This document discusses organic functional groups including alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. It provides definitions and examples of each group. Alcohols contain an R-OH group and are named by replacing the final 'e' of the parent hydrocarbon with 'ol'. Common alcohols include methanol, ethanol, and phenol. Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group, with aldehydes having the carbonyl bound to one carbon and one hydrogen, and ketones bound to two carbons. Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) and are named by replacing the final 'e' of the parent

1. Principles of Chemistry
CHAPTER 20 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PART 2

2. Functional Groups
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• The majority of organic molecules contain elements in
addition to carbon and hydrogen
• Functional Groups - molecules that are fundamentally
hydrocarbons but have additional atoms or groups of
atoms
R-OH
where R = represents hydrocarbon
fragments which are different
Alcohols:

3. Functional Groups
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Diethylether
Aldehydes
Ethers:
Formaldehyde

4. Functional Groups
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Acetone
carboxylic acids
ketones:
acetic acid

5. Functional Groups
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Ethyl butyrate (pineapple flavoring)amines
esters
methylamine

6. Alcohols
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• Alcohols - are characterized by the presence of the
R-OH group
• The systematic name for an alcohol is obtained by
replacing the final -e of the parent hydrocarbon name
with -ol.
Alcohols:

7. Naming Alcohols
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1.Select the longest chain hydrocarbon, containing the R-
OH group
2.Number the chain such that the carbon with the -OH
group gets the lowest possible number
3.Obtain the root name from the name of the parent
hydrocarbon chain by replacing the final -e with -ol
4.Name any other substituents as usual

8. Naming Alcohols
Formula name Common name
CH3OH methanol methyl alcohol
CH3CH2OH ethanol ethyl alcohol
CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol n-propyl alcohol
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Ethanol

9. Uses of Alcohols
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• Methanol is used as a starting material for the
synthesis of acetic acid, fibers and plastics
• Ethanol is commonly found in beverages such as beer
and wine
• produced by the fermentation of sugar glucose in
corn, barley, grapes and so on
• ethylene glycol is used in automobile antifreezes
• phenol is used to produce polymers for adhesives and
plastics

10. Aldehydes and Ketones
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• Aldehydes and Ketones contain the carbonyl group:
• Ketones - the carbonyl group is bound to two carbon
atoms

11. Aldehydes and Ketones
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• Aldehydes and Ketones contain the carbonyl group:
• Aldehydes - the carbonyl group is bound to one carbon
atom and one hydrogen atom

12. Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
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• Aldehyde are named from the parent alkane by
removing the final -e and adding -al
• The carbon is numbered as 1
• Ketones are named by removing the final -e and adding
-one
• The carbon chain in ketones is numbered such that
the carbon gets the lowest possible number

13. Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
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methanal
butanal
butanone
propanone

14. Carboxylic Acids
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• Carboxylic acids - are characterized by their carboxyl
group -COOH. They often have a pungent odor.
• Carboxylic acids are named by dropping the final -e from
the parent alkane and adding the suffix -oic.
butanoic acid

15. Esters
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• Esters have the following general formula:
• Esters often have a sweet, fruity odor
• They are often referred to by their common names

16. References
1. Zumdahl, Steven. DeCoste, Donald. Introductory Chemistry: A foundation.
Sixth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN: 0-618-80327.
2. Cracolice, Mark. Peters, Edward. Introductory Chemistry: An Active
Learning Approach. Third Edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-495-
01332-3
3. Wikipedia (some graphics)
This work by Justin Zollars is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License