIfnfO{ k/s tÎjsf] ?kdf lnPsf]
lyof] .
;fljssf] P]g vf/]h u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( hf/L ePkl5 sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{
ljz]if dxÎj k|bfg ul/of]] . of] P]gn] a9'jf x'g s'n !)) k0ff{ªs sfod u/]sf]df sf=;=d'=nfO{ %)
cªs cyf{t %) k|ltzt cªsef/ k|bfg ug{ k'Uof] . kl5 uP/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgn]
o;nfO{ 36fP/ sf=;=d'=afkt $) cªs k|bfg ug{ k'Uof] . of] Joj:yf cfh;Dd klg nfu 5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg s] xf]
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf] rrf{, o;sf] dxÎj, cf}lrTo / cfjZostf w]/} ljåfgx?n]
cf}FNofP klg o;sf] kl/efiff eg] w]/} sd ljåfgn] lbPsf 5g . k|zf;gsf k|Voft ljåfg O.
Glenn Stahl n] s'g} klg ;ªu7gn] cfkmgf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Jojxf/ / k|efjsfl/tfsf] dNofªsgaf6
5'6sf/f kfpg ;Sb}g eg]/ o;sf] cfjZostf cfF}NofPsf 5g t/ sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf]
kl/efiff eg] u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf] kl/efiff lbFb} R.W. Griffin n] eg]sf 5g
M Performance appraisal is a formal assessment of how well employees are doing their aob. To;}
u/L Performance Evaluation sf] kl/efiff lbFb} S.L. Goel n] eg]sf 5g M Performance Evaluation
is the process of measuring quantitatively and qualitatively an employee's past or present
performance against the background of his work environment and about his future potential
for an organization. o;/L sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] p;nfO{ tf]lsPsf
sfo{x? ;Dkfbg u/] gu/]sf] ljifodf j:t'lgi7 9ªun] ul/Psf]] dNofªsg g} sfo{;Dkfbg
dNofªsg xf] eg]/ eGg ;lsG5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/ / ;t{x¿
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf nflu lgDg cfwf/ ;t{ clgjfo{ dflgG5 . cGoyf j:t'lgi7
dNofªsg x'g ;Sb}g .
-s_ lhDd]jf/Lsf] :ki6 ls6fgL
-v_ :ki6 sfo{ljj/0f
-u_ dfkg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{;Dkfbg ;rsfªs

sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf p2]Zox¿
-s_ sfd;Fu ;DalGwt p2]Zox?
-!_ Control
-@_ Efficiency
-#_ Assignment
-$_ Job Evaluation M
-v_ j[lQ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt p2]Zox?
-!_ tflnd
-@_ Career
-#_ Development Assignment
-$_ Career Goals
-u_ ;rgf ;~rf/;DaGwL p2]Zox?
-!_ Feedback
-@_ Clarity of Goalss
-#_ Counseling
-$_ Assessment
-3_ k|zf;lgs p2]Zox?
-!_ a9'jf
-@_ ;¿jf
-#_ Incentive
-$_ Termination
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf tl/sfx¿
ljleGg ljåfgx?n] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf ljleGg tl/sf pNn]v u/]sf 5g . C.B
Mamoria / S.V. Gankar n] cfkmgf] k':ts Personnel Management df sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf
tl/sfnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs u/L @ efudf ljefhg u/]sf 5g . k|fWofks 8f=
eLdb]j e§n] ;d]t log} dNofªsg ljlwsf] pNn]v u/]sf b]lvG5 M
-s_ k/Dk/fut tl/sf (Traditional Methods) M
o;cGtu{t lgDg !! j6f tl/sf pNn]v u/]sf 5g M
-!_ Straight Ranking Method
-@_ Man to Man Comparison
-#_ Grading
-$_ Graphic Rating Scales
-%_ Forced Choice Description
-^_ Forced Distribution Method
-_ Check List

-*_ Free Form Essay Method
-(_ Critical Incidents
-!)_ Group Appraisal
-!!_ Field Review Method
oL tl/sfx?sf] 5f]6s/L kl/ro lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf]] 5 M
-!_ l;wf ]0fLs/0f ljlw (Straight Ranking Method)
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf of] k'/fgf] / ;/n tl/sf xf] . JolStn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfo{nfO{
csf]{ p:t} k|lt:kwL{ JolSt;Fu t'ngf u/L !,@,#==== cªs k|bfg u/L dNofªsg ul/G5 .
JolSt–JolStaLr t'ngf u/L Ranking ug{ of] ;lhnf] / pko'St x'G5 . o;df Ps
JolStsf] t'ngfdf csf]{ JolSt bIf / pko'St 5 eg]/ ]0fLs/0f (Ranking) ug{ ;lsG5
t/ JolSt slt bIf / pko'St 5 eg]/ of] k4ltdf dfkg ug{ ;lsFb}g .
-@_ JolSt–JolStsf] t'ngf ljlw (Man to Man Comparison)
bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsf cd]l/sL ;}lgs k|zf;gdf ;'¿ ul/Psf]] of] ljlw g]t[Tj, c?df e/
kg]{ gkg]{ tyf cu|;/tf h:tf cfwf/x? to u/L k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps–csf{l;t t'ngf
ul/G5 . of] cln hl6n k|sf/sf] dNofªsg k4lt ePsf]n] Jojxf/df Tolt k|of]u ePsf]
kfOFb}g .
-#_ juL{s/0f ljlw (Grading Method)
o;df clt pQd, pQd, ;fwf/0f, g/fd|f] jf clt g/fd|f] h:tf dfks (Scale) /fvL
sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg ul/G5 .
-$_ /]vflrq ljlw (Graphics or Linear Rating Scale)
Jojxf/df a9L g} rNtLsf] of] ljlwdf sd{rf/Lsf ljz]iftf -hfu?stf, g]t[Tj, ;xof]uLkgf,
c?df e/ kg]{ dfqf, k|j[lQ, pmhf{zLntf, cf1fsfl/tf, ;[hgzLntf, lg0f{o Ifdtf,
ljZn]if0f Ifdtf, ;+j]ufTds Ifdtf tyf ;dGjo_ / sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfg -;Dkflbt sfo{sf]
kl/df0f / u'0f:t/, ck]lIft lhDd]jf/L k/f u/] gu/]sf], ljlzi6 nIo xfl;n u/] gu/]sf]
cj:yf, g]t[Tj jxg u/] gu/]sf], dflyNnf / tnsf;Fu u/]sf] Jojxf/ cflb_ sf cfwf/df
pgLx?sf] dNofªsg ul/G5 .
-%_ ha/h:t 5gf]6 j0f{g ljlw (Forced Choice Description Method)
of] ljlw bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] bf}/fgdf ;}lgs ;]jfdf nfdf] cg';Gwfgkl5 ljsf; ul/Psf]]
ljlw xf] . o;n] ljifouteGbf j:t'ut dNofªsgnfO{ dxÎj lbG5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lsf]
dNofªsgsf ;Gbe{df dNofªsgstf{sf] k|j[lQ (Tendency) nfO{ l:y/tf (Consistency)
k|bfg ug{ d2t ub{5 . o;df ;dfg k|sf/sf @ egfOdWo] Pp6f 5fGgsf nflu afWo
kfl/G5 t/ ltgsf] cªsef/ eg] uf]Ko /flvG5 . o;df egfOx? ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds
b'j} x'g ;S5g .

-^_ ha/h:t ljefhg ljlw (Forced Distribution Method)
of] ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{ ljåfg hf];]km l6lkmg (Joseph Tiffin) x'g . o;df sd{rf/LnfO{
ljleGg ;dxdf ljefhg ul/G5 . clt /fd|f, /fd|f / g/fd|f u/L ljefhg ul/G5 . o;sf]
ljefhg hlt 6'qmfdf klg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L ljefhg u/L dNofªsg ul/G5 .
-_ k/LIf0f ;rL ljlw (Check List)
o; ljlwcGtu{t sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg k|Zg tof/ u/L ;f]wgL ul/G5 . To;df p;sf]
hfgsf/L, ;sf/fTdstf / gs/fTdstfsf cfwf/df p;sf] dNofªsg ul/G5 .
-*_ :jtGq lgaGw ljlw (Free Form Essay Method)
o;df sfd;Fu ;DalGwt v'Nnf k|Zg ;f]lwG5 . To;}sf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg ul/G5 .
-(_ ljZn]if0ffTds 36gf ljlw (Critical Incidents Method)
of] ljlw låtLo ljZjo'4tfsf cd]l/sL ;}Go kmf];{n] cg';Gwfg u/L k|of]udf NofPsf]
xf] . dNofªsg cjlwdf 36]sf ljlzi6 36gf tyf sfo{nfO{ clen]vLs/0f u/L To;sf
cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg ul/G5 .
-!)_ ;fdlxs dNofªsg ljlw (Group Appraisal Method)
o; ljlwcGtu{t sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg ;dxaf6 ul/G5, h'g dNofªsg ;dxdf sd{rf/Lsf
;'kl/j]Ifs / lghsf] sfdsf af/]df yfxf ePsf cGo ;'kl/j]Ifs ;d]t /xG5g .
-!!_ sfo{If]q l;+xfjnf]sg ljlw (Field Review Method)
of] ljlwcGtu{t sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefusf sd{rf/L ;DalGwt ljefusf ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu
sd{rf/Lsf af/]df cGtjf{tf{ lnP/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] dNofªsg ub{5g .
-v_ cfw'lgs tl/sf (Modern Methods)
o; tl/sfcGtu{t lgDg $ j6f tl/sfx? kb{5g M
-!_ dNofªsg s]Gb| k4lt (Assessment Centre)
of] ljlw ;g !(#) lt/ hd{gLdf ;}lgsLo kl/l:ylt (Military Situations) df k|of]udf
NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . o; ljlwdf w]/} dNofªsgstf{;Fu} a;L ljleGg kl/l:yltdf ljljw
qmfO6]l/ofsf] k|of]u u/L sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg ub{5g . o;df ;fdfGotM sfuh,
l;;fsnd k/LIf0f (Paper and Pencil Test), cGtjf{tf{ tyf kl/l:yltsLo cEof;x?
k|of]udf NofOG5 . sfd;Fu ;DalGwt eldsf cg's/0f (Job related role play simulation),
g]t[TjljxLg ;fdlxs 5nkmn, In basket exercise, business game h:tf tl/sfx?sf] k|of]u
ul/Psf]] kfOG5 . klZrdL d'n''sx?df o;sf] cEof; ePsf] eP klg g]kfndf eg] o;sf]
k|of]u ul/Psf]] 5}g . txut k4lt nfu ug]{ ;DaGwdf tof/ ePsf] ltjf/L k|ltj]bgdf of]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] eP klg o;sf] k|of]u cBflk ePsf] 5}g .
-@_ p2]Zodns Joj:yfkg ljlw (Appraisal by results or Management by Objectives)
of] ljlwsf] ljsf; jf k|ltkfbg k|l;4 Joj:yfkgljb lk6/ 8«s/ (Peter Drucker) n]
u/]sf x'g . dNofªsg k4ltx?df of] a9L k|rlnt / j}1flgs;d]t dflgG5 . o; ljlwdf
afXo lgoGq0f sdeGbf sd / cfGtl/s pTk|]/0ffsf] a9fjf ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOG5 .

