This document discusses natural disasters like floods and food insecurity in Nepal. It provides background on Nepal's geographical challenges in ensuring food security for its growing population. Climate change is increasing the risks of floods, droughts, and other disasters in Nepal. Effective disaster risk reduction and community resilience building requires monitoring risks, developing early warning systems, raising awareness, and preparedness training. Food insecurity can arise from natural factors like monsoons or human factors like lack of infrastructure. It impacts populations and economies. Nepal is working to strengthen its food security systems through improved agriculture, infrastructure and disaster management.

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cfjZostf k"/f ug{ dflg;n] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s zlQm a9L vr{g' k5{ .
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k|To]s jif{ ef]sd/Laf6 xhf/f}F dflg; d[To'sf] d'vdf kl//x]sf] tLtf] oyfy{
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v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf ug{ s:tf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 < ;DklQ tyf vfBfGgsf]
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g/x]sf JolQmn] ;ªs6fled'v ;d'bfok|lt s:tf] lhDd]jf/L af]w u5{g < cflb
ljifodf x'g] ljZn]if0f g} v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf ug]{ k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g eGg]
dfGotf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 .
;d'bfosf] ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] klxrfg ug{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] :yfgLo ljlwsf]
ljZn]if0f cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts /
ef}lts tŒjx¿nfO{ aLrdf /fv]/ hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
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jf ;fdgf ug]{ /0fgLltsf] klxrfg / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
;du|df v8]/Lsf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0fn] k|sf]ksf] ;xL tyf cfw'lgs a'emfOnfO{
:ki6 kfg'{k5{ . o;af6 dflg;df kg]{ c;/sf ;fy} v8]/Lk|lt ;d'bfosf]
;ªs6fled'vtfsf] j[xt / ;"Id cWoog ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o:tf sfo{n] v8]/Laf6
kg]{ k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfjZos k"jtof/L ug]{ af6f]nfO{ km/flsnf] kf5{ .
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/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] cWoog
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klg cWoog / ljZn]if0f cfjZos k5{ . v8]/Lsf] k|sl[ tsf] hfgsf/L / o;sf]
k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f u/L vt/fsf] k|efjsf/L 9ªun] ;Daf]wg ug'{ cfjZos
x'G5 . v8]/Lsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f tyf k"jtof/Lsf pkfosf] ljsf;sf] nflu
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;ªs6fled'vtf 36fpg ;lsG5 .
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;ªs6fled"v ;d"x / If]qnfO{ nlIot ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
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kl/jt{gLo df};d tyf df};d;Fu} kl/jt{g x'g] v8]/Lsf] k|sl[ tn] lbuf]ljsf;,
jftfj/0f tyf ;dfhdf uDeL/ hf]lvd pTkGg u5{ .
9÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

10. v8]/Lsf] k|efj ljZn]if0f
v8]/Laf6 jt{dfg ;dodf k/]sf] k|efjsf] ;dof]lrt hfgsf/Ln] efjL k|efjsf]
eljiojf0fL ug{ tyf kl/jt{gLo ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;xof]u ldN5 .
ef}uf]lns agf]6 / pknAw x'g;Sg] ;|ftsf] :j?kcg';f/ v8]/Lsf] k|efj klg
]
km/s–km/s x'g;S5 . v8]/Lsf] cjlw / km}ng] :t/df dfq geP/ kl/jt{gLo
;fdflhs cj:yfdf klg o;sf] k|efjsf] :j?k leGg x'g] u5{ . oBlk v8]/Lsf]
k|efj Ps eGbf a9L If]qdf km}nG5, t/klg v8]/Lsf] k|efjnfO{ ljz]ifu/L
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf ¿kdf juL{s/0f ug{
;lsG5 . oL k|efj g} ;dfhdf ;ªs6 pTkGg ug]{ k|dv sf/s x'g . To;}n]
'
v8]/Lsf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu v8]/Lsf] ;dodf ckgfpg ;lsg] nlIot
k|ltsf/sf pkfonfO{ g} hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ljlw lgwf{/0f ug]{ /fd|f] k|f/De–
laGb' dflgG5 .
v8]/Lsf] k|efj ljZn]if0faf6 o;sf] ;ªs6fled'v If]q, hg;ªVof jf
lqmofsnfknfO{ k|sfz kfg{ ;lsG5 . v8]/Lsf] k|efj ljZn]if0f To;sf
sf/0faf6 x'g] vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] sdL, hLjg lgjf{xsf k|f0fLsf] Iflt tyf
kfgLsf] e08f/df x«f; x'gh:tf k|ToIf k|efjsf] klxrfgaf6 k|f/De x'G5 .
]
o:tf k|efjaf6 3/–hldg a]Rg'kg]{ afWotf jf lj:yfkg x'gkg]{ cj:yf, ef}lts
}
Iflt tyf dfgl;s tgfjh:tf k|ToIf tyf k/f]If k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ug{
;xof]u ldN5 .
k|fljlws, cfly{s /fhgLlts tyf cGo tŒjx¿n] v8]/Lsf] k|efjsf] tYofªs
;ªsng ljlw b]z / :yfgcg';f/ km/s kg{ uPtfklg k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{
/ clen]v tof/ ug]{ sfo{ Ps}ksf/sf] / ;xL x'gk5{ . ;xL tYofªsn] of]hgfsf]
| '
lgdf{0f ug{ Jojxfl/s hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpF5 . v8]/Laf6 kg]{ k|ToIf tyf
k/f]If k|efjsf] tYofªs k|If]k0fn] d"No k|efjsf/L ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltdf dxŒjk"0f{
of]ubfg lbG5 . o;/L ul/g] k|sf]ksf] ;Daf]wgn] ;Lldt ;|ftsf] ;xL pkof]udf
|]
;3fp k'¥ofpF5 / k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{ j[xt k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
;ªs6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f
;ªs6fled'vtf ljZn]if0fn] v8]/Lsf] k|efjaf6 kg]{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts,
ef}lts tyf jftfj/0fLo sf/0fsf] klxrfg ug{;Sg] vfsf pknAw u/fpF5 .
o;n] ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] kl/0ffddf geP/ ;ªs6fled'vtfdf kg{;Sg]
sf/sx¿df Wofg lvR5 . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf v8]/Lsf] cj:yfdf jiff{sf] cefjn]
10÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

