2. Botanical name: Carica papaya Edible parts: Mesocarp
Family: Caricaceae Chromosome
number (2n):
18
Origin:Tropical America (South
Mexico) and Costa Rica
Botanically
type of fruit:
Berry
Portuguese introduced papaya in India from Malacca during 1611
It is cultivated throughout the world, in tropical & sub-tropical climate
It is do not tolerate freezing temperature and frost
Method of propagation: By Seeds
Ripening behavior: Climacteric (Sudden upsurge in rate of
respiration at ripening)
3. Year Production (MT) Area (MH)
2018-19 5.831 MT 0. 139 mh
2017-2018 5.989 MT 0. 138 MH
2016-2017 5.940 MT 0. 134 MT
Papaya in India
Sl. No. State Production (MT) Share (%)
1 Andhra Pradesh 1.68782 28.19
2 Gujarat 1.25651 20.99
3 Karnataka 0.59369 9.92
4 Madhya Pradesh 0.42155 7.04
5 Maharashtra 0.40800 6.82
6 Chattisgarh 0.38142 6.37
7 West Bengal 0.36595 6.11
8 Assam 0.14740 2.46
9 Tamil Nadu 0.14158 2.36
10 Jharkhand 0.11641 1.94
Top ten states of India in papaya production
4. Papaya is a tropical fruit
It is dicots and dioecious in nature but hermaphrodite forms also occur
It fruit is more importance because of its high nutritive & medicinal value
It is most suitable fruit crop for growing in kitchen gardens
It is planted as a filler plant in fruit orchards with long juvenile period
It is bearing within a year of planting and it has short life
In Punjab it is being grown as filler plant in mango and litchi orchards
It has become popular fruit crop due to its fast growth, high yield, long
fruiting period, high nutrient value and highly profitable crop
It plant has male, female and hermaphodite (bisexual flower) and
some other complex forms
Male plants do not bear any fruit
Normally the fruit produced from female flower, shape is shorter
The fruit produced from hermaphrodite flower, shape is longer
Papaya ripe fruit is eaten as fresh while unripe used as vegetable
It is a rich source of vitamin A (2020 IU per 100 g of edible portion)
and vitamin C (40 mg/l00 g of edible portion)
Papaya contains vitamin by, 100 gm of pulp riboflavin 250 mg 100 gm
of pulp, 0.6% proteins and 9% of carbohydrates
5. Papaya fruit having sufficient amount of calcium
The yellow colour of pulp is due to caricaxanthin
Papaya contains papain which is protein digesting enzyme
Ripe fruits used for making jam, jelly and ice-cream
Papain is prepared by collecting dried latex from the unripe/ immature
papaya fruits
Papain is used for meat tenderizing, chewing gum, cosmetics, and
degumming natural silk and to give shrink resistance to wool
The leading producer of papaya is Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, Indonesia,
China, Peru, Thailand and Philippines
In India papaya is commercially cultivated in AP, Karnataka, Gujarat,
Orissa, W.B., Assam, Kerala, M.P. and Maharashtra
Delhi and Mumbai are two principal markets in India
Other major domestic markets are Jaipur, Bangalore, Chennai,
Kolkata and Hyderabad
Papaya is a polygamous plant
6. Soil and climate
Papaya being a tropical fruit, it grows well in mild sub-tropical
regions of the country upto 1,000 m above MSL
It requires warm & humid climate without frost because it
sensitive to frost
Optimum temperature is 25 - 30° C and minimum 16° C
Low temperature affects the fruit and plant growth
Temperature 0°C damage the foliage and fruit
The plants are protected by covering with gunny bags under
North Indian conditions during the winter months
Night temperature below 120-140 C for several hours in winter
season affects growth and production
In high rainfall, proper drainage facilities created otherwise
roots are rot and death the plants
