This document provides information about phonetic articulation and classification of speech sounds. It discusses consonants and their place and manner of articulation, such as bilabial, alveolar, and plosive sounds. It also covers allophones, which are variant pronunciations of phonemes that are not distinctive. Some allophonic variations discussed include dark L, flap R, glottal stop, linking R, yod coalescence, devoicing, assimilation, and coarticulation. The document aims to help students learn the terminology and concepts needed to understand phonetic transcription and pronunciation.
This document provides an overview of English consonants. It begins with key facts about the number of consonant sounds and letters in English. The bulk of the document then covers: defining consonants; classifying them by place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing; describing individual consonants; and identifying consonants from descriptions. Places of articulation include bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palatoalveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. Manners include stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, laterals, and approximants.
The document discusses consonant articulation in English, Spanish, and French. It analyzes several consonant sounds based on their voicing, articulator, point of articulation, cavity, and manner. Key consonants analyzed include bilabial stops /p/ and /b/, apico-alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, dorso-velar stops /k/ and /g/, fricatives /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, and affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. The articulation of these sounds is compared across the three languages, noting similarities and differences in phonemic representation and allophonic variation. Diagrams illustrate the place and
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology in the English language. It begins by defining phonetics and phonology, and discussing segmental and suprasegmental features. It then provides charts of the consonant and vowel phonemes in English, including their place and manner of articulation. The document discusses allophones, assimilation, and other connected speech processes. It also addresses syllables, stress, intonation, and other suprasegmental features of English pronunciation. In summary, the document is a reference on the sound system of English, covering its individual speech sounds and rules of pronunciation.
PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONSONANT CONTRAST BY EVELYN SIMBAÑAEve Simbana
This document discusses phonemic and phonetic consonant contrasts in English, Spanish, and French. It specifically examines the stops /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/. These sounds are produced by completely blocking airflow with different articulators - bilabial, apico-alveolar/dental, or dorso-velar. The sounds also differ in voicing - voiced sounds like /b/, /d/, and /g/ involve vibration of the vocal cords, while voiceless sounds like /p/, /t/, and /k/ do not. The document then examines contrastive transfer analysis between Spanish and English phonology, noting both positive and negative transfer
This document provides an overview of phonology and phonetic transcription. It begins with background on speech sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) system for transcribing sounds. It then describes the classification of English consonants according to place of articulation (where in the vocal tract the sound is made), manner of articulation (how air flow is affected), and voicing (whether vocal folds vibrate). It provides details on different places of articulation like bilabial, alveolar, velar, and others. It explains manners of articulation such as stops, fricatives, approximants, affricates, and laterals. Finally, it discusses voicing and how sounds are produced
This document contrasts consonant clusters in English and Lebanese Arabic. It defines consonant clusters and discusses their structure and occurrence in each language. English allows initial clusters of up to 3 consonants and final clusters of up to 4 consonants. Lebanese Arabic allows much longer initial clusters of up to 7 consonants. The document analyzes specific cluster patterns and exceptions in both languages. It concludes that the phonotactic rules of one's native language influence how new languages are pronounced.
This document discusses consonant clusters in English phonology and phonetics. It defines consonant clusters as groups of two or more consonants that can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of words. It provides examples of initial clusters like "string" and categorizes them. It also discusses medial clusters within and between syllables. Finally, it analyzes final clusters of 2-4 consonants and provides production details and more examples.
The document discusses phonology, the sound patterns of language, including phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables and clusters, and phonological processes. It provides examples of how sounds are organized differently across languages and how phonologists determine what sounds are phonemes versus allophones in a given language by looking for minimal pairs. The goal is to understand the system of sounds in a language and which sounds can distinguish words.
This document provides an overview of English consonants. It begins with key facts about the number of consonant sounds and letters in English. The bulk of the document then covers: defining consonants; classifying them by place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing; describing individual consonants; and identifying consonants from descriptions. Places of articulation include bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, retroflex, palatoalveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal. Manners include stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, laterals, and approximants.
The document discusses consonant articulation in English, Spanish, and French. It analyzes several consonant sounds based on their voicing, articulator, point of articulation, cavity, and manner. Key consonants analyzed include bilabial stops /p/ and /b/, apico-alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, dorso-velar stops /k/ and /g/, fricatives /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, and affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. The articulation of these sounds is compared across the three languages, noting similarities and differences in phonemic representation and allophonic variation. Diagrams illustrate the place and
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology in the English language. It begins by defining phonetics and phonology, and discussing segmental and suprasegmental features. It then provides charts of the consonant and vowel phonemes in English, including their place and manner of articulation. The document discusses allophones, assimilation, and other connected speech processes. It also addresses syllables, stress, intonation, and other suprasegmental features of English pronunciation. In summary, the document is a reference on the sound system of English, covering its individual speech sounds and rules of pronunciation.
PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONSONANT CONTRAST BY EVELYN SIMBAÑAEve Simbana
This document discusses phonemic and phonetic consonant contrasts in English, Spanish, and French. It specifically examines the stops /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/. These sounds are produced by completely blocking airflow with different articulators - bilabial, apico-alveolar/dental, or dorso-velar. The sounds also differ in voicing - voiced sounds like /b/, /d/, and /g/ involve vibration of the vocal cords, while voiceless sounds like /p/, /t/, and /k/ do not. The document then examines contrastive transfer analysis between Spanish and English phonology, noting both positive and negative transfer
This document provides an overview of phonology and phonetic transcription. It begins with background on speech sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) system for transcribing sounds. It then describes the classification of English consonants according to place of articulation (where in the vocal tract the sound is made), manner of articulation (how air flow is affected), and voicing (whether vocal folds vibrate). It provides details on different places of articulation like bilabial, alveolar, velar, and others. It explains manners of articulation such as stops, fricatives, approximants, affricates, and laterals. Finally, it discusses voicing and how sounds are produced
This document contrasts consonant clusters in English and Lebanese Arabic. It defines consonant clusters and discusses their structure and occurrence in each language. English allows initial clusters of up to 3 consonants and final clusters of up to 4 consonants. Lebanese Arabic allows much longer initial clusters of up to 7 consonants. The document analyzes specific cluster patterns and exceptions in both languages. It concludes that the phonotactic rules of one's native language influence how new languages are pronounced.