11. k|ToIf k|efjsf] ¿kdf vfBfGg pTkfbg 36fpF5 . oBlk o; k|efjsf] vf;
sf/0fsf ¿kdf ;f+:s[lts dfGotf / ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 lbOg]
cg'bfg b]lvPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut dfGotfsf sf/0f dfq v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf ug]{
;fd'bflos k|of; cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5}g, :yfgLo k|hfltsf afnLsf] lapmx¿
nf]k x'g] vt/f klg a9b} uPsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j?k ls;fgn] cTolws d"No
lt/]/ cfoltt lapmsf] v/Lb ug'kg]{ afWotf a9]sf] 5 . v8]/Laf6 pTkGg
{
hf]lvd / ;ªs6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; ljifodf klg Wofg lbg' h?/L
b]lvG5 . hLljsf]kfh{gdf k|efj kfg]{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / jftfj/0fLo
tŒjsf ;fy} cg'bfgsf] jf:tljstf / To;n] kfg]{ bL3{sfnLg k|efjsf af/]df
klg Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . ;ªs6fled'vtfsf cfGtl/s sf/0f cf]em]ndf kbf{
;d'bfosf] hf]lvd ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf ljsf; x'g d'lZsn x'G5 .
ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 :yfgLo ;d'bfodf kg]{ vfBfGg cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of / v8]/Lsf]
k|efj yfxf kfpg' lgs} sl7g x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] cWoog ;'Id¿kdf x'g'
h?/L 5 eg] ;d'bfo jf ;Defljt hf]lvddf kg]{ ;d'bfosf] cfGtl/s
ultljlwnfO{ ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g'{k5{ . cg';GwfgfTds cWoog tyf
v8]/Lsf] kl/b[io lgdf{0f klg v8]/Lsf] ;ªs6fled'vtf a'emg ;xh ljlw xf] .
;ªs6fled'v ;d'bfosf] hfgsf/L ;ªsng ug]{ cGo ;|ftsf] ¿kdf, vf;u/]/
]
clgsfnsf] ;dodf vfB c;'/Iff / ;ªs6fled'vtfaf/] hfgsf/L tyf dfkg
k|0ffnL, ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] ;ªs6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f tyf dfkg k|0ffnL
/ ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3sf] vfB tyf s[lif ;ªu7gsf] vfB ;'/Iff k|0ffnL klg
'
x'g;S5 .
v8]/Lsf] cg'udg tyf k"jrtfjgL
{ ]
v8]/L ;':tpTyfg k|sf]k ePsfn] o;sf] k"jrtfjgL lbg' sl7g x'G5 . v8]/Lsf]
{ ]
;'? / cGt lgwf{/0f ug{' c;Dejh:t} x'G5 . oBlk df};dL tYofªssf cfwf/df
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug]{ / ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . hnjfo'
kl/jt{g klg v8]/Lsf] k|dv sf/s ePsfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf]
'
;fdgf ug]{ k|lqmofn] o;sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf klg ;xof]u ldN5 . v8]/Lsf]
k"jrtfjgL cGo hnjfo'hGo k|sf]ksf]eGbf w]/} hl6n 5 / ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf
{ ]
o;sf] ljZjJofkL ljsf; sd 5 . o;sf] k"jrtfjgL d'Vo ¿kdf df};dL
{ ]
jiff{, gbLsf] axfj, e"ldut kfgLsf] ;xt, lxpFsf] df]6fO tyf cGo P]ltxfl;s
tYofªsLo clen]vdf e/ k5{ .
÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff
11

12. k"jrtfjgL Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
{ ]
of]hgfljb tyf j}1flgsn] ;d;fdlos, plrt, a'emg ;lsg], vr{ ug{ ;lsg],
hgs]lGb|t k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/]df v8]/Lsf] k"jf{gdfg ug{ ;Dej x'g] ck]Iff
'
ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu plrt ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; u/L v8]/Lsf] cfj[lQ / c;/af/] hfgsf/L lng] / lbg] ug'{k5{ .
;/sf/L / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, vf]h, lg/LIf0f,
ljZn]if0f tyf dfkg ug{ / v8]/Lsf] k|sf]ksf] ;Defljt k|efjsf] k"jf{gdfg '
ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/, j}1flgs, k|fljlws, ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / lbuf]kgsf]
nflu ;xof]usf] k|a4{g ug'k5{ .
{
v8]/Llj?4 r]tgf clej[l4
gofF l;h{gfsf nflu 1fgsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu
lzIffnfO{ Jojxfl/s k4ltdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ablnFbf] kl/l:ylt
cg'?ksf] lzIff ePdf k|sf]ksf cGo 36gfsf ;fy} v8]/Laf/] ;d'bfon]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{;S5g / To;sf] ;fdgf ug]{ :yfgLo ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{
;S5g . Jojxfl/s lzIffk|0ffnLn] ;dfhdf k|sf]khGo 36gfsf] ;fdgf ug]{
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ x'bf klg efjL ;dfh ;'/lIft /xg ;S5 .
F
o;sf nflu cWoog–cg';Gwfgstf{, vf]hstf{ / ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;+jfb tyf
;~hfnsf] ljsf; u/L ;"rgf / 1fgsf] k|jfxdf k|fyldstf /xg'k5{ . :yfgLo
b[li6sf]0f tyf cfjZostfsf] :ki6 cWoog u/L To;sf cfwf/df r]tgf
clej[l4sf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsPdf ;d'bfosf]
k|sf]k ;fdgf Ifdtf clej[l4 x'G5 . o:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf] ;zQm pkl:ylt jf ;xeflutf x'g] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;
ug'{k5{ .
v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf
v8]/Lsf] Joj:yfkgdf w]/} r'gf}tL /xG5g . v8]/LnfO{ k|sf]ksf ¿kdf :jLsf/
ub}{ ljz]if1 / gLltlgdf{tfaLr ;dGjo sfod x'g' / ;f]xL cg';f/ /0fgLlt
th'df u/L Go"gLs/0f tyf ;fdgfsf gLlt lgdf{0f ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . v8]/L ;':t
{
pTyfg k|sf]ksf] sf/s ePsfn] o;sf] k|efjsf Go"gLs/0fsf ljsNkx¿sf]
ljsf; g} o;sf] ;fdgf ug]{ pQd pkfo xf] . xfn;Dd d'nsdf v8]/LnfO{
'
k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf glnOPsfn] klg o;af6 kg]{ k|efjsf] ckTsfnLg ;fdgfsf
/0fgLlt aGg ;s]sf] 5}g / hgr]tgf clej[l4df klg 7f]; sfo{qmd ;~rfng
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . nfdf] v8]/Lsf] cj:yfdf vfBfGg / ;fdfGo :t/df lapm
÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff
12