;ªu7gsf] nIo;Fu sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ bfFh]/ x]l/G5 . o;df sd{rf/Lsf] Jofks
;xeflutfåf/f nIo lgwf{/0f, lhDd]jf/L tyf lqmofsnfksf] ls6fgL;d]t ul/Psf]] x'G5 .
sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf clej[l4df ;d]t Jofks hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 . o;af6 of] glthfdns
x'g] s'/f :ki6 g} 5 .
-#_ dfgjLo k'FhL clen]v k4lt (Human Asset Accounting Method)
s'g} ;ªu7gdf sd{rf/L slQsf] ;Gt'i6 5g, ;]jfu|fxL slt ;Gt'i6 5g, ;ªu7g 5f8]/
lxF8g] k|j[lQ s:tf] 5, o:tf kIfsf] clen]vLs/0f u/L ;ªu7g slt kfgLdf 5, cfkmgf]
p2]Zodf s]–slt ;kmn 5 eg]/ cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;ªu7gsf] gLlt,
sfo{ jftfj/0f, g]t[Tj cflb ;a} kIfdf Wofg lbOG5 .
-$_ cfr/0fut ;xf/f dfkg ljlw . (Behaviourly Ancho red Rating Scales)
dNofªsg k4ltdf of] gofF xf] . o;sf % j6f r/0f x'G5g, h'g lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
-s_ ;[lht÷3l6t 36gfx?sf] ljZn]if0f -Generate Critical Incidents_
o;df sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] af/]df 1fg, ljlzi6 sfo{ jf 36gfdf p;sf]
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cj:yf h:tf kIf x]l/G5 .
-v_ sfo{;Dkfbg cfofdsf] ljsf; (Develop Performance Dimentions)
o;df sfo{;Dkfbg cfofdnfO{ ;fgf–;fgf Clusters df ljefhg u/L k|To]s
Clusters nfO{ kl/eflift ul/G5 .
-u_ 36gfx?sf] k'gM ljt/0f (Reallocate Incidents)
sfo{df hfgsf/ s'g} klg ;dxnfO{ kj{ ;Dkflbt ljlzi6 sfo{x? -Critical
Incidents_ k'glj{t/0f ul/G5 . tL 36gfx?sf] k'gM l8hfOg ug{ elgG5 .
-3_ 36gfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f (Scale of Incidents)
bf];|f] ;dxnfO{ ;fdfGotM ljlzi6 36gfdf b]lvPsf k|j[lQnfO{ b]lv ( a'Fbfdf
cªsg ug{ elgG5 . tf ls pko'St cfofddf -k|efjsf/L jf ck|efjsf/L
9ªun]_ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|ltlwTj u/f]; .
-ª_ clGtd dfkg ljsf; ug'{ (Develop Final Instrument)
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg s;n] ub{5
ljZjsf ljleGg ;ªu7gsf] k|rlnt k/Dk/fnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ ;ªu7gsf] xflsd (Boss)
n] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ cfw'lgs ;ªu7gx?df
of] cjwf/0ff ca k'/fgf] ePsf] cg'elt ul/Psf]] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ug]{ w]/}
cjwf/0ff ljsl;t eO;s]sf 5g . jt{dfgdf k|rlnt sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ug]{
stf{x? lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf]] 5 M
-!_ ;'kl/j]Ifs (Immediate Superviser)
;ªu7gsf] tNnf] / demf}nf tx (Lower and Middle Level) df sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg
dNofªsg lghsf] tTsfn dflysf] ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ug]{ ul/G5 . ljZjdf of] a9L k|rngdf
/x]sf] 5 . glhssf] xflsd (Immediate Boss) af6 sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dNofªsg

ug]{ sfo{ a9L ljZj;gLo x'G5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ glhsaf6 a'‰g] p;sf] ;'kl/j]Ifs g} xf] .
g]kfndf klg sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf] s'n $) cªsdf @% cªs cyf{t ^@=% k|ltzt
cªs ;'kl/j]Ifsn] lbg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 .
-@_ ;dsIfL (Peers)
;dsIfLaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dNofªsg ug]{ sfo{ klg sltko ;ªu7gdf
k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . glhssf] xflsd (ImmediateBoss)af6 sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf]
dNofªsg ug]{ eg]sf] Pp6fn] dfq Rating ug]{ xf] . p;sf] dNofªsg Bias eof] eg]
dNofªsgn] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;Sb}g . To;}n] dNofªsgstf{ Ps hgfeGbf w]/}
hgf x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf cfPsf] xf] . w]/} dNofªsgstf{af6 Pp6}sf] dNofªsg ubf{
Average df ;Totfsf] glhs k'Ug] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . t/ o; dNofªsg k4ltdf
;dsIfLn] lgikIf dNofªsg u5{g eGg] xF'b}g . lsgeg] ;ªu7gleq ;dsIfL ;w}F}F cj;/
lng] ;Gbe{df k|lt:kwL{ eO/x]sf x'G5g . Pp6fnfO{ tn gkf/L cfkmn] cj;/ lng
;lsFb}g eGg] dfGotfn] h/f uf8of] eg] of] dNofªsg k4lt k/} c;kmn x'g hfG5 .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf of] k4lt k|rlnt 5}g .
-#_ cfTddNofªsg (Self Evaluation)
sd{rf/L cfkmn] cfkmg} dNofªsg ug]{ sfo{ cfTddNofªsg xf] . cfkmnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
lhDd]jf/L, sfo{ljj/0f, sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ;rssf cfwf/df cfTddNofªsg ug]{ sfo{n]
sd{rf/L cfkm slt kfgLdf 5' eGg] dx;'; ub{5 . o;n] sd{rf/L eljiodf ;'lw|g] df}sf
kfpF5 . lsgeg] aflx/ eg] klg geg] klg cGt/cfTdfn] cfkmgf sdL–sdhf]/L p;n] kQf
kfO;s]sf] x'G5 . t/ o; dNofªsg k4ltnfO{ Tolt ljZjfl;nf] eg] dfGg ;lsFb}g .
cfkmgf] sfo{;Dkfbg cfkm}n] dNofªsg ug]{ sfo{ pko'St x'g} ;Sb}g . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL
;]jfdf of] k4lt k|rngdf /x]sf] 5}g .
-$_ cwLg:y sd{rf/Lx?af6 (Immediate Subordinates)
sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg p; dftxtsf sd{rf/Laf6 ul/g]] k4lt klg sltko ;ªu7gdf
k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf] xflsdn] dfq xf]Og, p;sf
;xfosx?n] klg plQs} a'em]sf x'G5g . emg sd{rf/LnfO{ ljZjf;df lnP/, pgLx?nfO{
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]/, v'nf, pbf/, ldng;fl/tf b]vfP/ sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ v'aL 5 5}g,
dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;zSt (Empowered) agfpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 5}g h:tf kIfsf] oyfy{
dNofªsg dftxtsf sd{rf/Laf6 x'G5 . t/ of] dNofªsg k4ltdf Jojxf/df ckgfpg
s]xL ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g . cfkmgf] xflsdsf] g/fd|f] Rating u/] cfkmnfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6
gf]S;fg x'g] cj:yf b]Vg] l:ylt /xG5 . of] k4lt klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|rngdf cfPsf] 5}g .
-%_ #^) l8u|L dNofªsg (360 Degree Evaluations)
of] dNofªsg k4lt kl5Nnf jif{x?df lgs} dxÎjsf ;fy p7fOPsf] kfOG5 . cd]l/sfsf
!@ k|ltzt ;ªu7gdf of] dNofªsg k4lt ckgfOPsf] ;e]{n] b]vfPsf] kfOG5 .
of] dNofªsg k4ltsf] k|of]u lbgfg'lbg a9b} uO/x]sf] 5 . of] dNofªsg k4ltdf
dNofªsgstf{ lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 M

-s_ pRr Joj:yfkg
-v_ ;]jfu|fxL
-u_ ljt/s
-3_ ;dsIfL
-ª_ ;xfosx?
-r_ lgs6td xflsd
of] dNofªsg k4ltsf af/]df g]kfndf w]/} ax; ePsf 5g, o;nfO{ nfu ug{'kb{5 eg]/
;DalGwt lj1x?af6 n]v–/rgf k|sfzg ePsf 5g t/ Jojxf/df eg] of] k4lt klg
lghfdtL ;]jfdf cBflk nfu ePsf] 5}g .
dNofªsg k|lqmof
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg k|lqmof sf af/]df David A Decenzo / Stephen P. Robbins n]
cfkmgf] k':ts Human Resources Management df o;/L pNn]v u/]sf 5g M

dNofªsgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ (Factors That Can Distort Appraisal)
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ h]–h:tf dNofªsgsf dfkb08x? agfOP klg, hlt;'s}
/fd|f dNofªsgstf{ ePsf] cj:yfdf klg ztk|ltzt j:t'lgi7 / oyfy{ dNofªsg x'g lgs}
sl7g x'G5 . dNofªsgdf k|efj kfg]{ w]/} tÎjx? 5g h;dWo] d'Vo–d'Vo lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
-!_ Leniency Error M of] dNofªsgstf{sf] dNo dfGotfn] dNofªsgdf k|efj kfg]{ cj:yf xf] .
pxL vfnsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf dNofªsgstf{n] cFufn]sf dNo dfGotfn] dNofªsgstf{lkR5]
sd jf a9L dfqfdf ]0fLs/0f (Ranking) x'g hfg] cj:yf Leniency Error df b]lvG5 .
-@_ Halo Error M sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ k/} a]jf:tf u/L ;a}nfO{ xr'jf 9ªun] Ps}
lsl;dsf] dNofªsg ubf{ x'g] uNtLnfO{ Halo Error elgG5 . o:tf] dNofªsgdf /fd|f] sfd
ug]{ jf g/fd|f] sfd ug]{ ;a}nfO{ p:t} dNofªsg ul/G5 .
-#_ Similarity Error M cfkmn] h] perceived u/]sf] 5 ;f]xLcg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg ubf{
cfpg] uNtLnfO{ Similarity Error elgG5 . dNofªsgstf{ Aggressive 5 eg] p;n] ug]{
dNofªsgdf Aggressiveness sf] dfqfsf cfwf/df dNofªsg ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .
-$_ Central Tendency M sd{rf/Ln] h:tf];'s} /fd|f] sfd u/] klg jf g/fd|f] sfd u/] klg cf};tdf
cªs lbg] k|j[lQnfO{ Central Tendency elgG5 .
-%_ Miscellaneous Bias M lnªu, hfthflt, wd{, ju{ cflbsf cfwf/df x'g] Biases o;cGtu{t
kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf] cfjZostf / dxÎj
-Need and Importance of Performance Evaluation in Nepalese Civil Service_
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ dxÎjsf ;fy lnOPsf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ n] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfdf
s'n !)) cªsdf $) cªs cyf{t $) k|ltzt sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf] /flvPsf] 5 . o;/L
x]bf{ a9'jf ug]{ ;Gbe{df sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf] ljz]if dxÎj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;} u/L P]gsf] bkmf @$ 3 ! cg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] dNofªsgåf/f ul/g]
a9'jfsf] nflu kl5Nnf] # jif{sf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf cf};tdf () k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L
cªs k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
sd{rf/Ln]] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf clVtof/jfnfn] gl;xt lbg] jf
a9Ldf b'O{ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug]{ jf b'O{ jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ Joj:yf /x]af6 sd{rf/LnfO{
ljefuLo ;hfodf klg sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf !% adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] ljefuLo k|d'v, sfof{no k|d'v jf cGo
kbdf sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf u/L kb:yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] / ;f]sf] cg'udg ;DalGwt dGqfno /
ljefun] lgoldt ?kdf ug]{ Joj:yf;d]t /x]sf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tfadf]lhd sfo{ gu/]df
lghdfly ljefuLo ;hfo;d]t x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fsf] lgldQ dgf]gog
ug]{ cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ klg cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog

e|d0fsf] nflu k|fKt 5fqj[lQdf dgf]gogsf nflu tf]lsPsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ P]gsf]
bkmf @$ adf]lhd z}lIfs of]Uotf, h]i7tf, ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd u/]sf] cg'ej / sfo{;Dkfbg
dNofªsgafkt a9L cªs kfpg] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df dgf]gog ug]{ s'/f
pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg
klg Ps dxÎjk0f{ cfwf/ xf] .
dflysf s'/fx?n] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ / b08 lbg k|of]udf
NofPsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ b08 / k'/:sf/ lsg t eGg] k|Zg klg TolQs} dxÎjsf]
5 . ;ªu7gfTds nIo k|flKtsf nflu cxd eldsf v]Ng] dfgj ;+;fwgnfO{ OlR5t lbzftkm{
pGd'v u/fpg] ;Gbe{df sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg h¿/L b]lvG5 . ;Dkflbt sfo{sf cfwf/df
p;nfO{ yk pTk|]l/t ug{, ;Dkflbt sfo{s} cfwf/df yk lhDd]jf/L jf km/s lhDd]jf/L lbg,
;ªu7gsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{, tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L sd{rf/Ldf
cefj ePsf s'/fsf] kl/klt{ ug{, hgzlSt of]hgf agfpg ;d]t cfjZos kb{5 .
g]kfndf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ug]{ k4lt, tl/sf / cEof;
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg # txaf6 ul/g]] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] 5 . s'n $) cªsdWo] ;'kl/j]Ifsn] @% cªs, k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] !) cªs / k'g/fjnf]sg
;ldltn] # cªs lbg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ug{ ljsl;t ul/Psf]] sf=;=d'=
kmf/fddf nIo tf]lsPsf jf gtf]lsPsf sfdx?, cfkmg} kxndf u/]sf cGo sfo{x? tyf sfdsf]
kl/df0f, nfut, ;do / u'0f:t/ klg pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg sf] nflu
ljsl;t kmd{nfO{ dgg ubf{ sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg jf:tjd} j:t'lgi7 agfpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 t/
Jojxf/df o;adf]lhdsf] dNofªsg la/n}} x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg k|foM ;a}
xr'jfsf e/df eg]{ ul/Paf6 o;nfO{ j:t'lgi7 agfpg g;lsPsf] tLtf] oyfy{nfO{ :jLsfg}{ kg]{ x'G5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg @ k|sf/sf] 5 . Pp6f cw{jflif{s / csf]{
jflif{s . cw{jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg /fhkqfªlst sd{rf/Lsf] nflu dfq ul/g]] sfg'gL
Joj:yf 5 eg] /fhkq cgªlst sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf cefj dfq k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s
/fhkqfªlst sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgf JotLt eO;s]kl5 lbgleq
cw{jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg b'O{ k|lt e/L a'emfpg'kg]{, ;'kl/j]Ifsn] To;df csf]{ lbgleq
dNofªsg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg'kg]{ ;f];d]t pNn]v u/L Ps k|lt ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ lkmtf{
lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg kmf/dsf] xsdf k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] # k|lt
e/L k]; ug'{kg]{, To;df ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;fpg dlxgfleq dNofªsg ul/;Sg'kg]{, k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n]
ebf} !% leq / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] ebf} dlxgfleq} dNofªsg u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / a9'jf
;ldltsf] ;lrjfnodf k7fO;Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ kf/bzL{ / lgikIf agfpg w]/} klxn]b]lv g} vf]lhPsf]
xf] . t/ o;nfO{ dNofªsgsf j:t'lgi7 ;rssf cfwf/df kf/bzL{ / lgikIf agfpg eg] ;lsPsf]

5}g . k|zf;lgs k|s[ltsf sltko sfo{x? dfkgof]Uo agfpg ;lhnf] 5}g, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf
klg o:tf cK7]/fx? kfOn}lkR5] cfpg] ub{5g . csf]{lt/ k4ltdf afFlwg grfxg] / xr'jfsf e/df
dNofªsg ubf{ g} cfkmgf] zlSt a9]sf] cg'elt ug]{ k|zf;lgs dgf]j[lQn] klg sfd gu/]sf] 5
eGg ;lsGg .
g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] cw{jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbgsf]
dNofªsgsf] cjwf/0ff NofP klg Jojxf/df To;sf] cToGt Gog k|of]u ePsf] cj:yf ljBdfg
/x]sf] 5 . cefj sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf ;Gbe{df klg Pp6f b'O{6f 36gfn] ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{
kf/]sf] k|efjsf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf pRrtd cªs k|fKt ug]{ jf cªs 36g]
cj:yf;d]t /x]sf] k|zf;gleq cg'elt ul/Psf] 5 . ;'kl/j]Ifssf] lglxt :jfy{ k/f ug{
dltof/ gePsf] cj:yfdf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf cªs 36]sf 36gfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ /
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] :jLsf/ u/]sf s'/fx? klg Jojxf/df b]Vg ;lsG5 .
csf]{lt/ c;n k|zf;sx? hf] ;fFlRrs}} sfo{;Dkfbg u/]s} cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg
ub{5g, ltgLx?;d]t cgfjZos ljjfbdf kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . Pp6f dGqfnosf
dNofªsgstf{n] sfo{;Dkfbg u/]s} cfwf/df dNofªsg u/L @÷# cªs sd lbof] t/ csf]{
dGqfnodf Tof]eGbf gfsfd sd{rf/Ln] cTo'Qd cªs k|fKt u¥of] / p;sf] a9'jf eof] eg] lgikIf
dNofªsgstf{ cfkmn] ;xsfo{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg sd{rf/Ldfly cGofo x'g hfg] l:ylt b]lvFbf
/fd|f dNofªsgstf{ …PSnf] a[x:klt em7fÚ h:t} ePsf] l:ylt klg 5 . sd{rf/Ln] cfkmx?aLr
t'ngf ubf{ sd;nn] k'/:sf/ kfPsf] dx;'; u/L l;ªu} lghfdtL k|zf;g xtf]T;fx (Frustration)
sf] bnbndf km:g k'U5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf Pp6f sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;¿jf eP/ hfg] sd{rf/Ln]
sfo{/t cjlwsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg e/]/ gofF sfof{nodf hfg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/] klg Jojxf/df
eg] To;f] ul/Psf]] b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;} u/L cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] lbgleq sd{rf/Ln]
sf=;=d= kmf/fd e/L cfkm sfo{/t sfof{nodf a'emfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f] cjlwleq btf{ gu/L
;'kl/j]Ifssf] cg'dlt lnO{ yk !% lbgleq To:tf] kmf/fd e/L a'emfpg kfOg] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]
cjlwkl5 sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg kmf/fd e/L a'emfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsgdf Ps cªs 36fOg]
sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . Dofb gf3]/ cfPsf kmf/fdx? / To;}sf cfwf/df cªs 36fOPsf]
cj:yf Jojxf/df la/n}} b]Vg kfOG5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg kmf/fd eg]{ ;dofjlwdf s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/L j}b]lzs tflnd,
uf]i7L jf cWoog e|d0f cflbdf sfh hfg'kg]{ cj:yf k/]df To;/L hfg'eGbf cufj}} sfo{;Dkfbg
dNofªsg kmf/fd e/L ;DalGwt sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg tf]lsPsf] ;doleq kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL ul/g]]
Joj:yf 5 t/ Jojxf/df eg] o:tf] sf/afxL ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf % k|ltzteGbf sd / (% k|ltzteGbf a9L cªs lbg'kbf{
;f]sf] :ki6 sf/0f v'nfpg'kg]{ / % k|ltzteGbf sd cªs lbPsf]df ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{
hfgsf/L lbO{ lghsf] k|ltlqmof eP ;f];d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt;dIf k]; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 .

k|To]s jif{ ul/g]] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltaf6 eO;s]kl5 ;DalGwt
sd{rf/Ln] To; jif{ sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf] s'n cªs lghn] lgj]bg lbO{ dfu u/]df
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnon] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ t/ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbPsf] cªs
hfgsf/L glbOg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg kf/bzL{, lgikIf, j:t'lgi7 agfpg
;lsPsf] 5}g . o;n] ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;du| sfo{;Dkfbgdf g} ck|efjsfl/tf al9/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf vf; u/L sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf lgDg ;d:ofx? /x]sf b]lvG5g M
-!_ sfo{ljj/0f M ;a} kbn] ug]{ sfdx?sf] sfo{ljj/0f tof/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . th'{df
ePsf]df klg kof{{Kt /x]sf] 5}g . csf]{ s'/f sfo{ljj/0fdf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug{dfq klg
;Dej x'Fb}g . kl/l:ylt / e}k/L cfpg] sfo{ sfo{ljj/0fdf pNn]v ug{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf
Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g .
-@_ j:t'lgi7 sfo{;Dkfbg ;rssf] cefj M sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg of]–of] ;rssf
cfwf/df o;/L ug]{ eg]/ df]6fdf]6L pNn]v ul/Psf]] eP tfklg j:t'ut 9ªun] dNofªsg
ug]{ ;rssf] cefj 5 . emg dNofªsgstf{n] xr'jfsf e/df dNofªsg ug]{ kl/kf6Ldf
vf;} ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfd u/] klg gu/] klg Ps} vfnsf] dNofªsg ug]{
kl/kf6L /x]sf] kfOG5 .
-#_ sfo{;DkfbgeGbf /fhgLlts k|efj xfjL M ;¿jf–a9'jf h:tf j[lQ ljsf;df sfo{;DkfbgnfO{
eGbf /fhgLlts kx'Fr / k|efjnfO{ a9L dxÎj lbg] kl/kf6Ln] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dxÎj
x/fpFb} hfg yfn]sf] 5 . o;n] l;ªu} lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ lgisfd agfpg] af6f]df
8f]¥ofpFb}} n}hfg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
-$_ sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgstf{sf] cof]Uotf M sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgsf nflu dNofªsgstf{sf]
of]Uotfn] klg cxd eldsf v]Nb5 . j:t'lgi7 dNofªsgsf ;rsdfq eP/ k'Ub}g,
;f]cg'?k sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg ug{ ;Sg] klg x'g'kb{5 . oltdfq xf]Og, lgikIf /
j:t'lgi7 dNofªsg ug]{ cfF6 klg x'g'kb{5 . ;a};Fu /fd|f] x'g], g/fd|f] x'g grfxg] k|j[lQn]
klg sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg jf:tljs x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-%_ xr'jfsf e/df dNofªsg ug]{ dNofªsgstf{sf] xfjLn] /fd|f dNofªsgstf{ cfnf]lrt x'g'kg]{
cj:yf M j:t'lgi7 / lgikIf dNofªsg ug]{ dNofªsgstf{ klg c;Ifd dNofªsgstf{sf
;fd' lg/Lx aGg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} lgikIf dNofªsg ubf{ub}{ k|ltzf]wsf] l;sf/
x'g'kg]{, c;Ifd dNofªsgstf{n] c;IfdnfO{ klg k/f cªs lbPdf csf]{ Tof]eGbf /fd|f]
sfd ug]{n] lgikIf dNofªsgstf{af6 sd cªs kfPsf] eP c;Ifd k'/:s[t x'g] cj:yf
;[hgf x'g hfG5 . dNofªsgdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{ g;Sgfn] o; ;Gbe{df w]/}
cK7]/fx? b]lvPsf 5g .