This document discusses consonant clusters in English phonology and phonetics. It defines consonant clusters as groups of two or more consonants that can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of words. It provides examples of initial clusters like "string" and categorizes them. It also discusses medial clusters within and between syllables. Finally, it analyzes final clusters of 2-4 consonants and provides production details and more examples.
The document discusses phonology, the sound patterns of language, including phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables and clusters, and phonological processes. It provides examples of how sounds are organized differently across languages and how phonologists determine what sounds are phonemes versus allophones in a given language by looking for minimal pairs. The goal is to understand the system of sounds in a language and which sounds can distinguish words.
This document provides information about vowel and consonant sounds in English, Spanish, and French. It includes charts showing the vowel phoneme quadrants for each language and diagrams demonstrating tongue positioning for different vowels. It also discusses diphthongs, providing examples from English and Spanish. Consonant production is examined through a discussion of voicing, articulators, and manners of articulation. Phonemic and phonetic contrasts are illustrated for stops like /p/ and /b/ in both English and Spanish. Overall, the document analyzes the phonetic features of various sounds across multiple languages.
VOWEL and CONSONANTS DESCRIPTION by SHARONchikirc43
This document provides information on phonetic features of various sounds in English and Spanish. It discusses vowels such as /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/ and diphthongs. It also examines consonants such as /s/, /v/, /ʒ/, /x/, /h/, affricates /ʧ/ and /ʤ/, and nasal sounds /m/, /n/, /ŋ/. It outlines the place and manner of articulation, voicing and other distinctive features of each sound. The document also notes differences in realization of some sounds across the two languages.
The document discusses liquids sounds /l/ and /r/ and how they are formed with more movement of the speech organs compared to other consonants. It explains that when a front vowel is followed by /l/ or /r/, an intermediary schwa sound /ə/ is inserted as the tongue moves from the front vowel position to the back position required for /l/ or /r/. This produces words like "seal" being pronounced as /siyəl/, "well" as /wɛəl/, and "shall" as /ʃæəl/.
This document provides a detailed phonetic analysis of vowels in English. It examines tongue position, length, rounding, and nasality of vowels. Tongue position is described based on height in the mouth and which part of the tongue is highest. Length distinguishes long from short vowels. Rounding refers to whether the lips are rounded or spread. The document also discusses how vowels can be distinguished from consonants based on obstruction of air flow and ability to form a syllable nucleus. Diagrams are used to illustrate different tongue positions for front, central, and back vowels.
This document discusses the consonant sounds of English. It describes 5 categories of consonants: friction consonants like f and v; stop consonants like p and b; nasal consonants like m, n, and ng; lateral consonants like l; and gliding consonants like w, y, and r. For each category, it provides details on place and manner of articulation, voiced and voiceless pairs, distribution patterns, and examples to illustrate key points. The goal is to explain the production of all the consonant phonemes in English.
This document discusses the classification of English consonants according to manner of articulation, place of articulation, voicing, and other phonetic processes. It describes the six categories of manner of articulation for English consonants: stops, affricates, fricatives, lateral, nasal, and glides. It also discusses the various places of articulation including bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, alveopalatal, palatal, and velar. The document provides examples of voiced and voiceless consonants and examines phonetic rules such as assimilation, metathesis, epenthesis, and epithesis that affect consonant production.
The document discusses several English consonant sounds:
- Plosives like /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ involve complete closure in the mouth. /m/ and /n/ are similar but /ŋ/ is distributed differently.
- /ŋ/ never occurs initially, often medially like in "thinking", and rarely after long vowels. Its realization as /ŋg/ or /ŋ/ depends on morphology.
- /l/ has two allophones - dark /l/ before consonants and clear /l/ before vowels. /r/ is only pronounced before vowels in BBC English.
- /j/ and /w/
This document discusses phonetic concepts including place and manner of articulation, and provides examples to illustrate the differences between phones and phonemes. It also discusses vowel nasalization in English as an example of allophones. Specifically, it notes that vowels become nasalized before nasal consonants like [m], [n], and [ŋ]. This is an example of allophones, as the nasalized vs. oral distinction does not change the meaning of words. The document also provides examples of different allophones of the phoneme /t/ in English.
This document discusses the sounds /l/, /r/, and syllabic consonants. It notes that /l/ and /r/ are formed with more complex movements of the speech organs than most other consonants. It provides details on how English speakers typically produce the /l/ sound by moving the tongue tip towards or away from the tooth ridge. The document also explains that /l/ and /r/ movements occur farther back in the mouth, especially after vowels, and an intermediary /ə/ sound is sometimes inserted between front vowels and /l/ or /r/. A variety of exercises are outlined to practice transcribing and producing words containing these sounds.
This document discusses phonemes, syllables, and syllabification. It begins by defining a phoneme as the smallest unit of sound in speech. There are 44 phonemes in English, represented by letters or letter combinations. A syllable contains at least one phoneme and can be broken into onset, nucleus, and coda. The nucleus is the core vowel sound. Minimal pairs are word pairs that differ by one phoneme, like "fan" and "van". The document also discusses phonological processes like vowel reduction and features of consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Classification and description of consonants.pptharshakrishna
This document provides a classification and description of consonants in English. It begins by defining consonants as sounds produced with an egressive air flow accompanied by obstruction or friction in the articulators. It then lists and describes the 24 consonant sounds in English. Consonants can be classified based on their air stream mechanism, glottal state, position of the soft palate, point of articulation, and manner of articulation. Each English consonant is then individually described based on these phonetic characteristics.
Class phonetics and phonology - phonemeZahra Azlan
This document discusses the fields of phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology deals with how sounds are organized into systems and patterns within languages. It provides examples of how different languages, like English, Korean, and Bangla, distinguish words using different realizations of the same sounds. Native speakers have unconscious knowledge of the phonological rules of their language that allow them to distinguish words.
There are several manners of sound production in English. Plosives involve a complete closure of the mouth followed by a burst of air, and include bilabial /p/, /b/, alveolar /t/, /d/, and velar /k/, /g/ sounds. Fricatives involve a partial closure where air passes through with friction, such as labiodental /f/, /v/, dental /θ/, /ð/, alveolar /s/, /z/, and glottal /h/. Nasals involve air passing through the nasal cavity with the mouth closed, including bilabial /m/, alveolar /n/, and velar /ŋ/. Laterals involve air passing around
Nasals and other consonants group 1 marissa & zukiZUKI SUDIANA
This document discusses nasal consonants and lateral consonants. It defines nasal consonants as sounds where air escapes through the nose during production, giving examples of the nasal consonants in English. It describes the three types of closure involved in producing nasal consonants. It then defines lateral consonants as sounds where the back of the tongue contacts the hard palate while the front of the tongue lowers, channeling air around the sides of the tongue. It distinguishes between two types of lateral consonants and notes that rhotics, or 'r' sounds, vary significantly across languages in their articulation.