13. cg'bfg lbg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ePklg Tof] g} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] bL3{sfnLg
;dfwfgsf] pkfo eg] xf]Og .
v8]/Lsf] :j¿ksf] klxrfg, cg'udg, Go"gLs/0f / k"jtof/Ldf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
{
g} d'Vo rrf{sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . v8]/Lsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ef}uf]lns agf]6sf
cfwf/df km/s–km/s x'g] ePsf]n] klg o;nfO{ ;xL ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}n] :yfgcg';f/ ljsf; ePsf ;"rsfªssf] cfwf/df dfq
o;af/] jf:tljs r]tgf clej[l4 x'g ;S5 . To:t} v8]/Lsf] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f u/L k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljz]if1 / ;d'bfoaLr /x]sf] Ifdtfsf]
b"/L x6fpg' klg Psk|sf/sf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .
v8]/LnfO{ ljz'4 k|fs[lts tyf ef}lts 36gfsf ¿kdf lng] k/Dk/f klg 5 . olb
of] ljz'4 k|fs[lts 36gf xf] eg] o;sf] cfj[lQ / k|efjdfly s:tf] lgoGq0f
ug]{ eGg] k|Zg cufl8 cfpF5 . jiff{sf] bL3{sfnLg cefjn] v8]/L pTkGg x'g] /
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] o;sf] cfj[lQ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsfn] klg ;d:of b]vf k/]sf]
kfOG5 . o;nfO{ k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf lnPdf o;df /x]sf] ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s,
;f+:s[lts, gLltut, jftfj/0fLonufotsf kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{kg]{ x'G5 . ;xL
'
gLlt, k"jtof/L of]hgf / Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmdn] j[xtdfqfdf v8]/Lsf] ;ªs6fled'vtf
{
36fpg ;lsg]df s'g} cfzªsf /xFbg . csf]{ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf gLlt tyf cGo
}
lg0f{o ug]x¿df k|sf]kkl5eGbf Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{df ul/g] nufgL d"Nok|efjsf/L
{
x'G5 eg]/ ljZj:t lbnfpg' /x]sf] b]lvG5 . clzIff, c1fgtf, k/Dk/fut d"No–
dfGotfsf sf/0f / bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] ljsf; gePsfn] klg gLltlgdf{tfx¿
/ge'Nndf k/]sf 5g . To;}n] v8]/Lsf] ;fdgfsf nflu k"jtof/L of]hgfsf]
{
;Defljt nfek|lt ;+jbgzLn eP/ ;/sf/n] gLltlgdf{0f u/L of]hgf agfpg
]
kxn ug'k5{ .
{
;"rgf k|jfx
;d'bfonfO{ plrt hfgsf/L / 1fg lbg ljleGg d'nsdf ul/Psf v8]/L
'
Joj:yfkgsf ljlw / tf}/tl/sfaf/] cg'ej cfbfgk|bfgsf] sfo{qmd lgoldt
?kdf ul/g'k5{ . o:tf cg'ejnfO{ ;d'bfon] a'‰g] vfsfdf ljsf; u/L r]tgf
clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;"rgfsf] k|jfx lgoldt ?kdf ug'{ cfhsf]
cfjZostf klg xf] . ;"rgfsf] k|jfxn] ;d'bfodf v8]/Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug]{
1fg k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsfn] o;nfO{ gLlt / sfo{of]hgfsf] k|dv '
kf6f]sf] ?kdf x]l/g'k5{ . ;"rgf ;ªsns / bftfaLr x'g] cGtlqmofn] pTs[i6
;~hfnsf] ljsf; / a'emfOsf] :t/ dfly p7g] ePsfn] To;n] nlIot ju{sf]
k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k hf]lvddf k/]sf ;d'bfonfO{ /fxt dfq
13÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

14. xf]Og, ;fdgf Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df ;3fp klg k'¥ofpF5 .
lzIff tyf tflnd
k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffdf v8]/Lsf] ljifonfO{ klg hf]8/ n}hfg' jt{dfgsf]
]
cfjZostf xf] . k|lzIfs / k|lzIffyL{aLrsf] x'g] kf/:kfl/s l;sfO tyf cGtlqm{ofTds
k|lqmofn] hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f / ;fdgf ug]{ /0fgLltsf] vfsf tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ldN5 .
o;sf nflu cf}krfl/s lzIffsf ;fy} a]Un} k|sf/sf] tflnd sfo{qmd klg sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg'k5{ . v8]/Laf/] k/Dk/fut hfgsf/L, :yfgLo 1fg, cfd;~rf/sf] ;lqmo
;xeflutfaf6 k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft /xg ;xof]u ldN5 . v8]/Lsf] k|sf]ksf
;Defljt kLl8t / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfaLr ;xeflutfd"ns tflndsf sfo{qmdn]
o;sf] c;/ sd ug]{ ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ . cgf}krfl/s t/
Joj;flos lzIffn] efjL lkF9LnfO{ klg hf]lvdsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ / To;sf] ;fdgf ug]{
Ifdtf k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn] tflndnfO{ /fi6«JofkL agfpg' ;fGble{s x'G5 .
;zQm k"jtof/Lsf pkfo
{
v8]/Lsf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg Go"gLs/0f, hLljsf]kfh{gdf ug'kg]{ kl/jt{gsf af/]df
{
cWoog cfjZos 5 . cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfsf cfwf/df k"jtof/Lsf of]hgf
{
agfpg' ;fGble{s x'G5 . v8]/Lcl3, v8]/Lsf] ;do / eljiodf JolQm tyf
;DalGwt ;+:yfn] ckgfpg' kg]{ cfsl:ds of]hgfnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf lgDgcg';f/
lng ;lsG5 M
k|efj Go"gLs/0f tyf k"jtof/L of]hgfsf nflu k|efjsf/L gLlt tyf ;+:yfut
{
Ifdtfdf ljsf; ug'k5{ .
{
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo, JolQm tyf gful/s ;d'bfo k"0f{ ¿kdf ;lqmo
eP/ sfd ug'k5{ .
{
cfsl:ds k|ltsf/sf pkfoeGbf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljsNk vf]Hg'k5{ .
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f, ljsf; / k|sf]k k|ltsf/df sfo{/t JolQmaLr ;+jfb, cg'ejsf]
cfbfgk|bfg / ;dGjo sfod ug'k5{ . {
v8]/Lsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k"jtof/L pkfosf] 5gf}6 ubf{ PsLs[t
{
jftfj/0fLo tyf k|fs[lts ;|ft Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;,
]
e"pkof]u of]hgf / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug'k5{ . {
k"jtof/L of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf
{
x'gk5{ .
'
;+:yfut Ifdtf, ;dGjofTds ;+oGq, :yfgLo cfjZostf tyf k/Dk/fut
1fg k|efjsf/L Go"gLs/0f / k"jtof/L /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf cfjZos
{
5.
14÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