-^_ ;]jfu|fxLsf] dNofªsgsf] c+z gx'g' M ;/sf/L lgsfox? ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf nflu
x'g . sd{rf/L s:tf x'g, s] s;/L ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g, ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/
s:tf] 5 h:tf kIfx? ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sd{rf/L o:tf] xf] eg]/ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf
k[i7kf]if0f lnO{ sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg ug]{ kl/kf6L xfn;Dd 5}g .
-_ ;ldltsf] dNofªsgsf] s'g} cy{ gx'g' M xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejdf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] ug]{ dNofªsgsf] vf;} cf}lrTo :yflkt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . g
t sfo{;Dkfbg ;rssf cfwf/df To;sf] sfo{;Dkfbg u/]sf] dNofªsg ul/Psf]] 5, g
cg'xf/ b]v]sf] 5 . dNofªsg cFWof/f]df u'Rrf xfg]em}F u/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
-*_ :jfy{jz ul/Psf] dNofªsgn] cBflk :yfg kfO/xg' M sltko ;'kl/j]Ifsn] JolStut
:jfy{k|]l/t eP/ dNofªsg ug]{ u/]sf], sltkon] JolStut l/;OaL ;fFWg sfo{;Dkfbg
dNofªsgnfO{ xltof/ agfpg] u/]sf] ;d]t obfsbf ;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] unt
dNofªsgsf sf/0fn] sltko sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;df cj/f]w cfPsf] klg b]lvG5 .
-(_ lghfdtL ;]jf kb / k|lti7fd'vL M lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sfdsf] b[li6sf]0fn] eGbf klg bhf{
/ k|lti7fsf] cfFvfn] x]g]{ k|j[lQ ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;d]t sd{rf/Ln] dg;fo
a'em]/ sfd ul/lbP v';L x'g] cj:Yff;d]t 5 . xfd|f] lghfdtL ;]jf a]nfotaf6 k|efljt
bhf{dns lghfdtL ;]jf ePsf] sf/0fn] klg cf;oadf]lhd sfo{ ug{'kg]{ / ;f] u/]df
;'kl/j]Ifs;d]t ;Gt'i6 x'g] cj:yf 5 .
-!)_ lghfdtL ;]jf bhf{d'vL x'g' t/ dNofªsg sfo{d'vL eP/ ug{ vf]lhg' M sfo{;Dkfbg
dNofªsgdf sd{rf/Lsf] -s_ JolStut u'0f / rl/q / -v_ sfdu/fOsf] tl/sf,
:t/ / kl/df0f u/L b'O{ kIf dxÎjk0f{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf bhf{dns
k|j[lQ xfjL 5 . bhf{dns rl/q xfjL ePs} sf/0fn] cf;o of dg;focg';f/ ul/g]]
sfo{n] TolQs} dxÎj kfO/x]sf] 5 . o;df JolSt c;n ePdf p;af6 ;Dkfbg
ul/g]] sfo{ :jtM u'0f:t/sf] x'g], nfut k|efjL x'g], oyf;dodf g} sfo{ x'g] dfGotf
/flvG5 . bhf{dns k4ltdf of] :jfefljs klg xf] . xfd|f] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg
kmf/fddf eg] a9L cªsef/ ;Dkflbt sfo{sf] kl/df0f, nfut, ;do / u'0fnfO{ lbOPsf]
5 . ;'kl/j]Ifsn] lbg] @% cªs / k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] lbg] !) cªs cyf{t b'j}sf]
u/L *=% k|ltzt cªs o;df 5'6ofOPsf] 5 . ;Dkflbt sfo{nfO{ a9L cªsef/
lbg' /fd|f] s'/f xf] t/ lghfdtL k|zf;gsf dnet dfGotf / rl/qx?nfO{ oyfjt
/fvL a9L cªsef/ /fVb}df To;sf] j:t'lgi7 dNofªsg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g .
sf=;=d'= kmf/fddf Joj:yf ePsf] eP klg dNofªsg ubf{ kl/df0f, nfut, ;do /
u'0f gx]/L xr'jfsf e/df cªs lbg] k|rng xfjL x'g'sf k5fl8 log} sf/0f x'g .
csf]{lt/ bhf{dns k|s[ltsf] lghfdtL ;]jf eP klg sf=;=d= df JolStsf j}olSts
u'0fx?n] sd cªsef/ kfPsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbg] % cªsdf
o:tf u'0fx? x]g]{ ul/Psf]] 5 . /fhkqfªlst k|yd ]0fLdf gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf,

5nkmn tyf jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf, ljj]ssf] k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / dNofªsg, g]t[Tj /
;ªu7gfTds Ifdtf / k];fut ;+j]bgzLntf -Odfgbf/L, uf]kgLotf_ h:tf u'0fx?nfO{
x]l/G5 . To;} u/L /fhkqfªlst låtLo / t[tLo ]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx?df ljifoj:t'sf]
1fg / ;Lk, ljj]ssf] k|of]u / lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf, sfo{rfk jxg ug]{ Ifdtf, ;[hgzLntf
/ cu|;/tf tyf ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u h:tf u'0fx?nfO{ :yfg lbOPsf] 5 .
bhf{dns k4ltnfO{ oyfjt cFufNb} sfo{dns k4ltdf xfDkmfn]s} sf/0fn] sf=;=d=
kmf/fddf ePsf ;rssf] cfwf/df dNofªsg gu/L sd{rf/Lsf j}olSts u'0f / rl/qsf
cfwf/df dNofªsg ul/g]] kl/kf6L oyfjt /xg uPsf] 5 .
-!!_ dNofªsgstf{ / dNofªsg ul/g]] sd{rf/Lsf] rfF8f]–rfF8f] x'g] ;¿jfn] j:t'lgi7 dNofªsg
ug{df afwf kfb{5 . cfly{s jif{sf] cGTolt/ ;¿jf eP/ cfPsf sd{rf/Lsf] dNofªsg
p;sf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] j:t'lgi7 9ªun] g} ub{5 eg]/ eGg ;lsFb}g . To;} u/L cfly{s
jif{sf] cGTolt/ cGqo ;¿jf eP/ hfg] dNofªsgstf{n] sd{rf/L lrlg;s]sf] xF'b}g,
sfdsf] af/]df a'lem;s]s} x'Fb}g . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf j:t'lgi7 dNofªsg x'g ;Sb}g .
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
-!_ j:t'lgi7 9ªun] dfkg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ;rsfªssf] ljsf; ug]{ M
sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ j:t'ut 9ªun] dNofªsg ug{ j:t'lgi7 sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ;rsfªs
ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;sf] ljsf; u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ k4ltsf] yfngL ug{ ca l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 .
-@_ lj:t[t sfo{ljj/0fsf] Joj:yf M
s'g sd{rf/Ln] s]–s] sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ xf], To;sf] olsg geP;Dd sfo{;Dkfbg
dNofªsg ubf{ To:tf] dNofªsg j:t'k/s x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] k|To]s kbn] ;Dkfbg
ug]{ sfo{x?sf] ljj/0f ckl/xfo{ 5 .
-#_ sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0f lng] M
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg df ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0f lng] s'/f eGg hlt ;lhnf] 5,
Jojxf/df ptfg{ TolQs} sl7g 5 . hlt sl7g eP klg o;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg'{
cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;]jfk|bfosdfly k|ltlqmofsf]
;'g'jfO ePdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9g], /fHo;+oGqk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf;
a9g] / ;'zf;g sfod ug{ d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 . To;}n] s'g If]q / k|s[ltsf] sfo{df s]
s;/L ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0f lng] eGg] s'/f eg] to ug'{ h¿/L 5 .
-$_ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] dNofªsg Joj:yf x6fpg] M
sf=;=d= df xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ;ldltsf] dNofªsg pko'St eGg ;lsg]
cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;}n] o;nfO{ x6fpg g} pko'St x'G5 .
-%_ sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpFb} n}hfg] M
g]kfndf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] ;Gbe{df k|f/lDes kfOnf rflnPsf]
5 . dNofªsg eO;s]kl5 sd{rf/Lsf] lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df cªs x]g{ lbg] Joj:yf;Dd

ePsf] 5 . k|lqmofdf kf/bl{z{tf eg] cem} ckgfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . cfkmgf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf]
cªs cfkm} yfxf kfpg] u/L kf/bzL{ agfpg h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg ;rs
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
-^_ sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps cfly{s jif{sf] ;'¿df ;¿jf ug]{ sfo{tflnsf agfpg] xf] eg] sd{rf/L /
;'kl/j]Ifs Ps–cfk;df kl/lrt x'g], ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ul/g]] sfo{sf]
k/fk/ hfgsf/L x'g], sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ / p;sf j}olSts u'0fx?sf af/]df
hfgsf/L x'g] eO{ dNofªsg j:t'lgi7 x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
-_ sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ubf{ ;Dkflbt sfdsf] kl/df0f, nfut, ;do / u'0f olsg
ug]{ sfo{ sl7g sfo{ xf] . emg sfo{ljj/0f gePsf] / ePsf]df klg gfddfqsf] ePsf]
cj:yf, lhDd]jf/Lsf] :ki6 ls6fgL gePsf] tyf j:t'lgi7 dNofªsgsf ;rsfªssf]
cefj ePsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] dNofªsg sfo{ sl7g x'g' :jefljs} xf] . To;}n]
sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf rdTsfl/s km8sf] xfGg] sfNklgs s'/f ug]{ t/ dNofªsg
k/Dk/fut 9ªun] g} ug'{eGbf sd{rf/Lsf JolStut u'0f / rl/q / p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbg
kIfaLr pko'St ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ / lghfdtL k|zf;gleqsf dnet rl/q, dfGotf /
k|rngnfO{ kl/jt{g ub}{ sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ e/kbf]{, j:t'lgi7, lgikIf, kf/bzL{
agfpFb} sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL agfpg]tkm{ pGd'v x'g' pko'St x'G5 .
lgisif{
;+;f/df sxLF klg sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgdf k0f{tf (Perfection) k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf]
b]lvFb}g . t/ s] ;/sf/L s] lghL If]q, ;a}n] cfkmgf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{
j:t'lgi7, e/kbf]{, lgikIf, / kf/bzL{ agfpFb} ;ªu7gsf] nIo xfl;n ug{df sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfgnfO{
a9fpg rfxG5g . ljZjsf w]/} b]zsf] j:t'l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ /fVg] xf] eg] ;/sf/LeGbf lghL
If]qdf sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg a9L dfqfdf j:t'lgi7, lgikIf, e/kbf]{ / kf/bzL{ ePsf] cg'ej ug{
;lsG5 . ;/sf/L If]qdf eg] sltko dfkg ug{ sl7g x'g] sfo{x? / hl6n k|sf/sf sfo{x?n]
ubf{ sltko cj:yfdf j:t'lgi7 dNofªsg ug{df tuf/f] ag]sf] cj:yf klg 5 .
j:t'lgi7 9ªun] dfkg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ;rsfªssf cfwf/df ul/g]]
dNofªsgn] ;ªu7gsf] pGglt / k|ult tyf sd{rf/Lsf] JolStut sfo{ Ifdtf ;'wf/ ;Dej
x'G5 . j:t'lgi7 sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsg ;rsfªsn] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg
/ sd{rf/LnfO{ lgikIf 9ªun] k[i7kf]if0f lbg ;Dej agfpF5 . o;n] sfo{;Dkfbg dNofªsgnfO{
/fd|f] agfpg xflsdsf] rfs8L xf]Og, sfo{;Dkfbgdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbG5 .
lghfdtL k|zf;gleqsf dnet rl/q, dNo, dfGotf / k|rngnfO{ oyfjt /fv]/ sfo{;Dkfbg
dNofªsgnfO{ j:t'lgi7, lgikIf / kf/bzL{ agfpg] s'/f s]jn sfNklgs x'g hfG5g . To;}n]
lghfdtL k|zf;gleqsf dnet rl/q, dNo / dfGotfnfO{ ;dofg'sn kl/jt{g ub}{ tbg'?k
dNofªsg k4ltnfO{ klg j:t'lgi7 agfpFb} nUg ;lsPdf dfq o; ;Gbe{df ck]lIft glthf
xfl;n x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . w/ftnLo oyfy{tf dgg} gu/L ;:tf] cfbz{ sf]/f sNkgfn] ck]lIft