The document discusses the English vowel system. It begins with an English vowel triangle that shows the positions of tongue for different pure vowels. It then provides more details on individual vowels, including their phonetic symbols, example words that contain the vowels, common pronunciation issues, and practice phrases. The document aims to help readers distinguish and produce English vowel sounds correctly.
English consonant sounds by Monir Hossen Monir Hossen
This document discusses places and manners of articulation for English consonants. It defines place of articulation as where in the vocal tract a consonant's narrowing occurs, such as bilabial, labiodental, dental, etc. Manner of articulation refers to how the airstream is affected, including stops, fricatives, approximants, affricates, and laterals. It also discusses voicing, whether vocal folds vibrate. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of each place and manner of articulation to classify English consonant sounds.
The document discusses various phonological processes that occur in the English language. It defines phonological processes as the natural changes that occur in language sounds over time. Some key phonological processes discussed include linking, where sounds are connected between words; elision, where sounds are omitted to aid pronunciation; assimilation, where speech sounds take on attributes of surrounding sounds; coalescence, where two sounds merge into one; haplology, where similar syllables are reduced; and gemination, where consonants are prolonged. Examples are provided for each process to illustrate how they affect English pronunciation. It is important for English language learners to understand these processes as they allow students to improve fluency and precision in oral production.
This document discusses English consonants and their properties. It defines key terms like manners of articulation, plosives, fricatives, and affricates. It describes the three properties used to describe consonants and the production of plosives. It discusses the English plosives, fricatives, and affricates, and covers topics like aspiration, initial/medial/final positions, and fortis vs lenis consonants. The document instructs the reader to review chapters 4, 6, and prepare for the next class by reviewing chapters 5 and 7.
This document discusses comparatives and superlatives in English. It explains that comparatives are used to compare two objects or qualities, using structures like "X is more A than Y". Superlatives compare three or more objects or qualities and indicate the extreme, using forms like "X is the most A". It also discusses the differences between less/fewer and more/most, as well as common learner errors like omitting inflections or using the wrong forms.
The document discusses the dangers of smoking and provides tips for quitting smoking successfully. It notes that smoking causes various cancers and other health issues. The best quit-smoking tips include finding a powerful personal reason to quit, using nicotine replacement therapy to reduce withdrawal symptoms, asking about prescription medication to reduce cravings, dealing with stress, getting support from others, cleaning your home of smoking reminders, avoiding triggers like alcohol, being persistent if you relapse, exercising, eating healthy, and remembering the immediate and long-term health benefits of quitting. The overall message is that smoking kills and the best choice is to quit smoking to stay healthy.
1. The document provides learning objectives and content about botany and plant biology for a Year 9 class. It includes definitions and descriptions of key plant terms and concepts like the characteristics of living things, plant and animal cells, photosynthesis, transpiration, pollination, seed germination, and seed dispersal.
2. Diagrams and examples are provided to explain organelles, microscope use, the parts of flowers and their functions, and different types of seed dispersal. Students are given objectives, activities, and criteria to develop their understanding.
3. The document is a comprehensive guide covering fundamental concepts in botany through objectives, explanations, diagrams, examples, and assessment tasks for students.
This document provides information about vowel and consonant sounds in English, Spanish, and French. It includes charts showing the vowel phoneme quadrants for each language and diagrams demonstrating tongue positioning for different vowels. It also discusses diphthongs, providing examples from English and Spanish. Consonant production is examined through a discussion of voicing, articulators, and manners of articulation. Phonemic and phonetic contrasts are illustrated for stops like /p/ and /b/ in both English and Spanish. Overall, the document analyzes the phonetic features of various sounds across multiple languages.
VOWEL and CONSONANTS DESCRIPTION by SHARONchikirc43
This document provides information on phonetic features of various sounds in English and Spanish. It discusses vowels such as /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/ and diphthongs. It also examines consonants such as /s/, /v/, /ʒ/, /x/, /h/, affricates /ʧ/ and /ʤ/, and nasal sounds /m/, /n/, /ŋ/. It outlines the place and manner of articulation, voicing and other distinctive features of each sound. The document also notes differences in realization of some sounds across the two languages.
The document discusses liquids sounds /l/ and /r/ and how they are formed with more movement of the speech organs compared to other consonants. It explains that when a front vowel is followed by /l/ or /r/, an intermediary schwa sound /ə/ is inserted as the tongue moves from the front vowel position to the back position required for /l/ or /r/. This produces words like "seal" being pronounced as /siyəl/, "well" as /wɛəl/, and "shall" as /ʃæəl/.
This document provides a detailed phonetic analysis of vowels in English. It examines tongue position, length, rounding, and nasality of vowels. Tongue position is described based on height in the mouth and which part of the tongue is highest. Length distinguishes long from short vowels. Rounding refers to whether the lips are rounded or spread. The document also discusses how vowels can be distinguished from consonants based on obstruction of air flow and ability to form a syllable nucleus. Diagrams are used to illustrate different tongue positions for front, central, and back vowels.
This document discusses the consonant sounds of English. It describes 5 categories of consonants: friction consonants like f and v; stop consonants like p and b; nasal consonants like m, n, and ng; lateral consonants like l; and gliding consonants like w, y, and r. For each category, it provides details on place and manner of articulation, voiced and voiceless pairs, distribution patterns, and examples to illustrate key points. The goal is to explain the production of all the consonant phonemes in English.
This document discusses the classification of English consonants according to manner of articulation, place of articulation, voicing, and other phonetic processes. It describes the six categories of manner of articulation for English consonants: stops, affricates, fricatives, lateral, nasal, and glides. It also discusses the various places of articulation including bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, alveopalatal, palatal, and velar. The document provides examples of voiced and voiceless consonants and examines phonetic rules such as assimilation, metathesis, epenthesis, and epithesis that affect consonant production.
The document discusses several English consonant sounds:
- Plosives like /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ involve complete closure in the mouth. /m/ and /n/ are similar but /ŋ/ is distributed differently.