15. vfB c;'/Iff / k|efj
g]kfnsf] s"n hg;+Vofsf] em08} ^^ k|ltzt k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf¿kdf s[lifdf
cfwfl/t 5 . s]xL jif{ otf s[lif cf>Lt hg;+Vofdf sdL cfFpb} u/]sf] kfOP
klg cToflws hg;+Vofsf] d"n k]zf s[lifdf cfwf/Lt 5 . clxn] ;Dd ljsfzsf
k"jf{wf/ k'Ug g;s]sf] ljs6 ef}uf]lns cj:yfdf vfB;'/Iff a9L ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo aGb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df vfB;'/Iffsf] s'/f ubf{ lg/k]lIft
¿kdf eGbf ;fk]lIft¿kdf Jofvf ug'{ a9L ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . vfB;'/Iff
k[ys geO ljljw kIf;Fu ufl;Psf] x'G5 . o;sf sltko ;Gbe{ k|fs[lts
ljifoj:t';u klg ufFl;Psf] x'G5g t/ jt{dfg ;dodf dfgjLo ultljlw
F
rfxgf / cfjZoQmf o'4 ;fdflhs åG4 a9bf] hg;+Vof cj}wflgs s[lifk|0ffnL,
36bf] pTkfbg, c;Gt'lnt ljt/0f h:tf s'/fn] vfB;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ sdhf]/
kfl//x]sf] kfOG5 . s[lif k|wfg d'ns eP/ klg ljleGg sf/0fn] g]kfn vfB;'/Iffsf]
'
b[li6n] la:tf/} bf?0f aGg yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] xfn;Ddsf] hg;ªVof /
vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] cg'kftsf cfwf/df vfB c;'/Iffsf] ;Defjgf klg a9b5 . }
s]xL kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfdf vfBfGg ljt/0fk|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sgfn]
obfsbf ef]sd/Lsf] cj:yf l;hgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg
/x]sf sltko kl/jf/n] plrt ;dodf cfjZos vfBfGgsf] hf]xf] ug{ g;Sgfn]
;d:of plAhg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . tyflk, xfd|f] d'nssf] vfBfGg pTkfbg /
'
pkef]usf] oyfy{ cj:yfs} kl/j]zdf /x]/ vfB;'/Iffsf] rrf{ ug'{ ;fGble{s
x'g]5 .
vfB c;'/Iff / o;sf sf/0f
vfB;'/Iff / c;'/Iffsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿ Ps};fy ufFl;P/ cfpg] u5{g .
o:tf ;jfnsf k5fl8 ufFl;P/ cfpg] sf/0fnfO{ cnUofP/ x]g{ klg ldNb}g .
vfB;'/Iff eg]sf] kof{Kt vfBfGg pTkfbg jf pknAw ePsf] ;dodf eljiodf
j[l4 x'g] hg;ªVof, vfFrf] / k|sf]ksfnLg cj:yfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
kl/df0fdf vfBfGgsf] ;~ro u/L ;xh k|flKt / ;d'lrt ljt/0f ug{;Sg]
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . o;}sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt cj:yfnfO{ eg] vfB c;'/Iffsf]
cj:yfsf ¿kdf a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 .
15÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

16. vfB c;'/Iffsf ljleGg kIfnfO{ cWoog ubf{ o;sf sf/0fsf] eofjx lrq
k|s6 x'g;Sb5 . vfB c;'/Iffaf6 ;dfh / d'ns ef]sd/Lsf] qf;bLk"0f{
'
rk]6fdf ws]lnG5 . ljz]ifu/L, clk|msfsf ;'8fg, Olyof]lkof, ;f]dflnofnufot
ljZjsf clt sd ljsl;t d'nssf hgtf vfg gkfP/ ef]sef]s} d/]sf /
'
s'kf]if0fsf lzsf/ ePsf ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfO/xG5g . To:t}, ;d:of xfd|f]
d'n'ssf s]xL ljs6 kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfsf vf; If]qdf slxn]sfxLF
b]vfkg]{ u/]sf] 5 . cNksfnLg ¿kdf b]lvg] To:tf] ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{
k|of; klg x'b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
F
vfB c;'/Iff pTkGg x'g d'Votof k|fs[lts / dfgjLo sf/0f lhDd]jf/
b]lvG5g . ctM vfB c;'/Iff x'g;Sg] sf/0fnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ x]g{ ;lsG5 M
k|fs[lts sf/0f
cltj[li6 tyf af9Lklx/f]
ljZjsf ljleGg efudf jiff{sf] lgoldt :j¿kdf kl/jt{g x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
F
cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 / v08j[li6h:tf k|lts"n jiff{sf sf/0fn] s[lifpTkfbg /
hg;ªVof j[l4sf] aLrsf] ;Gt'ngdf vnn k'Ub} cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg k|sf]kn]
dfgjLo ultljlwsf ljljw kIf k|efljt x'bf s[lif pTkfbgsf] b/ emg–emg
F
36b} uPsf] kfOG5 . To:tf sf/0fdWo] cltj[li6af6 pTkGg x'g] af9Lklx/f]
k|dv /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf k|To]s jif{sf] af9Lklx/f]df k/L cf};t @@(
'
hgf dflg;n] Hofg u'dfpg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] ljgf;
klg pNn]Vo¿kdf eO/x]sf] 5 .
af9Lklx/f]n] jif]gL v]tLof]Uo e"ld s6fg u/]/, v]tdf /f]lkPsf] afnL aufP/
{
/ k'// 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Iflt lg/Gt/ eO/xFbf s[liftGq
]
k|efljt eO{ vfBfGg pTkfbgdf 7"nf] lu/fj6 cfpg yfn]sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
vfB c;'/Iffsf] ;Defjgf a9b} uPsf] 5 .
cgfj[li6 / v8]/L
vfBfGgsf] /fd|f] pTkfbgsf nflu lgoldt jiff{ x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 . g]kfndf
cltj[li6sf sf/0f st} af9Lklx/f]sf] k|sf]k pTkGg x'G5 eg] cgfj[li6 /
v08j[li6n] v8]/Lsf] k|sf]k klg lgDTofO/xG5 . g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]qdf cltj[li6sf
16÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