glthf lbg ;Sb}g . xfdLn] clxn];Dd oxL glthf ef]lucfPsf 5f}F+ . efjL lbgdf o:tf ;d:of
bf]xf]l/g glbg oL ;du| kIfdf Wofg lbg h¿/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
cf]emf, 3gfgfy -@)$%_, sd{rf/L k|zf;g, sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
ltjf/L, dw'lglw -@)^)_, g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, sf7df8f}F M LdtL sflGt
ltjf/L .
— — —, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, sf7df8f}F M sfg'g lstfa Joj:yfkg ;ldlt .
— — —, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), sf7df8f}F M sfg'g lstfa Joj:yfkg ;ldlt .
— — —, k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$*, sf7df8f}F M cGt/fli6«o d~r .
e§, eLdb]j -@)%(_, sd{rf/L k|zf;g, LdtL zlz e§ M cd]l/sf .
d}gfnL, uf]kLgfy -@)^^_, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x¿, sf7df8f}F M ;f]kfg dfl;s .
Agrawal, Govind Ram (2057), Dynamics of Human Resources Management in Nepal, Kathmandu:
M.K. Publishers and Distributors.
Decenzo, David A. and Stephen P. Robbins (2002), Human Resources Management, Singapore:
John Wiley Sons.
Griffin, Ricky W. (2005), Management, India: Biztantra.
Goel, S.L. (1998), Personnel Administration and Management, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers
Private limited.
Robbins, Stephen P. (2004), Organizational Behavior, India: Pearson Education.

g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf M ljut / jt{dfg
l8NnL/fd af:tf]nf*
!= k[i7eld
;dfh ljsf;qmd;Fu}} /fHon] hgtfsf] lxt / sNof0fsf/L sfo{ ug{ yfn]kl5 o; sfo{nfO{
;+:yfut ug]{ qmddf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . ljZjsf k|To]s /fi6«n] /fHo ;~rfngsf
l;nl;nfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g u/]sf] kfOG5 . :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf lrlgg] lghfdtL ;]jf
;/sf/ / hgtfaLrsf] ;Dks{ ;]t' xf] . ;/sf/sf] gLlt sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ / hgtfsf]
ck]IffnfO{ gLltut vfsfleq /fVg ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ o;sf] d'Vo bfloTj xf] . /fhgLlts
ptf/–r9fj;Fu}} ;/sf/ kl/jt{g eO/xG5 t/ lghfdtL ;]jfn] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf ;b}j
cfkmgf] st{Jo lgjf{x ul//x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ;/sf/sf k|d'v # cªux?dWo] sfo{kflnsfcGtu{t
/x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] ljlzi6 dxÎj /fVb5 .
;dosf] ult;Fu}} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{If]q, ljZj;gLotf, sfo{bIftfsf ;fy} k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtfdf klg k|Zg p7]sf] kfOG5 . sltko sfo{x? lghfdtL ;]jfn] eGbf cGo kIfx?n] l56f],
5l/tf], ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L 9ªun] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] ljZjf; ul/Psf]] 5 eg] sltko
sfo{;Dkfbgdf afXo If]qeGbf lghfdtL ;]jfk|lt g} cBflk hgljZjf; ;'b[9 /x]sf] kfOG5 .
;ªIf]kdf eGg'kbf{ ;doqmd;Fu}} o; ;]jfsf] If]qdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} uPsf] s'/f ;To eP tfklg
cfh;Dd ;+;f/df st} klg of] ;]jfsf] k0f{ ljsNk ge]l6Psf]n] eljiodf klg lghfdtL ;]jf ;lqmo
/ hLjGt /xg]5 eGg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= lghfdtL ;]jf
lghfdtL ;]jf s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljåfgx?aLr dt}Sotf kfOFb}g, g t o;sf] s'g} nf}x
lgod g} 5 . s;}n] o; ;]jfnfO{ u}/;}lgs ;/sf/L ;]jf xf] eGb5g eg] s;}n] /fHon] lghfdtL
;]jf xf]Og egL tf]lsPsf ;]jfafx]s cGo ;]jf o;cGtu{t kb{5g egL kl/eflift u/]sf 5g .
;fdfGo ?kdf c•ftGqcGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf eGg ;lsG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nfdf] cEof; / Oltxf; ePsf] a]nfotdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kl/efiff
o;/L ul/Psf]] 5 M Those servants of the crown other than holders of political or audicial offices,
who are employed in a civil capacity, and whose remuneration is paid wholly and directly out of
monies voted by parliament.
* zfvf clws[t, ;rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .

;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf / k|mfG;df ;ª3Lob]lv gu/kflnsf tx;Dd sfo{/t ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{
lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/Psf]] kfOG5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@^ -!_ df ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / ;z:q
k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf]
cGo ;]jf jf kbafx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg]
egL pNn]v 5 .
Oltxf;sf kfgf kN6fpFbf ljZjdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|f/De rLgaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 .
k|frLg rLgsf] xfgj+z -O{ k' @)^-@@)_ sf] ;dodf ;/sf/L sfd–sfh ug{ sd{rf/L lgo'lStsf
nflu k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|frLg /f]dg ;fd||fHo Pjd ef/tsf] d'un
;fd|fHosfndf ;d]t s'g} g s'g} ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cl:tTj /x]sf] cjut ug{ ;lsG5 .
kl;{ofdf ;qf}F–c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf g} c•ftGqdfkm{t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf]]
lyof] . 5'§} ljwfsf] ?kdf cfw'lgs lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Oltxf; w]/} nfdf] 5}g . a]nfotsf]
Northcote Trevellian Report ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfsf] Pendelton Act sf] th'{dfkZrft ;/sf/L
;]jfdf ;a}n] k|lt:kwf{Tds tj/af6 k|j]zsf] ;dfg cj;/ kfpg'kg]{ / ;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jf ;t{;DaGwL Joj:yf kj{lgwf{l/t x'g'kg]{ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . a]nfotdf
;g !*%$ df gy{sf]6 / dsfpn]sf] ;xof]udf 6«]en]gn] tof/ kf/]sf] The Organization of the
permanent civil service k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df ;g !*%% df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/of]]
eg] ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfdf ;g !**# ;Dd n'6 k|0ffnLsf] afx'No /x]sf]df /fi6«klt uf/lkmN8sf]
xTofkl5 ;g !*** df ;+o'St ;]jf cfof]usf] (Federal Service Commission_ sf] :yfkgfkl5
dfq of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df -Merit system_ sd{rf/Lx? rog ug]{ k|yf a;flnof] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
;DaGwdf !(cfF} ztfAbLsf k|l;4 ;dfhzf:qL Max Weber sf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
nfdf] ;do;Dd a]nfotL ;/sf/sf] pklgj]zdf /x]sf] ef/tLo lghfdtL ;]jf ljZjd}
k|Voft 5 . ef/tLo lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ljz]if dxÎjsf ;fy x]l/G5 . /fhgLltdf pynk''yn eP
tfklg k|zf;gsf] ;Ifdtfsf] sf/0f ef/tsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;n] lg/Gt/ cu|tf xfl;n
ul//x]sf] 5 . ef/tdf clvn ef/tLo ;]jf, s]Gb|Lo lghfdtL ;]jf / /fHo lghfdtL ;]jf u/L
# k|sf/sf lghfdtL ;]jf ljBdfg 5g, h'g v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{ / of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t 5 . ef/tLo
k|zf;g ;]jf -Indian Administrative Service-IAS_ cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx?n] ljleGg ;]jfcGtu{tsf
dxÎjk0f{ kbx? cf]u6g] ePsfn] / pgLx?sf] ;]jf;'ljwf cfsif{s ePsf]n] o; ;]jfsf] ljz]if
dxÎj /x]sf] kfOG5 .
#= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljz]iftfx¿
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k/Dk/fut ?kdf …Servant of the CrownÚ eGg] ul/G5, h;sf] cy{
g;'Gg] / gb]Vg] of] ;]jf cfd hgtfk|lt ck|ToIf ?kdf dfq pQ/bfoL x'g] s'/fnfO{ a'emfpFb5 .
ljz]iftfx?sf] cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ lgDg ljz]iftfo'St ;+:yf eGg] a'lemG5 M
• of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t,
• ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff / ;Ddfg,

• lglZrt sfg'gadf]lhd ul7t,
• ;Ifd s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfo,
• egf{, a9'jf, tflnd, j[lQ ljsf;sf] lglZrt k|lqmof ePsf],
• ;dx efjgfdf cfwfl/t,
• u}/;}lgs ;]jf,
• Jofj;flostf ;Dj4{g / k|j4{g,
• /fhgLlts ?kdf dNo t6:y,
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt ;dlk{t ;/sf/sf] :yfoL ;+:yfut ;+oGq .
jf:tjdf cfw'lgs lghfdtL ;]jf s]Gb|Ls[taf6 ljs]lGb|t, ;]jf pTkfbs / k|jfxseGbf
lgodgsf/L ;xhsf/L, ;xeflutfdns, k|lt:kwL{ / :yfgLo ;Ldf gf3]/ Global bureaucracy aGb}
uPsf] kfOG5 .
$= lghfdtL ;]jfsf dNox¿
;fj{hlgs cf]xf]bf, clwsf/ / zlSt k|of]u ub}{ sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ qmddf lghfdtL] ;]jfn]
lglZrt cfbz{ / l;4fGt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5, h;nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf dNo eGg ;lsG5 .
ljsl;t b]zx?sf] ;ªu7g OECD n] ;fj{hlgs cf]xf]bf / clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ JolStsf nlu
b]xfoadf]lhd Public Service Values x'g'kg]{ cfF}NofPsf] kfOG5 .
• lgikIftf -Impartiality_,
• sfo{s'zntf -Efficiency_,
• sfg'gLkg -Legality_,
• ;bfrf/ -Integrity_,
• lhDd]jf/L -Responsibility_
• kf/blz{tf -Transparency_,
• Gofo -Austice_,
• ;dGofo -Equality_
a]nfotsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL ;]jfsf dNox? o;k|sf/
pNn]v ul/Psf]] kfOG5 M
• :jR5tf -Probity_,
• k|df0fk|lt ;fjwfgL -care for evidence_,
• ;To af]Ng] rfxgf -willingness to speak truth_,
• pT;fxk0f{ bIftf -Zeal_,
• sfg'gk|lt ;fjwfgL
• ;+;bk|lt ;Ddfg ,
• hLjgsf cj;/k|lt ;r]t,
• nf]stGqk|lt lgi7f -Concern for democracy_ /
• ;dfgtf -Equality) .