- /ŋ/ never occurs initially, often medially like in "thinking", and rarely after long vowels. Its realization as /ŋg/ or /ŋ/ depends on morphology.
- /l/ has two allophones - dark /l/ before consonants and clear /l/ before vowels. /r/ is only pronounced before vowels in BBC English.
- /j/ and /w/
This document discusses phonetic concepts including place and manner of articulation, and provides examples to illustrate the differences between phones and phonemes. It also discusses vowel nasalization in English as an example of allophones. Specifically, it notes that vowels become nasalized before nasal consonants like [m], [n], and [ŋ]. This is an example of allophones, as the nasalized vs. oral distinction does not change the meaning of words. The document also provides examples of different allophones of the phoneme /t/ in English.
This document discusses the sounds /l/, /r/, and syllabic consonants. It notes that /l/ and /r/ are formed with more complex movements of the speech organs than most other consonants. It provides details on how English speakers typically produce the /l/ sound by moving the tongue tip towards or away from the tooth ridge. The document also explains that /l/ and /r/ movements occur farther back in the mouth, especially after vowels, and an intermediary /ə/ sound is sometimes inserted between front vowels and /l/ or /r/. A variety of exercises are outlined to practice transcribing and producing words containing these sounds.
This document discusses phonemes, syllables, and syllabification. It begins by defining a phoneme as the smallest unit of sound in speech. There are 44 phonemes in English, represented by letters or letter combinations. A syllable contains at least one phoneme and can be broken into onset, nucleus, and coda. The nucleus is the core vowel sound. Minimal pairs are word pairs that differ by one phoneme, like "fan" and "van". The document also discusses phonological processes like vowel reduction and features of consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Classification and description of consonants.pptharshakrishna
This document provides a classification and description of consonants in English. It begins by defining consonants as sounds produced with an egressive air flow accompanied by obstruction or friction in the articulators. It then lists and describes the 24 consonant sounds in English. Consonants can be classified based on their air stream mechanism, glottal state, position of the soft palate, point of articulation, and manner of articulation. Each English consonant is then individually described based on these phonetic characteristics.
Class phonetics and phonology - phonemeZahra Azlan
This document discusses the fields of phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology deals with how sounds are organized into systems and patterns within languages. It provides examples of how different languages, like English, Korean, and Bangla, distinguish words using different realizations of the same sounds. Native speakers have unconscious knowledge of the phonological rules of their language that allow them to distinguish words.
There are several manners of sound production in English. Plosives involve a complete closure of the mouth followed by a burst of air, and include bilabial /p/, /b/, alveolar /t/, /d/, and velar /k/, /g/ sounds. Fricatives involve a partial closure where air passes through with friction, such as labiodental /f/, /v/, dental /θ/, /ð/, alveolar /s/, /z/, and glottal /h/. Nasals involve air passing through the nasal cavity with the mouth closed, including bilabial /m/, alveolar /n/, and velar /ŋ/. Laterals involve air passing around
Nasals and other consonants group 1 marissa & zukiZUKI SUDIANA
This document discusses nasal consonants and lateral consonants. It defines nasal consonants as sounds where air escapes through the nose during production, giving examples of the nasal consonants in English. It describes the three types of closure involved in producing nasal consonants. It then defines lateral consonants as sounds where the back of the tongue contacts the hard palate while the front of the tongue lowers, channeling air around the sides of the tongue. It distinguishes between two types of lateral consonants and notes that rhotics, or 'r' sounds, vary significantly across languages in their articulation.
The document discusses the English vowel system. It begins with an English vowel triangle that shows the positions of tongue for different pure vowels. It then provides more details on individual vowels, including their phonetic symbols, example words that contain the vowels, common pronunciation issues, and practice phrases. The document aims to help readers distinguish and produce English vowel sounds correctly.
English consonant sounds by Monir Hossen Monir Hossen
This document discusses places and manners of articulation for English consonants. It defines place of articulation as where in the vocal tract a consonant's narrowing occurs, such as bilabial, labiodental, dental, etc. Manner of articulation refers to how the airstream is affected, including stops, fricatives, approximants, affricates, and laterals. It also discusses voicing, whether vocal folds vibrate. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of each place and manner of articulation to classify English consonant sounds.
The document discusses various phonological processes that occur in the English language. It defines phonological processes as the natural changes that occur in language sounds over time. Some key phonological processes discussed include linking, where sounds are connected between words; elision, where sounds are omitted to aid pronunciation; assimilation, where speech sounds take on attributes of surrounding sounds; coalescence, where two sounds merge into one; haplology, where similar syllables are reduced; and gemination, where consonants are prolonged. Examples are provided for each process to illustrate how they affect English pronunciation. It is important for English language learners to understand these processes as they allow students to improve fluency and precision in oral production.
This document discusses English consonants and their properties. It defines key terms like manners of articulation, plosives, fricatives, and affricates. It describes the three properties used to describe consonants and the production of plosives. It discusses the English plosives, fricatives, and affricates, and covers topics like aspiration, initial/medial/final positions, and fortis vs lenis consonants. The document instructs the reader to review chapters 4, 6, and prepare for the next class by reviewing chapters 5 and 7.
This document discusses comparatives and superlatives in English. It explains that comparatives are used to compare two objects or qualities, using structures like "X is more A than Y". Superlatives compare three or more objects or qualities and indicate the extreme, using forms like "X is the most A". It also discusses the differences between less/fewer and more/most, as well as common learner errors like omitting inflections or using the wrong forms.
The document discusses the dangers of smoking and provides tips for quitting smoking successfully. It notes that smoking causes various cancers and other health issues. The best quit-smoking tips include finding a powerful personal reason to quit, using nicotine replacement therapy to reduce withdrawal symptoms, asking about prescription medication to reduce cravings, dealing with stress, getting support from others, cleaning your home of smoking reminders, avoiding triggers like alcohol, being persistent if you relapse, exercising, eating healthy, and remembering the immediate and long-term health benefits of quitting. The overall message is that smoking kills and the best choice is to quit smoking to stay healthy.
1. The document provides learning objectives and content about botany and plant biology for a Year 9 class. It includes definitions and descriptions of key plant terms and concepts like the characteristics of living things, plant and animal cells, photosynthesis, transpiration, pollination, seed germination, and seed dispersal.