17. sf/0f cfpg] af9Lklx/f]af6 d'ns cfqmfGt eO/xFbf klZrdL If]q v8]/Lsf]
'
k|sf]kaf6 d'lem{O/x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf clwsf+z v]tLof]Uo e"lddf l;+rfOsf]
;'ljwf pknAw gePsf] x'bf cfsfz]kfgLsf] e/df s[liftGq l6ls/x]sf] 5 . ctM
F
o;/L cfjZos kl/df0fdf jiff{ gxFbf v]tLaf6 cfzftLt pTkfbg lng ;lsg]
'
s'/} ePg . o;af6 ;du| s[lif pTkfbg Go"g eO{ ef]sd/Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gf
x'g] ;Defjgf a9b5 .
d?e"dLs/0f
k|fs[lts jftfj/0f ;Gt'lnt /fVg] d'Vo tŒj jg;Dkbf xf] . jgn] e"–Ifo
lgoGq0f, df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g, k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfsf] ljsf;,
cDnLokg lgoGq0fh:tf dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ ub{5 . t/, s[life"ld, 3fF;, bfp/f,
sf7nufotsf a9bf] hg;ªVofsf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu j}slNks ;|ftsf] ]
ljsf; x'g g;Sbf tLj| ultdf jgljgf; x'b} cfPsf] 5 . jgljgf;s} k|efj:j¿k
F
ljZjdf tfkqmd j[l4 tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ klg pTkGg ePsf 5g .
o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ljZjdf d?e"dLs/0f x'g]qmd a9]sf] / s[life"ldsf]
k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtf;d]t gi6 x'b} uPsf] kfOG5 . o;af6 s[lifIf]qdf k|lts"n
F
k|efj kg{uO Pstkm{ pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpFbf vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf pTkGg
eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]tkm{ o;n] vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf pTkGg ug]{ cGo
{
kIfsf] k[i7kf]if0f;d]t ul//x]sf] 5 .
pj{/fzlQmdf x|f;
vfBj:t' pTkfbg x'g] d"nfwf/ g} hldg xf] . s[lifpTkfbgsf] kl/df0f df6f]sf]
pj{/fzlQmdf lge{/ /xG5 . ctM ljleGg sf/0fn] df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf x|f;
cfpFb} hfFbf s[lifpTkfbgdf qmlds¿kn] x|f; cfpFb} uPsf] 5 . /f;folgs dn,
sL6gf;s cf}iflwh:tf /;fogsf] cTolws k|of]uaf6 s]xL ;do;Dd pTkfbg
a9]sf] b]lvP klg To;af6 b"/ufdL¿kdf pj{/tfsf lx;fan] lgsDdf / aGh/
aGg] / jftfj/0fsf cGo kIfdf ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ cg'ej ul/Psf]
5 . To;}u/L, clgof]lht / cj}1flgs e"–pkof]usf sf/0f Pstkm{ s[life"ldsf]
;d'lrt pkof]u x'g ;Qm}g eg] csf{]tkm{ df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm 36b} uP/
s[lifpTkfbgdf x|f; cfpF5 . o;/L, vfBfGg pTkfbgdf lg/Gt/ sdL cfpFbf
vfBfGgsf] cefj eO{ d'ns clgsfnsf] rk]6fdf km:b5 .
'
17÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

18. k|sf]k / cGo ljkb
k[YjLsf] s'g} klg If]qdf ;w}F s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] k|fs[lts k|sf]k pTkGg
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . af9Lklx/f], cfunfuL, x'/Latf;, e'Orfnf]h:tf ljleGg k|sf]k
F
pTkGg x'bf vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . k|sf]kaf6 Pstkm{ ;l~rt
F
vfBfGg gi6 x'g] / csf]tkm{ pTkfbg If]qdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ ePaf6
{
pTkfbg 36g] sf/0fn] eljiosf nflu cfjZos x'g] vfBfGgsf] hf]xf] x'g
g;Sbf vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'G5 .
dfgjLo sf/0f
cj}1flgs v]tLk|0ffnL / e"–pkof]u
g]kfndf cfw'lgs / lbuf] e"–Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] cem} ljsf; x'g;s]sf]
5}g . g]kfndf v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ / df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm sfod /fvL
pTkfbsŒj a9fpg] lbuf] k|ljlw ckgfOPsf] kfOFb}g . ctM s[lifk|0ffnLdf
;dofg'sn j}1flgs k|ljlwsf] cjnDag ug{ g;Sbf s[lifpTkfbgdf x|f; x'b}
" F
uPsf] 5 / kl/0ffd:j¿k vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf klg pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf
a9b} uPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf e"–pkof]u of]hgf;d]t nfu" x'g;s]sf] 5}g . v]tLof]Uo e"ld
;x/Ls/0fsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] 5 eg] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;n] klg v]tLof]Uo
hldgsf] bfo/f ;fF3¥ofpFb} nu]sf] 5 . pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgfaf6 lgM;lh{t
'
/f;folgs kbfy{ ldl;gfn] df6f]sf] k|fs[lts u'0fdf klg kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf]
5 . o;/L vfBfGg pTkfbg If]q / pTkfbsŒj 36]/ pTkfbgdf sdL cfpFbf
vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt pTkGg xFb} uPsf] 5 .
'
e"ldsf] rfSnfaGbL tyf v08Ls/0f
a9bf] hg;ªVof / kl/jf/ ljefhgsf sf/0faf6 e"ldsf] efuaG8f ug]{ k|jl[ Qdf
klg tLj|tf cfO/x]sf] 5 . kfl/jfl/s efuaG8faf6 e"ld v08Ls/0f x'gfn]
s[lifk|0ffnL lbuf] x'g g;ls/x]sf] dfq xf]Og, pTkfbgzLn hldgsf] sdL;d]t
x'b} uPsf] 5 . rfSnfaGbL gul/Psf 6'qmf e"lddf cfw'lgs v]tLk|0ffnL ckgfpg
F
/ d]l;g pks/0f k|of]u ug{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . o:tf sf/0fn] klg s[lifpTkfbg
36]/ vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt cfpg] ;Defjgf a9b} uPsf] 5 .
18÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