;fj{hlgs If]qdf v'nf ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff nfu eO;s]sf] jt{dfg ;dodf ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] k|fylds dNox? -Core Values_sf] ?kdf pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]t
ljz]if dxÎjsf ;fy x]g]{ ul/Psf]] 5 .
h;/L JofVof / ljZn]if0f ul/P tfklg lghfdtL ;]jfsf k|d'v dNox? pxL x'g, h;n]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt pRr:t/sf] ;dk{0f sfod u/fpg clek|]l/t u/fpFb5 . log} dNox?sf] hudf
pleP/ ljZjel/ g} of] ;]jf nf]slk|o eO/x]sf] kfOG5 .
%= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] eldsf
k|f/Dedf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ /fh:j ;ªsng / zflGt;'/Iffsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf]df
nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHoJoj:yfsf] k|f/De;Fu}} ue{b]lv lrxfg;Ddsf ;]jf -Womb to Tomb Services_
ug'{kg]{ ljrf/ JoSt eof] eg] jt{dfg ;dodf /fHon] cfkm} kl/jt{gsf] jfxs -Change agent_
xf]Og ls ;anLs/0f -Enabling_sf] eldsfaf6 cufl8 a9g'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
o;k|sf/ /fHo / p;sf gful/sx?sf] cfnLb]lv yfnL;Ddsf ;d:of cyf{t cfGtl/s
/ afXo ;'/Iffb]lv lnP/ b}lgs k|zf;lgs sfo{ xf]; jf cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qdf
jf ljZjAofkL tfkdfg j[l4 / jftfj/0f h:tf ljifodf g} lsg gxf]; cGt/f{{li6«o k|lta4tf /
;/sf/af6 :jLs[t gLlt–lgodsf] kl/lwleq /xL cfw'lgs / ;d[4 /fHo lgdf{0fdf of] ;]jfn] cxd
eldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
• ;/n efiffdf eGbf lghfdtL ;]jfn] lgDg lnlvt eldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ub{5 M
• ;/sf/sf] ;Nnfxsf/ / k/fdz{bftf,
• sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog,
• gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u / sfof{Gjog,
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx,
• ;/sf/ / gful/saLrsf] ;DaGw ;q,
• ;fwg–;|f]tsf] kl/rfng,
• ;+:yfut lg/Gt/tf /
• ;'zf;gsf] ;+jfxs
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] plNnlvt eldsfsf] ;Gbe{df g} s'g} klg ;/sf/ ToxfFsf] lghfdtL
;]jfeGbf k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g eGg] egfO /x]sf] kfOG5 .
^= g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfg'gL cfwf/
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sfg'g;Ddt ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{sf] k|f/De lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf
tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g ;'wf/ of]hgf cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/;adf]lhd cfPsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# af6 ;'¿
ePsf] xf] . jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ o;k|sf/ 5g M
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #% n] b]zsf] zf;gef/ hglgjf{lrt dGqL
kl/ifbnfO{ ;'Dk]sf],

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@$ n] ;/sf/sf] ;+:yfut ;fwgsf] ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ul/g]]
s'/f pNn]v u/]sf],
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)@ n] ;}lgs tyf k|x/L / sfg'gn] lghfdtL ;]jf xf]Og eg]sf
kbx?afx]s c? ;a} ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf /fv]sf],
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] bkmf # cGtu{t ul7t ;]jfx?sf] ;dli6 g} lghfdtL ;]jf
xf] eg]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf ;]jfx? xfn !) k|sf/sf 5g .
plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] cnfjf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{ljlw P]g / ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf
;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n] ;d]t k|zf;gnfO{ lbzflgb]{z ug]{ kxn u/]sf] 5 .
= g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;qmd
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;g k|d'v /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkZrftsf ;'wf/x?af6 kl/jt{gx?nfO{
cfTd;ft ub}{ cufl8 a9]sf] kfOG5 . k|frLg ;dob]lv g} /fHon] hgtfsf] lxt / sNof0fsf nflu
s]xL g s]xL sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5, oBlk hgtfsf] nflu ;]jfd'vL sfo{qmd cToGt Gog lyP .
@)) ;fnsf] k|hftGqcl3;Dd lghfdtL ;]jf cfTdk/s 9ªun] ;~rflnt lyof] . lg/ªs'z
Joj:yfnfO{ :yfloTj lbg zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug'{ / /fh:j ;ªsng ug{ lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{
k|of]u ul/Psf]] lyof] .
jt{dfg ;dosf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kjf{wf/ lj=;+= @)!# df dfq v8f ePsf] xf] . @))
;fnsf] hgqmflGtkl5 / ljz]if u/L @)!# ;fnkl5 g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ Ps ;Lldt
p2]Zoaf6 gful/ssf] a[xQ/ sNof0fsf/L p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu cled'v ul/Psf]] xf] .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ lgofNbf cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fkl5sf]
;donfO{ b]xfocg';f/ ljleGg sfnv08df ljefhg u/L k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= klxnf] sfn -lj=;+= !*@% - !()#_
@= bf];|f] sfn -lj=;+= !()# - @))_
#= t];|f] sfn -lj=;+= @)) - @)! _
$= rf}yf] sfn -lj=;+= @)! - @)$^_
%= kfFrf}F sfn -lj=;+= @)$^ - @)^#_
^= 5}7f}F sfn -lj=;+= @)^# kZrft_
=!= klxnf] sfn -lj=;+= !*@%–!()#_
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df8f}F pkTosf ljho u/L g]kfn PsLs/0f u/]b]lv /f0ff zf;gsf]
k|f/De x'g'cl3sf] ;do o; sfnv08df kb{5 . ;f] ;dodf /fHosf] clws zlSt / ;do
afO{;]–rf}aL;] /fHodf ljeflht g]kfnnfO{ PsLs/0f u/L /fHo lj:tf/df nfu]sf] x'Fbf k|zf;g
;'wf/df vf;} Wofg lbOPg . To;a]nfsf] k|zf;g …y/3/Ú k|Zff;gaf6 lrlgGYof] . /fHo lj:tf/
sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ cof{n, kf08], kGt, vgfn, af]x/f / /fgf y/sf 5 hfltx?n] ljz]if ;xof]u
u/]sf sf/0f k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] k|zf;gsf] d'Vo kbx?df pgLx?nfO{ g} /fv]sf lyP .
o; sfnv08df b]znfO{ #% lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/of]] . b}lgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf
nflu 5]e8]n c•f, x'nfs c•f, d'G;Lvfgf, h}zLsf]7f h:tf sfof{no :yfkgf ul/P eg] cfly{s

k|zf;gcGtu{t s'df/L rf]s c•f, sf};L tf]iffvfgf, 6S;f/ c•f, bkmfb/vfgf h:tf sfof{nosf
;fy} Gofo k|zf;gcGtu{t OnfOrL sf]7f / ;}lgs k|zf;gcGtu{t ;d/h+u sDkgL, rk/f;L c•f
h:tf sfof{no :yfkgf ePsf lyP . sd{rf/L k|zf;g /fhfsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ;~rflnt lyof] .
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tnasf] ?kdf lhG;L tyf hUuf lbOGYof] . cefj ?kdf x'g] khgLdf dg gk/]sf
ef/bf/ Pjd cGo sd{rf/LnfO{ kbd'St ul/GYof] .
=@= bf];|f] sfn -lj=;+= !()#–@))_
lj=;+= !()# df /Stkftk0f{ sf]tkj{sf] dfWodaf6 hªuaxfb'/ g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL ePkl5
b]zdf lg/ªs'z hxflgof zf;gsf] pbo eof] . pgn] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngdf ;'udtfsf] nflu
b]znfO{ kj{, klZrd, pQ/ / blIf0f u/L $ hgf sdflG8ª hg/n lgo'lSt u/] . oL hg/nx?
;}lgs / k|zf;lgs b'j} clwsf/;DkGg lyP . o;} ;dodf !(!) df d'n'sL P]g cfof]] . /fhu2Ldf
/fhf /x] tfklg /fhb/af/ zlStxLg lyof] . d'Vo kbx?df /f0ff kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? /xGy],
/fh:jsf] art k|wfgdGqLsf] lghL 9's'6Ldf hDdf ul/GYof] . ah]6 th'{df ug]{ rng lyPg t/
/fh:j lxgfldgf ug]{nfO{ k':tf;Dd hafkmb]xL t'NofOGYof] . …hDdf ghf]8g sRrf g5f]8gÚ
eGg] lgb]{zg x'GYof] . rfs8L k|yfsf] afx'No lyof] . cefj khgL x'GYof] . ;do–;dodf bf}8fxf
;~rfng u/L :yfgLo txd} Gofo lg;fkm lbg] sfd ul/GYof] . /f0ffsfnsf] cGt;Dd ljleGg
k|sf/sf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;ªVof sl/a @* xhf/ k'u]sf] lyof] . o; cjlwdf k|zf;g
;~rfngaf/] 7f]; gLlt cjnDag gul/Psf]] / b]zleq lj1x?sf] pkl:ylt klg Gog /x]sf]n] a'r
cfof]un] ljleGg dGqfnodf ;lrj kbklt{ ug{;d]t ef/taf6 hgzlSt cfklt{ ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj a'r
cfof]un] lbPsf] lyof] . tTsfnLg /fhf lqe'jgsf lghL ;lrj L uf]ljGbgf/fo0f;d]t ef/tLo
gful/s lyP .
=#= t];|f] sfn -lj=;+= @))–@)!_
g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 k|zf;lgs If]qdf ;'wf/sf] k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . nfdf]
;do;Dd PstGqLo hxflgof zf;gsf] afu8f]/, lzlIft hgzlStsf] cefj, lgod–sfg'gsf] cefj,
cg'ejL JolStx?sf] cefj h:tf cg]s ;d:of k|zf;gdf b]vf k/] . tTsfnLg /fhf lqe'jgaf6
@)) ;fn kmfu'g ut] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @)) sf] 3f]if0ffdf sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /fhf /
dlGqd08ndf lglxt, Gofo k|0ffnL, cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL, klAns ;le{; sld;gsf] Joj:yf ul/of]] .
@)) df k|hftGq cfudgkZrft k|zf;gnfO{ j}1flgs 9ªun] ;~rfng ug{ ;'emfj lbg
;Sg] lj1x?sf] 7nf] cefj lyof] . lj=;+= @))^ sf] tYofªscg';f/ To;a]nf b]zdf :gfts,
:gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n u/]sf dflg;x?sf] ;ªVof eGbf a9L lyPg . o; qmddf ;j{k|yd
@))* df !) j6f dGqfno :yfkgf u/L tL dGqfnodf ;lrj, ;x;lrj, 8]k'6L ;]qm]6/L kb ;[hgf
ul/of]] . k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DaGwdf ;'emfj lbg @))( df ef/tLo gful/s Pd=Pg= a'rsf] cWoIftfdf
Ps 6f]nL u7g ul/of]] . a'rn] !! cWofodf !$# j6f d'Vo ;'emfj ;dfj]z ul/Psf]] k|ltj]bg
lbP, h;nfO{ g]kfnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] Lu0f]z dfGg ;lsG5 . of] 6f]nLn] sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6