2. Diagrams and examples are provided to explain organelles, microscope use, the parts of flowers and their functions, and different types of seed dispersal. Students are given objectives, activities, and criteria to develop their understanding.
3. The document is a comprehensive guide covering fundamental concepts in botany through objectives, explanations, diagrams, examples, and assessment tasks for students.
This document provides information about physics concepts related to kinematics including displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships. It defines important terms like speed and acceleration. It presents the key equations for calculating values like speed, acceleration, distance and time. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve kinematics problems using the appropriate equations and units. Formulas are given for working with graphs of distance-time and speed-time to determine values and motion. Forces are also introduced along with the key equations for force, mass and acceleration.
This document contains lesson plans and activities for a unit on human anatomy and physiology. It includes instructions for students to complete various activities to learn about the skeletal system, muscles, joints, circulatory system, respiration, and reproductive systems. Students will label bones and muscles, identify antagonistic muscle pairs, describe synovial joints, outline the circulatory system and functions of blood components, explain the process of respiration, and identify features of the male and female reproductive systems and fertilization. Assessment activities include labeling diagrams, online quizzes, and Kahoots games. The goal is for students to understand the basic structures and functions of the major body systems.
The agenda outlines a technology management presentation covering topics such as Hyper-V demonstrations, System Center overviews, and customer case studies. The document introduction discusses how Technology Management helps manufacturers and distributors achieve operational excellence through integrated business systems expertise. It is then followed by sections on virtualization benefits, System Center products, and three customer case studies that implemented virtualization and System Center solutions. The conclusion emphasizes how virtualization and System Center can improve availability, reduce costs and improve IT efficiency.
This document provides guidance for a Year 13 internal assessment on a socio-scientific issue. Students must integrate biological knowledge to present a slideshow and podcast discussing their response to a contemporary issue. They must present a personal position and proposed actions, justifying their response by analyzing and evaluating relevant biological knowledge. Students will work independently over 4 weeks to complete the assessment, handing in research notes and references.
Technology Management is an IT consultancy that helps clients achieve operational excellence through integrated business systems and continual process improvements. Unlike other consultancies, it combines top-down technical expertise in specific industries to drive improvements across clients' entire businesses. It has over 300 customers and offers hosted Microsoft Dynamics solutions including financials, CRM, e-commerce, and reporting & analytics to provide advantages like quicker implementation and improved performance over on-premise systems.
Paper into Profits was an event based around the benfits of SharePoint, with particular focus on advanced workflow and links into other Line of Business Applications
Urbanization has negatively impacted the diversity and health of organisms in Reservoir Creek. Upstream areas near residential development had higher temperatures, turbidity, and pollution compared to downstream areas with less development. Upstream sites contained only pollution-tolerant species like worms and midges, while downstream sites contained more sensitive species like mayflies and dragonflies. The changes in abiotic factors from urbanization, such as increased runoff, have disrupted the ecosystem by reducing suitable habitat and food sources for sensitive species. This loss of diversity upstream could impact the whole ecosystem if not addressed.
The document provides information about food and nutrition for a Year 9 class. It begins with learning objectives about appreciating a balanced diet and introduces the reasons why humans need food, such as for energy storage, growth, and chemical reactions. It then discusses energy balance and input versus output. The document provides success criteria for students and links to additional online resources. It addresses topics like food groups, dietary intake, nutrition, digestion, and adaptations that aid the digestive system.
This document provides an introduction to science class for year 9 students, outlining safety rules and procedures for the laboratory. It describes the necessary equipment, basic skills like measuring and graphing data, and examples of experiments involving using a Bunsen burner and observing chemical reactions. The goal is for students to learn foundational scientific concepts and techniques.
Liverpool is a city located in northwest England known for its historic architecture, cultural attractions, and universities. Some of its most notable landmarks include the Royal Liver Building, St. George's Hall, Metropolitan Cathedral, and Albert Dock. The city has a population of over 400,000 and is a popular destination for UK city breaks due to its variety of entertainment, culture, shopping, and cuisine.
Technology Management is an IT consultancy that helps manufacturers and distributors use integrated business systems to achieve operational excellence, unlike other consultancies their top-down technical expertise and industry focus combine to drive continual process improvements. They have over 300 customers and use a proven methodology called Sure Step to help clients stay on time, on budget and get the system they need through the implementation process. They propose a team led by a project manager and lead consultant with developers experienced in NAV and mobile solutions to support the clients investment after the initial implementation.
This document outlines the learning outcomes and content covered in a Year 9 unit on matter and atoms. It includes 10 student learning outcomes related to the particle nature of matter, states of matter, density, diffusion, the atomic model, and distinguishing between elements, compounds, and mixtures. Key concepts covered are the particle theory of matter, the three states of matter and how matter changes between states, density and factors that affect floating and sinking, conduction and convection as methods of heat transfer, the structure of the atom including subatomic particles, and writing chemical formulas.
Phonological rules in the English Language.
A comparison of narrow and broad transcription is summarized.
A definition of phonological rule and specific examples of common rules of the English language with words that illustrate each.
This document summarizes key aspects of phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It discusses phonology, the production and transmission of speech sounds, and the principal cavities and organs involved in speech. It also defines consonants and vowels, and describes the place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. Key terms covered include bilabial, alveolar, voiced, voiceless, stops, fricatives, nasals, laterals, and approximants. The document also briefly mentions vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs, and suprasegmentals like stress, pitch, and intonation.
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It begins by defining phonetics as the physical aspect of sounds and phonology as including phonetic transcription with allophones. It then describes the speech organs involved in sound production, including the vocal cords, pharynx, tongue, uvula, teeth, and lips. It classifies vowels and consonants according to their place and manner of articulation. It discusses vowel height, position, rounding, and length. For consonants, it covers voicing, aspiration, plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, laterals, and glides. It also discusses syllabic consonants, fortis and lenis conson
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology concepts across 11 chapters. It begins with definitions of phonetics and phonology, noting that phonetics studies how sounds are produced and phonology studies sound patterns. It then covers topics like the production of vowels and consonants in English, including places and manners of articulation. It also discusses phonetic transcription and describes various English consonants like plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals and laterals. The document aims to teach readers about the core components of phonetics and phonology through detailed explanations and examples.