19. afnL ljljwLs/0fsf] cefj
g]kfnsf] s[lif k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 . yf]/} e"ldsf] cTolws pkof]u
u/L w]/} vfBfGg pTkfbg ug{ o:tf] v]tLk|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g u/L ;do–;dodf
cfxf/f afgL (Food Habit) df kl/jt{g ug'{ cfjZos dflgG5 . v]tLdf
cTolws /f;folgs dn / sL6gf;s cf}iflw k|of]u ubf{ tTsfn pTkfbg a9]
klg h}ljs tŒjdf x|f; cfP/ la:tf/} df6f]sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf 365 . To;}u/L,
Pp6f hldgdf ;wF} Pp6} afnL nufpgfn] klg vf;–vf; tŒjsf] x|f; eO{
ck]lIft pTkfbg k|fKt ug{ ;lsFbg . t;y{, hldgdf afnL ljljwLs/0f /
}
h}ljs dnsf] k|of]u a9L ug'{ df6f]sf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg / ck]lIft pTkfbg
lng;d]t kmnbfoL x'G5 . t/, g]kfnL ls;fgdf To; lsl;dsf] r]tgf gx'bf F
pTkfbgn] lbuf] ¿k lng ;s]sf] kfOFbg . vfBfGg eGgfn] rfdn dfq ;Demg]
}
/ eft vfg] afgL dfq /xgfn] wfgsf] pTkfbg sd x'gf;fy vfB c;'/Iffsf]
;d:of hGdg] u/]sf] oyfy{ klg 5 .
ahf/ ljsf;sf] cefj
ahf/sf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf If]qdf s[lifpTkfbgsf] ;dfg'kflts laqmLljt/0f
x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf Go"g x'G5 . oftfoftsf] kx'r gePsf b'ud u|fdL0f If]qdf
F {
:yfgLo cfjZostfeGbf a9L vfBfGg pTkfbg ug'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /xFbg .
{ }
g]kfnsf clwsf+z lxdfnL lhNnfx¿df pTkflbt vfBj:t' ;'ud tyf ;x/L
If]qdf Nofpg / ;'ud If]qdf pTkflbt vfBfGg tL lhNnfdf k7fpg ;lsg]
oftfoftsf] ljsf; gePsf sf/0f kmnk"mn, df;', b"w / pmg dfq a9L
pTkfbg x'g] lxdfnL lhNnfdf vfBfGgsf] cefj x'g] u/]sf] 5 . b'ud u|fdL0fIf]q
{
leq} klg ahf/sf] plrt ljsf; gxFbf pknAw vfBfGgsf] ;d]t ;dfg'kflts
'
ljt/0fsf] cefjn] vfB c;'/Iff cj:yf cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
vfBfGgsf] b'?kof]u
ljZjdf ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs /Lltl/jfh, k/Dk/fut wf/0ff / dlb/fhGo
kbfy{ pTkfbgdf vfBkbfy{sf] b'?kof]u ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts /
wfld{s sfo{qmddf vfBfGgsf] k|of]u vfgsf nflu dfq geP/ cGo k|of]hgdf
;d]t ul/g] ub{5 . k"hfsf cIftf, k'/f0f tyf o1df ul/g] r?xf]d, cf}Bf]lus
tyf 3/fo;L¿kdf agfOg] hfF8 / /S;Lh:tf dlb/fhGo kbfy{sf] pTkfbgdf
19÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

20. vfBfGgsf] 7"nf] c+z b}lgs v]/ hfg] ub{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ahf/sf] cefj
ePsf If]qdf a9L ePsf] cGg 3/kfn'jf kz'sf] bfgf–vf]nsf] ¿kdf klg vr{
]
x'G5 . o:tf sf/0fn] klg dflg;nfO{ cfjZos cGgsf] cefj pTkGg eO{ vfB
c;'/Iffsf] cj:yf cfpF5 .
c;Gt'lnt ljt/0f / ;fdflhs åGå
g]kfndf ef}uf]lns hl6ntf, oftfoftsf] sl7gfO / jt{dfg ;dodf b]vfk/]sf]
;fdflhs åGån] b]zdf pTkflbt vfBfGgsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f x'g ;ls/x]sf]
5}g . vfBfGgsf] cfk"lt{ ;'ud If]qdf ubf{ a9L nfe k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'bf
F
Jofkfl/s kIfaf6 b'ud If]qdf vfBfGgsf] laqmL–ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg
{
?lr b]vfOPsf] kfOFbg . ;fdflhs åGåsf cj:yfdf Ps kIfn] cfk"lt{ u/]sf]
}
vfBfGg csf]{ kIfaf6 n'6g] sfo{df a9f]Q/L x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf vfBfGgsf]
Go"g pTkfbg x'g] If]qdf vfB;'/Iffdf cj/f]w pTkGg eO{ ef]sd/Lsf] cj:yf
pTkGg x'g;S5 .
pNn]lvt sf/0fn] vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg x|f; x'b} uP/ vfBfGg ;'/Iff Joj:yf
F
sdhf]/ x'b} hfg] ;Defjgf Pslt/ a9]sf] 5 eg] csf]l{ t/ pTkflbt vfBfGgsf]
F
;d'lrt ljt/0fsf] cefjdf vfBfGg sd pTkfbg x'g] If]qdf vfB;ªs6
pTkGg xFb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf pTkflbt cfjZostfeGbf a9L
'
ePsf] vfBfGg ef/ttkm{ lgsf;L x'G5 eg] vfBfGg pTkfbg Go"g x'g] pRrkxf8L
/ lxdfnL lhNnfdf t/fO{sf] vfBfGg 9'jfgL ug{ sl7g ePsfn] jif}l{ kR5] vfB
;ªs6 tyf ef]sd/Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
20÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

21. vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|efj
;fdflhs k|efj
;dfhdf vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|ToIf k|efj kb{5 . ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsfn] dflg;
;dfhdf a:b5, vfBfGgnufot s'g} klg uhf]{ 6fg{ ;dfhsf c¿ kl/jf/df
hu]8f /x]sf vfBfGg k|fKt ug{] k|of; ub{5 . o;sf nflu vfBfGg hu]8f x'g]
kl/jf/;Fu lsGg] jf ;fk6 lng] k|of; x'g;S5 . To;}u/L, g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qdf
;fx' jf wgL kl/jf/sf] d]nfkft u/]/ b}lgs vfBfGgsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{
k| r ng k/Dk/fut¿kdf rNb} cfPsf] 5 . cfk" m a;] s f] ;dfhaf6}
Jojxf/;ªut¿kdf vfBfGgsf] hf]xf] ug]{ k|of; ug'{ dfgjLo :jefj xf] .
Jojxf/;ªut¿kaf6 vfBfGg k|fKt x'g g;Sbf k]6 kfNgsf nflu dflg;n]
rf]/L jf n'6kf6 ug'kg]{ cj:yf;d]t cfpF5 . s;}sf] 3/df cfjZostfeGbf
{
a9L vfBfGg e08f/0f x'g' / ToxL ;d'bfosf] s;}sf] 3/df 5fs;Dd 6fg]{
cj:yf gx'bf o; lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs ck/fwsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'G5 . o:tf
F
afWotfa; l;h{gf x'g] l:yltaf6 ;fdflhs åGå, ck/fw, cftªssf] ;d]t
l;h{gf x'g;Sb5 . vfBfGgsf] cefj tyf ul/aLsf sf/0f ljZjdf jif]gL ;of}F
{
dflg;n] cfTdxTof u/]sf] klg ;'Ggdf cfpF5 . ctM vfB c;'/Iffn] ;dfhdf
rf]/L, 8s}tL, n'6kf6h:tf ck/fw a9fpg] dfq xf]Og, dfgjLo pmhf{ tyf
;+zfwgdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/L d'n'ssf] ;du| ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s
ljsf;df k|ZglrGx v8f ul/lbG5 .
cfly{s k|efj
vfB c;'/Iffaf6 cfly{s If]q ax'cfoflds lsl;dn] k|efljt x'G5 . vfBfGgsf]
cefjdf dflg; s'kf]if0fsf] df/df dfq kb}g, hLjgd/0fsf] bf];fFwdf k'Ub5 .
{
o; cj:yfdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] /fli6«o cleofgdf ck]lIft of]ubfg k|fKt x'g
;Sb}g . dfgj ;+zfwgsf] pTkfbsŒjdf x|f; x'G5, a]/f]huf/sf] ;ªVof a9b5 .
;Gt'lnt vfgfsf] cefjaf6 zf/Ll/s ljsf;df cj/f]w pTkGg eO{ :jf:Yo
;d:of b]vfkb{5 . ;Gt'lnt dfgl;s ljsf; gx'bf z}lIfs Pjd af}l4s:t/df
F
x|f; cfpF5 . o; cj:yfn] ;du| cy{tGqd} gsf/fTds cj:yf k}bf x'G5 .
÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff
21

22. vfB cefjsf] l:ylt k}bf ePdf ljsf;lgdf{0fsf ;f/f sfo{nfO{ yftL /fv]/
vfB cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' ;/sf/sf] bfloŒj x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf vfB
cfoft ug{, cefj ePsf If]qdf 9'jfgL ug{ / ;d:ofu|:t If]qdf ljt/0f ug{
'
/fHon] 7"nf] cfly{s nufgL ug'kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . o;af6 ljsf;lgdf{0fdf
{
Joo x'g] k'hL 36guO{ ljsf; sfo{ g} cj?4 x'gk'U5 . o;}u/L, vfB cefjsf
F
sf/0f s'kf]if0f, To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ljleGg /f]u / dxfdf/L;d]t lgoGq0f
ug'kg]{ cj:yf cfOk/]df cfly{s ;d:of cem ylkG5 . kmntM b]zsf] cy{tGqn]
{
ult lng g;Sg] cj:yf pTkGg eO{ ;+jbgzLn If]qdf ;ªs6sfnLg cj:yfsf]
]
3f]if0ff;d]t ug'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg;S5 . ctM vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|efjsf] kl/0ffd
{
(Result) cfly{s / ;fdflhs b[li6n] klg eofjx x'g;S5 .
;f+:s[lts k|efj
vfB c;'/Iffaf6 ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] gsf/fTds kl/0flt
;f+:s[lts If]qdf klg b]lvG5 . o;f] x]bf{ vfgfsf] cefjn] ;f+:s[lts If]qdf
To:tf] eofjx gsf/fTds l:ylt pTkGg xf]nfh:tf] b]lvGg . t/, o;n]
bL3{sfnLg¿kdf /fli6«o k/Dk/f, wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf g/fd|f] c;/ kfg]{ ;Defjgf
/xG5 . ha dflg;n] cfk"m afFRgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ vfg]s/f kfpFbg, ta
' }
cfˆgf] wd{, ;+:s[lt, rfnrng, k/Dk/f;d]t 5f8]/ cfly{s ;|ftsf] hf]xf]sf
]
nflu wd{ kl/jt{g ug]{ hf]lvd;d]t p7fpg] ub{5 .
ef]sf] dflg; ;fdflhs ;DklQsf ¿kdf /x]sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] rf]/L /
a]rlavg u/]/ k]6 eg{] Joj:yf ldnfpg;d]t tlD;G5 . o;s} pbfx/0fsf
¿kdf vfg gkfpg] l:yltdf /x]sf pRrkxf8L, lxdfnL lhNnf / cGo If]qaf6
cgdf]n k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf j:t' Pjd wfld{s u|Gy rf]l/g'nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
sltko hgtfn] Ps kfyL rfdn–lk7f];u s/f]8f}F d"No kg]{ cfkmgf wfld{s
F
u|Gysf kf08'lnlk, k|frLg d"lt{, wft'sf ;fdfg ;f6]/ k]6 kfn]sf oyfy{ ;'Gg
kfOG5 . k]6 kfNgs} nflu w]/n] cfˆgf ;+:s[lt, rfnrng la;]/ ljb]lzg' k/]sf],
} {
gf/sLo hLjg latfpFb} of}gJofkf/ ug{ / P8;nufot of}ghGo /f]u leqofpg
afWo x'gk/]sf] ljs/fn cj:yf;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ctM o:tf] cj:yf lg/Gt/
'
rln/x] df}lns k/Dk/f / dfGotf x/fpFb} hfg] dfq xf]Og, ;fdflhs ;Eotfn]
gsf/fTds af6f] lng] 8/ /xG5 . To;}n] elgPsf] 5– …ef]sfPsf]n] h'g;'s}
ck/fw klg ug{ ;Sb5 .Ú
22÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