nf]s ;]jf cfof]udfkm{t x'g'kg]{, sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflndsf] k|aGw, ;ªu7gfTds ;'wf/, lghfdtL /
hªuL zf;g Ps} JolStaf6 x'g gx'g] h:tf ;'emfj k|bfg u¥of] .
k|hftGq axfnLkZrft klg k|zf;gdf hgck]Iffg'?k ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] dx;'; eof] .
o; k[i7elddf g]kfnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] Oltxf;df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL L 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf]
cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g ;'wf/ of]hgf cfof]u @)!# lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df sf];]9'ªuf -Mile
Stone_ ;fljt eof] . o;} cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zadf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# / lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)!# th'{{df eof] / sfg'gadf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{
sfo{ k|f/De eof] . o; cfof]un] lbPsf cGo ;'emfjx?df sd{rf/Lsf] gofF tnadfg lgwf{/0f,
sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg OlG:6Ro'6 ckm klAns P8ldlg:6«]zg, cf] PG8 Pdsf] :yfkgf,
a8fxflsdsf] lbUbz{g, lhNnf ljefhgsf] of]hgf cflb k|d'v lyP . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf]
sfof{Gjog @)!# efb| @@ b]lv ePsf]n] o; lbgnfO{ :d/0f ub}{ @)^! ;fnb]lv ebf} @@ nfO{
lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
@)!% ;fndf hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbof] . ljleGg
dGqfnodf !! hgf ;lrjx? lgo'lSt ul/P . k|zf;g ;]jfsf clwsf+z kbx? k'gu{7g ul/P .
lhNnfdf g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jfsf] låtLo ]0fLsf] a8fxflsdsf] b/aGbL sfod eof] . k|zf;gdf
;fwf/0f / k|fljlws sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'sf ;fy} :jf:Yo, OlGhlgol/ª, jg, s[lif h:tf
k|fljlws ;]jfx?sf] u7g tyf ;~rfng;d]t eof] . ah]6nfO{ ;fwf/0f / ljsf; zLif{sdf 5'6ofO{
ljsf; sfo{df k|fyldstf lbOof] . t/ klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ a]jf:tf u/L cf:yfsf cfwf/df
k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ug]{ ul/of]] .
=$= rf}yf] sfn -lj=;+= @)!–@)$^_
@)! ;fndf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] k|f/De;Fu}} lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# df ;+zf]wg ul/of]]
/ gofF lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)@! lgdf{0f ul/of]] . o;df krf{ v8f u/]/ sd{rf/LnfO{
x6fpg ;lsg], sd{rf/Lx? k~rfotL Joj:yfk|lt cf:yfjfg x'g} kg]{ h:tf k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z
u/L o;}af6 k|zf;gsf] /fhgLtLs/0f k|f/De ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
@)! ;fndf lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf k|f/DekZrft /fHo–/hf}6f pGd'ng, /fli6«o
of]hgf kl/ifbsf] u7g, bf}8fxf Joj:yf cflbsf] k|aGw ldnfOof]] . ljs]lGb|t zf;g Joj:yf
cjnDag ug{ @)!* j}zfv ! ut]b]lv b]znfO{ !$ c~rn % lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/of]] . @)!*
b]lv g} c~rndf c~rnfwLz / @)@@ b]lv k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Låf/f :yfgLo k|zf;g ;~rfng
ug]{ Joj:yf eof] . If]qLo ljsf;sf] wf/0ffnfO{ dt{?k lbg lj=;+= @)@( df $ / lj=;+= @)# df
! yk u/L % If]qLo ljsf; s]Gb|sf] cjwf/0ff nfu ul/of]] .
o;} cjlwdf @)@% j}zfv ! ut] a]bfgGb emfsf] cWoIftfdf / @)#@ ;fndf 8f= e]ifaxfb'/
yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]ux? u7g eO{ tL cfof]usf ;'emfjx?adf]lhd lghfdtL
;]jfdf s]xL ;'wf/x? eP .

lj=;+= @)@* df :yfgLo k|zf;g cWofb]z hf/L eof] . lj=;+= @)#! Dff lhNnf k|zf;g
of]hgf nfu u/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ lhNnfsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] sfo{ef/ ;'lDkof] eg] :yfgLo
ljsf; clwsf/LnfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;b:o;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/L lbO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f th'{df
tyf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ agfOof] .
/fhkqfªlst låtLo ]0fL / ;f]eGbf dflysf clws[tx?nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg @)@^ ;fndf
cfly{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;g cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/of]] . kl5 @)#( ;fnb]lv g]kfn k|zf;lgs
k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgn] tflnd;DaGwL sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ yfNof] . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf]
clen]v Joj:yfkg tyf k]G;gnufotsf sfo{ ug{ lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] :yfkgf ul/of]] .
o; cjlwdf ePsf sfo{x?nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)@! sf] lgdf{0f, a8fxflsdsf] 7fpFdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf]
lgo'lSt, k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u u7g, @)@* df :yfgLo k|zf;g cWofb]z hf/L, @)#) df nf]s
;]jf ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf nfu, k|fljlws sd{rf/Lsf] ;ªVof j[l4, ;ªu7g lbUbz{g lgdf{0f,
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;ªVof @)!/!* ;fnsf] @,))) af6 a9]/ @)$^ ;Dd (,))) k'Uof] .
=% kfFrf}F sfn -@)$^–@)^#_
@)$^ df k|hftGqsf] k'g:yfkgfkl5 k~rfotL Joj:yf cGt eO{ ax'bnLo Joj:yf :yfkgf
eof] . of] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu}} k|zf;lgs If]qdf klg gofF cfofd b]vf k¥of] . @)$ df gofF
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;Fu}} hgcfsfªIffg'sn k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L / hgd'vL agfpg lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) lgdf{0f eof] . xfn;Dd pSt P]g @ k6s ;+zf]wg
eO{ t];|f] k6s ;+zf]wg k|lqmofdf /x]sf] / lgodfjnL * k6s ;+zf]wg eO;s]sf] 5 .
@)$* ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t/Lo
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u u7g eof] . ;f] cfof]un] klxnf]k6s ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{,
dGqfno ;ªVof @! j6fdf !* emfg]{, sd{rf/L ;ªVof ! nfvaf6 xhf/df emfg]{, lghfdtL
;]jfdf pRr Joj:yfkg, k];fljb / ;xof]uL u/L # :t/ sfod ug]{, ;x;lrj, pk;lrj:t/sf
kbdf v'nf egf{ k|yf ;'¿jft ug]{, krf{ k|yf vf/]h ug]{, sfo{ljj/0f nfu ug]{, dGqL / ;lrjsf]
sfo{If]q lgwf{/0fsf If]qdf dxÎjk0f{ ;'emfj k|bfg u¥of] . ;f] cfof]usf] ;'emfj;d]tsf] cfwf/df
cjsf; pd]/sf] xb ^) af6 36fO{ %* sfod ul/of]] / #) jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]sfnfO{ cjsf; lbg
;lsg] k|fjwfg /flvof] . oxL k|fjwfg k|of]u u/L y'k|} sd{rf/L ;]jf lgj[Q ul/P . kl5 cbfntn]
#) jif]{ k|fjwfgnfO{ vf/]h ul/lbof] .
@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/jt{gkZrftsf ljljw ;'wf/sf k|of;sf afjh'b
cfdhgtfn] k|zf;gaf6 cfzfg'sn ;]jf;'ljwf ;xh ?kdf k|fKt ug{ g;Sbf Psflt/ hgtf /
k|zf;gaLrsf] b/L a9b} uof] eg] csf]{tkm{ sd{rf/Ldf cf:yfsf cfwf/df e]befj, sfo{sf] lgikIf
dNofªsgsf] cefj, e|i6frf/, j[lQljsf;sf] cefj h:tf sf/0fn] g}/fZotf, c;Gtf]if / cfqmf];