This document discusses phonetics, which is the study of human speech sounds. It covers articulatory phonetics, which examines how speech sounds are produced by the vocal organs. The vocal organs and their anatomy are described. The three main types of airstream mechanisms are pulmonic, glottalic, and velaric. Consonant sounds are classified based on their manner of articulation such as stops, fricatives, and nasals. Vowel sounds are described based on features like height, backness, rounding, and diphthongs. The International Phonetic Alphabet is introduced to transcribe speech sounds.
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It discusses the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds. Phonetics involves the study of articulatory phonetics, which examines speech sound production, acoustic phonetics which studies sound transmission, and auditory phonetics concerning sound reception. The document outlines the principal speech organs and cavities, describes places and manners of articulation for different consonant sounds, and distinguishes between vowels and consonants. It also includes diagrams of the speech organs and English vowel chart.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and notes there are three types: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It describes vowels as sounds with an open air passage and consonants as sounds where the air stream is restricted. It discusses place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. It also outlines the organs of speech involved in sound production and the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds.
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology of the English language. It begins with definitions of phonetics and phonology, noting that phonetics studies speech sounds in production and perception while phonology studies abstract sound patterns in a language. It then covers topics like speech production, classification of consonants by voicing, place and manner of articulation, classification of vowels, and prosodic aspects of English including stress and rhythm. The document is serving as an introductory course on the phonetics and phonology of the English language.
This document provides a summary of a linguistics course on phonetics taught by Lic. Vily Chumbe Víctor Hugo. The course had 7 students and focused on the sounds and features of languages. It covered topics such as place and manner of articulation, voiced and voiceless sounds, nasal and oral sounds, and different classes of consonants such as fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides. The document included diagrams and examples to illustrate key phonetic concepts.
The document provides information about various phonetic processes in English, including:
1) The sounds /l/ and /r/ are liquids that involve extensive movement of the speech organs compared to other consonants.
2) When a front vowel is followed by /l/ or /r/, an intermediary /ə/ sound is often inserted as the tongue moves from the front vowel position to the back position for the liquid.
3) Syllabic consonants can form syllables without a vowel when /t/, /d/, or /n/ is followed by an unstressed syllable containing /l/ or /n/.
The document discusses phonemes and allophones in the English language. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are variations in pronunciation that do not change the meaning. It provides examples of different types of phonemes categorized by manner of articulation (stops, fricatives, nasals, etc.), voicing, and place of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, palatal, etc.). Key terms explained include voiced/voiceless sounds, nasal vs oral articulation, and place vs manner of articulation. Examples are given to illustrate different phonemes.
This document provides an overview of consonant and vowel sounds in phonetic terms. It describes the manner and place of articulation for consonants, including plosives, fricatives, affricates, approximants, nasals, and others. It also discusses vowel sounds and features like tenseness, length, nasalization, and tone. Diagrams and examples in English are provided to illustrate the various speech sounds.
Consonants are sounds produced with an obstruction of airflow in the vocal tract, while vowels have no obstruction. Consonants are classified based on voicing (voiced or voiceless), place of articulation (bilabial, labiodental, etc.), and manner of articulation (plosive, affricate, fricative, etc.). Vowels are classified based on tongue height and position and lip rounding. There are about 25 consonants and 12 vowels in English.
This document discusses various phonological processes including assimilation, dissimilation, elision, metathesis, apocope, syncope, prothesis, and epenthesis. Assimilation is when a sound changes to become more like an adjacent sound, such as /n/ becoming dental before another dental sound. Dissimilation is the opposite process. Elision, metathesis, apocope, and syncope refer to the loss or reordering of sounds. Prothesis and epenthesis involve adding sounds, such as adding a vowel to break up consonant clusters. Secondary articulations like labialization, palatalization, and velarization can help explain many phonological processes.
This document summarizes the key concepts of manner and place of articulation in phonology. It describes the different types of consonant sounds like stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and glides. It explains how they are produced based on whether and how the airstream is obstructed in the mouth. It also discusses vowels and how they are classified based on tongue height, advancement, lip rounding, and tenseness. The document introduces concepts like voiced vs voiceless sounds, diphthongs, and phonological rules governing pronunciation patterns in English like aspiration, velarization, and pluralization.
This document discusses strong and weak syllables in English. It defines strong syllables as having full vowels and weak syllables as having reduced vowels like schwa. Weak syllables can contain schwa, close front vowels like i, close back vowels like u, or syllabic consonants like nasalized n. Function words like prepositions and articles typically have weak forms with reduced vowels in connected speech. The document also discusses syllabic liquids and nasals that can occupy the vowel slot in weak syllables. Strong forms are used for emphasis, stress, or when words are pronounced in isolation.
Vowels are distinguished from consonants phonologically by their ability to form syllable nuclei. Vowels differ phonetically in terms of tongue position (height and frontness/backness), length, and rounding. English has short and long vowels that vary in height from high to low and in frontness from front to back, with some central vowels. Vowels are also distinguished as rounded or unrounded based on lip position during articulation. Analyzing vowels this way allows for an accurate description of their phonetic production.
This document discusses the different ways that sounds are produced in English. It describes plosives as sounds with complete closure that are then released with a burst of air. Fricatives have incomplete closure, creating friction as air passes through. Nasals have closure in the mouth but air escapes through the nasal cavity. Laterals allow air to escape around the sides of the tongue. Approximants have the tongue nearly touch the roof of the mouth with minimal obstruction. The manners of articulation are grouped into obstruents, which include plosives, fricatives and affricates that create more obstruction, and sonorants like nasals, laterals and approximants that allow more air to pass with less obstruction and are
This document contains information about phonemes in English and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It discusses vowels including monophthongs, diphthongs, and triphthongs. It also discusses consonants and how vowels and consonants can be analyzed based on tongue position, lip shape, and airflow. Cardinal vowels are introduced as reference points for describing vowel sounds.
1. HELPING GUIDE FOR PHONETICS TEST
ARTICULATION
Articulation is the production of speech sounds by using the speech organs to modify the air
stream set in motion by the lungs.
Consonants are classified according to the place of articulation and manner of
articulation:
I. Point of Articulation:
Bilabial: Articulated by the lower lip against the upper lip.
/p/ /b/ /m/
Labio-dental: Articulated by the lower lip against the upper teeth.
/v/ /f/
Dental: Articulated by the tongue tip against the upper teeth.
/ð/ /θ/
Alveolar: Articulated by the tongue blade or tip and blade against the alveolar ridge.