23. afnaflnsf, czQm tyf j[4df kg]{ k|efj
vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|efj afnaflnsf, czQm / j[4j[4fdf a9L kb{5 . afnsnfO{
hGdgf;fy zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu kf}li6s cfxf/sf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . ;'Ts]/L dlxnfnfO{ oy]i6 vfgf k|fKt geP To;sf] k|ToIf k|efj b"w]
aRrfdf kb{5 . o;af6 s'kf]if0fsf] lzsf/ eO{ afnaflnsfdf zf/Ll/s tyf
dfgl;s ljs[lt b]vf kg{ ;Sb5 . To;}u/L sl7g zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s sfd
ug{ c;dy{, czQm JolQmn] cfk"mnfO{ cfjZos vfBj:t' h'6fpg g;s]/
d[To'sf] d'vdf k'Ug'kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 .
joZs dflg;df s]xL ;do kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] cefj eP klg zf/Ll/s
cj:yf Tolt sdhf]/ gx'g] x'G5 . t/, zf/Ll/s¿kdf sdhf]/ j[4j[4fsf nflu
cfjZos vfBfGg, /]vb]v pknAw ePg eg] ltgsf] cj:yf lgs} bogLo
aGb5 . ctM vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|ToIf k|efj czQm / j[4x¿df a9L kb{5 .
ue{jtL dlxnfdf vfB c;'/Iffsf] k|efj ;a}eGbf a9L kb{5 . ue{jtL dlxnfn]
kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf gkfPdf hGdg] aRrf ljsnfªu x'g;Sg], dft[lzz' d[To'b/
pRr x'g,] cfly{s¿kn] ;lqmo hgzlQmdf sdL cfpg]h:tf ;d:of;d]t
pTkGg x'g;S5g . To;}n] ;Dk"0f{ kIfnfO{ rqmLo¿kdf ufFHg] dfgjLo ;d:ofsf
¿kdf /x]sf] vfB c;'/Iffsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;a} kIfaf6 uDeL/¿kdf
lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
g]kfndf vfB;'/Iff Joj:yf
vfBsf] ;'/Iff / ;d'lrt ljt/0f u/L vfB c;'/Iffsf] cj:yfaf6 d'nsnfO{ '
arfpg ;/sf/n] ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df vfBfGg
cefj x'g glbg / ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfnfO{ /fxt k|bfg ug{ ljz]if
vfBfGg sfo{qmdcGtu{t ljsf;lgdf{0fsf sfo{ klg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g .
;ªs6sfnLg cj:yfdf kl/rfng ug{sf nflu vfBfGg ;'/Iff ug]{ / cfjZos
k/]sf avt kl/rfng ug{] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu /fli6«o,
cGt/f{li6«o, låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo ;xof]u;d]t k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;~rflnt
sfo{qmdsf s]xL ljz]iftf oxfF pNn]v ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g5 M ]
23÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

24. vfBfGg sdL x'g] pRrlxdfnL tyf kxf8L If]qsf #) b'ud lhNnfdf{
;/sf/åf/f vfBfGg, ljz]ifu/L rfdn 9'jfgLdf cg'bfg lbg] sfo{
jif]gL eO/x]sf] 5 .
{
ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, ljZj vfB ;ªu7g, hfkfg cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u
lgof]u (JAICA), PS;gP8 g]kfn, hd{g ;xof]u lgof]u (GTZ) tyf
cGo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t klg If]qut ¿kdf
vfB kl/rfng u/L vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt cfpg glbg] k|of; eO/x]sf]
5.
k|mfG; ;/sf/sf] vfBcg'bfg (Franch Food Aid) cGtu{t lg/Gt/¿kdf
ux'F pknAw x'b} cfPsf] 5 . ;flasdf $ xhf/ d]l6«s6g ;xof]u k|fKt
F
eO/x]sf]df ljut b'O{ jif{bl] v j[l4 u/L * xhf/ d]l6«s6g k|fKt x'g
yfn]sf] 5 .
hfkfg ;/sf/sf] vfB;xof]u sfo{qmd (KR Programme) cGtu{t
;g @))) df @% xhf/ d]l6«s6g ux'F k|fKt ePsf] / ;g @))$ sf]
jif{df hfkfgL o]g #& s/f]8a/fa/sf] sl/a ( xhf/ d]l6«s6g rfdn
;xof]u k|fKt eO{ g]kfn cfpg] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ªu7g sf] vfB;'/Iff
sfo{qmdcGtu{t cfˆgf] k|lta4tfcg';f/ $ xhf/ d]l6«s6g vfBfGgsf] hu]8f
Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf] 5 . d'nsdf vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt tyf
'
ef]sd/Lsf] k|sf]k pTkGg ePdf of] ;l~rt vfBfGg kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
plNnlvt Joj:yfsf cfwf/df g]kfndf vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt hf]lvdk"0f{
g/x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . oftfoftsf] sl7gfO, cfw'lgs ljt/0fk|0ffnLsf k|ljlwsf]
cefj, ;fdflhs åGå nufotsf ;d:ofaf6 pTkflbt vfBfGgsf] ;dfg'kflts
ljt/0f x'g g;Sbf vfB;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf gsf/fTds c;/ b]lvg yfn]sf] eg]
:jLsfg}{ kb{5 . t;y{, o;sf] ;dfwfgfy{{ a]ndf ;hu x'g' cfjZos 5 .
}
24÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

25. pk;+xf/
g]kfndf vfBfGg;'/Iff (Food security) l:ylt cgk]lIft cyf{t v/fa dfGg
;lsGg . g]kfndf a9bf] hg;ªVof, s[lifpTkfbsTjdf cfpFb} uPsf] x|f;, e"–
Ifo tyf e"–:vngsf sf/0f df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf ePsf] x|f;, jg;Dkbfsf]
ljgf;, l;FrfOsf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yfsf] cefj, cfsfz] v]tLk|0ffnLdf lge{/tfh:tf
ljleGg sf/0faf6 vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm,
vfBfGgk|ltsf] ;f]r / afgL–a]xf]/fdf ck]lIft kl/jt{g Nofpg g;Sg', r?
xf]d, ljleGg pT;j, rf8kj{df nufOg] 6Lsf, hfF8/S;L / kz'cfxf/sf nflu
vfBfGgsf] b'?kof]u a9b} hfFbf vfB c;'/Iffsf] l:ylt cfpFbg eGg klg
}
;lsGg . o:tf] cGgsf] b'?kof]u lgoGq0f gug]{ xf] eg] eljiodf g]kfn klg
vfBfGg ;ªs6sf] rk]6fdf kg{;Sg] b]lvG5 . ctM g]kfndf o:tf ljljw ljifo
;d]6/ bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd tyf sfo{of]hgf;lxt lbuf] vfBfGg gLlt tof/
]
u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Pjd j}bl] zs vfBfGg ;xfotfnfO{ lbuf] agfpg
kxn ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
25÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff

26. ÷v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff
26