a9b} uof] . o;} ;dodf ;zSt ?kdf sd{rf/L cfGbf]ng eof] / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?n] ;ªul7t
x'g] 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|fKt u/] . c~rnfwLz kbsf] vf/]hLkl5 s]Gb| / lhNnfaLr ;dGjofTds
9ªun] sfo{;~rfngsf nflu @)% kmfu'g !* b]lv % j6} If]qdf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no :yfkgf
ul/P / To;sf] k|d'v k|zf;sdf If]qLo k|zf;s lgo'St ul/P .
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u @)$* n] dGqfno ;ªVof sd ug]{af/] ;'emfj lbP tfklg /fli6«o
cfjZostfeGbf klg bnLo :jfy{ / /fhgLlts efua08fsf nflu s]Gb|df gofF dGqfnox? :yfkgf
ub}{ dGqfnosf] ;ªVof @^ ;Dd k'¥ofOof] . o; cjlwdf Onfsf, ;]jfs]Gb|, pks]Gb| h:tf
:yfgLo ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ s]xL PsfOx? ylkP tfklg ltgsf] sfo{ k|efjsfl/tf ck]lIft ?kdf j[l4
x'g ;s]g . lbuf] / hgd'vL sfo{qmdx?eGbf ;:tf] nf]slk|otf / /fhgLlts :jfy{k|]l/t sfo{x?
xfjL xF'b} uP . dntM k|zf;gsf] k|j[lQ ljs]lGb|teGbf klg s]Gb|Ls[t g} /Xof] . o;f] x'g'df pRr
kbflwsf/Lx?df /x]sf] clwsf/ 5f8g grfxg] k|j[lQ g} k|d'v dfGg ;lsG5 .
=^ 5}7f}F sfn -@)^# kZrft_
@)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngkZrft /fhtGqsf] cGt eO{ d'n's ;ª3Lo u0ftGqdf k|j]z
ug]{ lg0f{o lnOPsf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g eO{ gofF ;+ljwfg
n]vg k|lqmofdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ;+/If0f k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)^$ kfl/t u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL
agfpg kbklt{ ubf{ $% k|ltzt kbx? dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ckfªu /
lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]]n] ��lghfdtL ;]jf ;dfj]zL ;]jfsf] ?kdf
pGd'v xF'b} uO/x]sf] 5 .��sfg'gaf6 g} ;]jfsf] :yfloTj, lg/Gt/tf / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofelt ul/Psf]]
5 . a9'jfsf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{k|lt pTk|]l/t ug{ sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf]
dNofªsgaf6 ul/g]] ljz]if a9'jf Joj:yf cjnDag ul/Psf]] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf /xL pTs[i6
sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ljz]if k|f]T;fxg ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 .
/fHon] ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolStTjx?sf nflu ljleGg dfg, kbjL, kbsx?sf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;Gtltx?sf nflu 5fqj[lQ, ladfsf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} lghfdtL
sd{rf/L c:ktfn :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 .
cfh lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg !@ ;]jfcGtu{t nueu !)) j6f ;dx, pk;dxdf sl/a
%,))) eGbf a9L lghfdtL sd{rf/L /x]sf 5g . h;df sl/a * k|ltzt k'?if / !# k|ltzt
dlxnfx? /x]sf 5g . ]0fLut ?kdf x]bf{ /fhkqfªlsttkm{ !$ k|ltzt / /fhkq cgªlsttk{m
%^ k|ltzt / ]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;ªVof @!*!@ /x]sf] b]lvG5, h'g s'n sd{rf/L
;ªVofsf] @( k|ltzteGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . oL sd{rf/Lx? b]ze/ 5l/P/ /x]sf *$)) eGbf a9L
sfof{nodfkm{t sfo{;Dkfbgsf] u'?Q/ bfloTj lgjf{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g .
log} k|oTgx?sf] kmn:j?k k|yd of]hgf cjlw @)!# sf] t'ngfdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs
;rsx?df dxÎjk0f{ kl/jt{gx? b]lvPsf 5g, h;nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf k[jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL k|d'v ;rsx?sf] k|ult ljj/0f
qm=;+= ;rs cjlw kl/df0f
1. ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ªVof -k|ltztdf_ @)^^÷^ @%=$
2. :jf:YosdL{af6 k|;lt u/fpg] dlxnf -k|ltztdf_ @)^^÷^ @(
3. kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwg k|of]ustf{ -k|ltztdf_ @)^^÷^ %)
4. s'n k|hgg b/ -!%–$( jif{sf] dlxnf_ -k|ltztdf_ @)^^÷^ @=(
5. dft[ d[To'b/ -k|lt nfv_ @)^^÷^ @@(
6. gjhft lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf_ @)^^÷^ @)
7. lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf_ @)^^÷^ $!
8. afn d[To'b/ -k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf_ @)^^÷^ %)
9. vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;ªVofsf] -k|ltztdf_ @)^^÷^ *)
10. k|fylds txdf v'b egf{b/ -k|ltztdf_ @)^^÷^ (#=
11. ;8s oftfoft hf]l8Psf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -;ªVof_ @)^^÷^ !
12. 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn;d]t -k|lt ;o 3gTjdf_ @)^^÷^ @
13. ljB't pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf_ -d]ufjf6_ @)^^÷^ ^(!
14. ljB'tdf kx'Frk|fKt hg;ªVof -k|ltztdf_ @)^%÷^^ %^=!
15. l;FrfO -x]S6/_ @)^^÷^ !@@)))
16. jghªunn] 9fs]sf] If]q -k|ltztdf_ @)^^÷^ #(=^
17. ;8s oftfoftsf] s'n nDjfO -ls= dL=_ @)^^÷^ !($$ -u|fdL0f ;8safx]s_
18. hg;ªVofsf] cfsf/ -bz nfvdf_ @))( @=%
19. cf};t hg;ªVof j[l4 b/ -Ü df_ @))( !=($
20. ck]lIft cf};t cfo' -jif{_ @))( ^^=#
21. k|ltJolSt s'n /fli6«o cfo -o=P;=8n/_ @))*÷)( $@
22. ;fIf/tf b/ -!%–@$ jif{ pd]/ ;dx_ -Ü_ @))* *^=%
23. k|fylds lzIffdf v'b egf{ b/ -Ü_ @))( (#=
24. d'Vo pmhf{ ;|f]tsf] ?kdf bfp/f k|of]u ug]{
JolStx?sf] cg'kft -Ü_ @))* ^*=$
25. jgn] 9fs]sf] If]q -Ü_ @))( #(=^
26. u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L b'j} If]qdf ;'/lIft kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf
lbuf] ?kdf kx'Fr x'g] hg;ªVofsf] cg'kft -Ü_ @))( *)
27. lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;ªVof @)^ %,)))
-;|f]t M lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq @)^÷^*—@)^(÷)_
*= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f
g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfn] rfx] lg/ªs'ztGq, k|hftGq, nf]stflGqs /fHoJoj:yfdf xf]; jf
åGåsfndf g} lsg gxf]; hLpHofgsf] afhL nufP/} eP tfklg /fHosf] pkl:ylt bzf{Psf] dfq

xf]Og, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] u'?Q/ bfloTj lgjf{x ub}{ ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]uL
ePsf] tfhf Oltxf; / jt{dfg xfd|f ;fd' 5 . ;fy;fy} ;dofg'sn ?kdf hgck]Iffg';f/ ;'wf/
x'g g;Sbf hgtf / ;/sf/sf] ljZjf; cfh{g u/L :jR5 Pjd cfsif{s 5lj k|bz{g ug{ g;s]sf]
tYonfO{ ;d]t gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . of] ofqfqmddf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf;dIf b]lvPsf ;an kIf,
sdhf]/ kIf, cj;/ / r'gf}tLx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
;an kIf -Strength_
• sfo{;Dkfbg / sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnL, If]qut P]g / ljleGg gLltut b:tfj]hn]
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{If]q / k|lqmofsf] lgwf{/0f,
• of]Uotf k4ltsf] dfWodaf6 lgikIf ?kdf of]Uo JolStx?nfO{ 5gf]6 ug{ / lghfdtL
;]jfsf ;DaGwdf k/fdz{ k|bfg ug{ pRr ;fv;lxtsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf,
• lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL agfpg tyf ;]jfnfO{ sfg'g;Ddt 9ªun]
lxF8fpg, pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] bIf / k|efjsf/L k|of]u eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug{ n]vf /
/fHoJoj:yf h:tf ;+;bLo ;ldlt tyf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu / clVtof/ b'¿kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf ;+j}wflgs cªux?sf] Joj:yf,
• ;]jf, ;t{;DaGwL sfg'gåf/f ;]jfsf] :yfloTj, lg/Gt/tf / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofelt,
• lghfdtL ;ªu7gsf] ;+oGq s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd /x]sf],
• ;]jf, ;dx, pk;dxsf] Joj:yfn] Jofj;flostf k|j4{gsf] cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf],
• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf tyf ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu tflnd s]Gb|x?sf] :yfkgf /
;~rfng,
• k];fut xs, lxt / ;+/If0fsf nflu ;fdlxs ;f}bfafhL;lxtsf] sd{rf/L ;ªu7g /
o'lgogsf] clwsf/,
• cfr/0f;DaGwL k|fjwfgn] sd{rf/LnfO{ cg'zf;go'St agfpg d2t ldn]sf],
• lghfdtL ;]jfdf cBflk pDbf / of]Uo sd{rf/Lx?sf] afx'No /x]sf],
• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f pRr /x]sf],
• /f]huf/ ahf/df lghfdtL ;]jf cfsif{s Pjd 7nf] ;]jfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] .
sdhf]/ kIf (Weakness)
• /fli6«o hgzlSt of]hgf th'{df x'g g;Sg',
• s]Gb|Lo hgzlSt kl/rfng ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno /
;+j}wflgs ?kdf /x]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k/Dk/fut ?kdf rNg',
• lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;g;DaGwL sfo{ w]/} lgsfodf ljeflht, ;dGjodf ;d:of,
• sd{rf/L 5gf]6, egf{, a9'jf, ;]jf, ;t{, cg';Gwfgsf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] eldsf
ck]Iffs[t ?kdf k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg',
• ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] lzIff lnPsf] cfw'lgs / gofF k':tfnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfsif{0f ug{
g;Sg',

• kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj,
• sd{rf/Ldf pTk|]/0ffsf] sdL, x|f;f]Gd'v dgf]an,
• lghfdtL ;]jfdf cTolws /fhgLtLs/0f x'g',
• cTolws s]Gb|Ls/0f kl/kf6L xfjL x'g',
• /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;lqmotfsf] cefjdf b08xLgtf / cg'zf;gxLgtfn] k|o kfpg] u/]sf],
• sfo{ljj/0fsf] cefj, sfo{;Dkfbg k'/:sf/ / b08;Fu} cfj4 x'g g;s]sf],
• sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/lds / ;'ljwf ;dofg'sn / j}1flgs x'g g;Sg',
• eljiok/s lrGtg / ;f]r -Vision_ klxNofO{ sfd ug]{ k4lt gckgfpg',
• xr'jfsf e/df ul/Psf]] sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] dNofªsgaf6 x'g] ljz]if a9'jf k|0ffnLn]
sd{rf/Ldf g}/fZotf k}bf u/]sf],
• k'jf{g'dfg of]Uo a9'jf k|0ffnL :yflkt x'g g;Sg',
• gjk|jt{g / cu|;/tfnfO{ eGbf k|lqmofd'vL sfo{;+:s[lt xfjL /x]sf],
• k|zf;g cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0fsf] sdL x'g' .
cj;/ -Opportunity_
• lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;+j}wflgs ;+/If0f k|fKt u/]sf] 5,
• gofF ;+ljwfg n]vg, /fHo k'g;{+/rgf tyf k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf;Fu}} lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
bfloTj / lhDd]jf/Ldf k'gn]{vg tyf a9f]Q/L x'g] cj:yf /x]sf],
• ;rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u clej[l4 u/L ;]jfk|jfxdf zL3|tf, kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj /
ldtJolotf Nofpg ;lsg],
• lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q, gful/s ;dfh / cGo ;fem]bf/x?;Fu} ;xsfo{sf] ;Defjgf
/x]sf],
• Nff]stfGqLs/0fsf] k|lqmofn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos, :jR5 / ultzLn t'Nofpg
;lsg],
• ljZjJofkL cg'ej, cWoog, cg';Gwfgaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt / c;n cEof;nfO{
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf cg'z/0f ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf,
• d ahf/ km/flsnf] x'Fbf of]Uo JolStx?nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug{ ;lsg] .
xfFs / r'gf}tL -Threat challenge_
• lghL If]q cfsif{s / k|lt:kwL{ /f]huf/Lsf] If]qsf] ?kdf ljsl;t x'Fbf lghfdtL ;]jfdf
of]Uotd JolStsf] cfsif{0f /xg g;Sg], h;n] ubf{ ;]jfdf cAan bhf{sf o'jf k|ltef
leqofpg sl7gfO x'g],
• /fhgLlt / k|zf;lgs g]t[TjaLr sfo{If]qsf] :ki6 nId0f/]vf gsf]l/Fbf ;fj{hlgs gLlt
lgdf{0fdf afXo kIfsf] ;+nUgtf a9g] / lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; x'g],
• sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsNk vf]Hg] a9bf] ax;,

Prasashan 120

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