/t/ /d/ /n/ /l/ /s/ /z/
Post-Alveolar: Articulated by raising the tongue tip towards the rear of the alveolar
ridge. /r/
Palato-Alveolars: Articulated by the approaching of the front of the tongue to the hard
palate and the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, usually accompanied by some
lip-rounding./tʃ/ /ʃ/ /dʒ/ /ʒ/
Palatal: Articulated by raising the front of the tongue towards the hard palate.
/j/
Velars: Articulated by the back of the tongue against the soft palad.
/k/ /g/ /ŋ/
I
2. Labio-Velar: Articulated by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate and
rounding lips. /w/
Glottal: The two vocal folds in the larynx approach each other to interfere with the air
stream
/h/
II. Manner of Articulation:
Plosives: Articulated by the complete obstruction of the mouth passage, entirely
blocking the air flows for a moment.
/p/ /b/ /k/ /g/ /t/ /d/
Fricatives: Articulated by narrowing the mouth passage so as to make the air flow
turbulent while allowing it pass continuously.
/s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /f/ /v/ /ð/ /θ/ /h/
Affricates: Articulated with first complete obstruction and then a narrowing of the mouth
passage.
/tʃ/ /dʒ/
Nasals: Articulated by complete obstruction of the mouth passage but allowing
the air to pass through the nose.
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Liquids: Articulated dividing or modifying the air flow in the mouth, but allowing it
pass continuously without turbulence.
/r/ /l/
Semivowels:Articulated like a vowel but functioning like consonants because they are not
syllabic. /w/ /j/
II
3. It is also included in the categories of classification the position of the vocal folds. When the
vocal folds vibrate, it is said that they are voiced. In the other hand, if they do not vibrate, it is
said that they are voiceless.
I. Voiced Consonants
Ʒ
II. Voiceless Consonants
ALLOPHONES AND PHONEMES
In phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds that belong to the same
phoneme. A phoneme is an abstract unit of speech sound that can distinguish words: That is,
changing a phoneme in a word produces another word. Speakers of a particular language
perceive a phoneme as a distinctive sound in that language. An allophone is not distinctive,
but rather a variant of a phoneme; changing the allophone won't change the meaning of a
word, but the result may sound non-native, or be unintelligible.
Every time a speech sound is produced, it will be slightly different from other utterances.
Only some of the variation is significant (i.e., detectable or perceivable) to speakers. There
may be complementary allophones which are distributed regularly within speech according
to phonetic environment, as well as notable free variants, which are a matter of personal
features. Not all phonemes have significantly different allophones.
In the case of complementary allophones, each allophone is used in a specific phonetic
context and may be involved in a phonological process.
We are going to study some allophones:
a) Dark L [ ɫ]:
II
4. It is an allophone of the phoneme /l/. We use it in complementary distribution (i.e. It is
determined by a phonological environment). We have got two phonological environments:
1) We use [ɫ] when followed by a consonant or a pause.
e.g. Pool Milk
/puːl/ /mɪlk/
[ɫ] [ɫ]
2) In G.A. it appears in all phonological environments.
b) Flap [ ɾ]:
Flap is an allophone of the phoneme /t/. It happens in Free Variation. There’s only one
phonological environment in R.P. :
1) We use [ɾ] in final position between vowels:
e.g. What a shame?
/wət ə ˈʃeɪm/
[ɾ]
c) Glottal Stop [ ʔ] :
Glottal stop is an allophone of /t/. It happens in Free Variation. It is used in the following
phonological environment:
1) When /t/ is syllable final and followed by a consonant or a pause and usually preceded
by a vowel.
e.g. What? Right Not now
/wɒt/ /raɪt/ /nɒt nau/
II
5. [ʔ] [ʔ] [ʔ]
ALLOPHONIC VARIATION
1) Linking “r”:
In R.P. and other non rhotic accents orthographic “r” is not pronounced when it is followed by
a consonant or a pause:
Short Sure
/ʃɔːt/ /ʃɔː/#
But when “r” is in final position followed by a vowel, it is pronounced.
e.g. Sure it is...
/ʃɔː ɪt ɪz/
/ʃɔːr ɪt ɪz/
If we want to speak R.P. properly, we MUST use linking “r”.
2) Yod Coalescence:
Yod is the name of the smallest letter in the Hebrew alphabet – it stands for the vowel /i:/
or the semi-vowel /j/. In English phonetics Yod coalescence is a form of assimilation, a
phenomenon which takes place when /j/ is preceded by certain consonants most commonly /
t / and /d/:
[dj] [dʒ]
Could you help me?
/kʊd ju help mi:/
/kʊdʒu help mi:/
II
6. [tj] [tʃ]
What you need
/wɒt ju ni:d/
/wɒtʃu ni:d/
In a similar way /s/ + /j/, and /z/ + /j/ can sometimes be pronounced as /ʃ/ and /ʒ/
respectively, but this is less common and not of great interest to the foreign student of
English at this stage.
[sj] [ʃ]
[zj] [ʒ]
Yod coalescence is common in colloquial speech and is becoming ever more so. Note that it
can occur within words (e.g. tube /tju:b/ = /tʃu:b/) and between word boundaries.
3) Devoicing:
Devoicing is a phonological process whereby a consonant that is normally voiced becomes
devoiced (i.e. unvoiced) due to the influence of a phonological element in its phonological
environment.
Those consonants are:
° Voiced Plosives: /b/ /g/ d/
° Voiced Fricatives: /z/ /ʒ//v//ð/
° Voiced Affricates: /dʒ/
When those consonants are followed by a voiceless consonant or a pause, they devoice.
…beans.
/biːnz#/ [biːnz]
II
7. …cheese sandwich.
/tʃiːz sænwɪtʃ/ [tʃiːz sænwɪtʃ]
…traveled.
/ trævəld#/ [trævəld]
This process is different from the concept of a consonant being voiceless. The difference is
that voiceless consonants are always voiceless, whereas a devoiced consonant is one that is
usually voiced, but which becomes unvoiced under very specific circumstances.
4) Assimilation:
Sounds adapt to what comes after. In particular Alveolar plosives and nasals (/t/ /d/ /n/)
change their points of articulation, when followed by a bilabial or velar (/p/ /b/ /m/ /k/
/g/), adopting the point of articulation of the following consonant.
e.g.
I. /n/ > [m]
When followed by a bilabial (/p/ /b/ /m/)
…in Paris, in Berlin and in Madrid.
/np/ /nb/ /nm/
[mp] [mb] [mm]
II. /n/ > [ ŋ ]
When followed by /k/ and /g/
…in Cuba, in Greece.
/nk/ /ng/
[ŋk] [ŋg]
II
8. III. /t/ > [ p ]
When followed by a bilabial sound
What play, Great boy, Not many.
/tp/ /tb/ /tm/
[pp] [pb] [pm]
IV. /t/ > [ k ]
When followed by a velar consonant.
Great king. Great guy.
/tk/ /tg/
[kk] [kg]
V. /d/ > [b]
When followed by a bilabial.
Good place. Good bye. Good man.
/dp/ /db/ /dm/
[bp] [bb] [bm]
VI. /d/ > [g]
When followed by a velar sound.
Mad queen. Mad guy.
/dk/ /dg/
[gk] [gg]
5) Coarticulation: [ ]
Any plosive followed by a homorganic consonant (same point of articulation); There’s no
separate release but the plosive is released through the following sound
II
9. Mad queen. Mad guy.
/dk/ /dg/
[gk] [gg]
6) Types of release
Plosives have oral release, but in some contexts, plosives, can release in a nasal, lateral,
inaudible and no-separate way.
i. Nasal release:
n
Plosives have nasal release [ ], before a homorganic nasal.
/p, b/ + /m/ = [pn, bn]
e.g.
Topmost. Cheap meat.
n
[tɒp məʊst tʃiːpn miːt]
/t, d/ + /n/ = [tn, dn]
e.g.
Cotton. Not now.
n n
[kɑ:t n nɒt nau]
/k, g/ + / ŋ / = [kn, gn]
ii. Lateral release:
l
Alveolar plosives /t,d/ have lateral release [ ] when followed by a homorganic lateral /l/.
e.g.
Little. Saddle
II
10. [lɪtll] [sædll]
iii. No audible release:
When plosives are followed by a pause or a heterorganic plosive (Different point of
articulation), it will take a no audible release. [¬]
e.g.
Shut up !!!
¬
[ʃʌt ʌp ]
Smog.
[smɒg¬]
Drink too much.
[k¬ t]
iv. No separate release:
Check Coarticulation.
7) Aspiration
The audible puff of breath between the release of a voiceless plosive and the onset of a
following vowel, represented by [h] in transcription.
/p,t,k/ when they are in initial position and stressed.
Pity Tidy Keep.
[ˈphɪti ˈthaɪdi ˈkhiːp]
They are not aspirated after /s/
8) Syllabic Consonants
II
11. In phonetics, a syllable is a group of sounds that are pronounced together. Each syllable
contains exactly one vowel.
Most syllables contain an obvious vowel sound. Sometimes, though, a syllable consists
phonetically only of a consonant or consonants. If so, this consonant is a nasal or a liquid.
For example, in the usual pronunciation of SUDDENLY the second syllable consists of /n/
alone. Such a consonant is a syllabic consonant.
['sʌdn̩li]
It is graphically expressed [ˌ]
9) Dentalization
When alveolars /t, d , l , n/ are followed by /ð θ/.
Although.
ɫð
п
PRACTICING
I. Transcribe the following texts using all the phonological phenomena studied. Do
not forget using weak forms too.
Text 1.
“…There is ′no good in my ′going to see ′little ′Hans as ′long as the ′snow lasts,
the ′Miller used to ′ say to his ′wife, for when ′people are in ′trouble they should
II
12. be ′left a′lone, and ′not be ′bothered by ′visitors. ′That at ′least is my i′dea
about ′friendship, and I am ′sure I am ′right. So I shall ′wait till the spring ′comes,
and ′then I shall ′pay him a ′visit, and he will be ′able to ′give me a ′large basket
of ′primroses and ′that will ′make him ′so happy.
You are ′certainly very ′thoughtful about ′others, ′answered the ′Wife, as she ′sat
in her ′comfortable ′armchair by the ′big pinewood ′fire; ′very thoughtful in′deed. It
is ′quite a ′treat to hear you ′talk about ′friendship. I am ′sure the ′clergyman him
′self could ′not say such ′beautiful things as you ′do, though he ′does live in a
′three-storied ′house, and ′wear a ′gold ring on his ′little ′finger….”
Oscar Wilde, The
Devoted Friend.
Text 2
II
13. ′Certainly he had ′loved her ′madly, and to the ′ruin, many ′thought, of
his ′country, then at ′war with ′England for the po′ssession of the
′empire of the ′New World. He had hardly ′ever per′mitted her to be
′out of his ′sight; for ′her, he had for′gotten, or ′seemed to have
for′gotten, ′all grave ′affairs of ′State; ′and, with that ′terrible
′blindness that ′passion brings upon its ′servants, he had ′failed to
′notice that the ′elaborate ′ceremonies by which he ′sought to ′please
her did but ′aggravate the ′strange ′malady from which she ′suffered.
When she ′died he ′was, for a ′time, like one be′reft of ′reason.
In′deed, there is ′no doubt but that he would have ′formally ′abdicated
and re′tired to the ′great Trappist ′monastery at Gra′nada, of which he
was al′ready titular ′Prior, had he ′not been ′afraid to ′leave the
little In′fanta at the ′mercy of his ′brother, whose ′cruelty, ′even in
′Spain, was no′torious, and who was sus′pected by ′many of having
II
14. ′caused the Queen's ′death by means of a ′pair of ′poisoned ′gloves that
he had pre′sented to her on the o′ccasion of her ′visiting his ′castle
in ′Aragon. Even ′after the expi′ration of the ′three years of ′public
′mourning that he had or′dained throughout his ′whole do′minions by
′royal ′edict, he would ′never suffer his ′ministers to ′speak about ′any
new a′lliance, and when the ′Emperor him′self ′sent to him, and ′offered
him the ′hand of the ′lovely Arch′duchess of Bo′hemia, his ′niece, in
′marriage, he ′bade the am′bassadors ′tell their ′master that the ′King
of ′Spain was al′ready ′wedded to ′Sorrow, and that though she was but
a ′barren ′bride he ′loved her ′better than ′Beauty; an ′answer that ′cost
his ′crown the ′rich ′provinces of the ′Netherlands, which ′soon ′after,
at the ′Emperor's insti′gation, ′revolted a′gainst him under the
′leadership of some fa′natics of the Re′formed ′Church.
II