Staking or windbreak can decrease the damage to plants under
strong wind
Dry climate at ripening time is good for the fruit quality
7. A well drained, deep rich in organic matter, upland sandy loam
to loamy soil with sufficient organic matter is ideal for it cultivation
Before, planting of papaya plants suitable wind break should be
planted around the orchard boundary
The suitable pH value of the soil is 6 to 6.5
It is very sensitive to frost, strong winds and water stagnation
Water stagnation in papaya field for few days can be harmful
Papaya is very sensitive to waterlogging conditions
8. Arka Prabhath
From IIHR, Bangalore
It is cross from (Surya x Tainung-1) x Local Dwarf
Per plant average fruit yield 90-100 kg
The keeping quality of fruit is good
The pulp is firm (5.9 kg/cm2) and colour is deep pink
The average fruit weight is 900-1200 g and TSS 13-14°Brix
It is gynodioecious in nature and due to it nature, seed production is easy only
the bagging of bisexual flowers ensures true to type plants
Plants semi-vigorous and bearing starts at height of 60-70 cm
Varieties of Papaya
CO-6
Selection from Giant
Dioecious, large size fruits
For table and papain
production purpose
Fruit flesh yellow colour
CO-7
By (Pusa Delicious x CO 3) x
Coorg Honey Dew
Gynodioecious nature
Excellent fruit for dessert purpose
Fruit flesh attractive pink
colour
9. Surya
By IIHR, Bangalore
Gynodioecious in nature
The plants are shorter compared to Solo
It is offspring of Sunrise Solo x Pink Flesh Sweet
The seeds can be produced by bagging of hermaphrodite flowers or by
crossing the female flowers with hermaphrodite flowers
Skin is smooth, becomes uniformly yellow in colour on ripening
Pulp thickness is 3 to 3.5 cm, deep red in colour with TSS 13.5 – 15°Brix
Average fruit weight is 600 – 800 g with a small fruit cavity Keeping quality of
fruits is good
Per plant average yield is 55 – 65 kg
Coorg Honey Dew
'Madhubindu’
Suitable for table as well as processing purpose
Greenish-yellow oblong-shaped fruits with orange thick flesh
and good flavour
Due to its excellent fruit quality grower fetches high market value
10. Pusa Dwarf
Dioecious in nature
Plants dwarf
Fruit medium sized with oval
shape (1-2 kg)
The plant starts bearing at a
height of 25 to 30 cm from the
ground level
Comparatively drought hardy
Suitable for HDP
Pusa Majesty
Gynodioecious nature
Tolerant to viral diseases and root knot
nematodes
Suitable for papain production
Fruits medium sized and round shape with
average weight 1- 1.5 kg
Keeping quality of fruit is better
Fruiting starts at 146 DAT
Tolerant to root knot nematode
Pusa Giant
Dioecious in nature
Plants vigorous, sturdy
and tolerant to strong wind
Average fruit weight 2.5 -
3 kg
Suitable for canning
Pusa Delicious
Gynodioecious in nature
Plant medium tall and starts fruiting after 8
months after planting
TSS of fruit 10°-13° Brix and excellent flavour
Fruit medium sized (1-2 kg) with deep orange
flesh
Table purpose variety
11. CO-1
Selection from Ranchi by TNAU
Plant dwarf and first fruiting at a
height of 60-75 cm from ground level
Fruit medium sized, spherical,
smooth greenish yellow skin, flesh
orange yellow, soft and firm
Fruit moderately juicy with good
keeping quality
CO-2
It is a selection
Fruits medium sized, greenish yellow,
ridged at apex, flesh red, soft to firm
Fruit moderately juicy with good
keeping quality
Suitable for papain extraction
Per fruit dried papain yield 4-6 g or
250-300 kg /ha
CO-3
By CO- 2 x Sun Rise Solo
Fruit larger size with TSS 13.8°
Brix
Average fruit weight 1 to 1.5 kg
Fruits have a good keeping quality
Per plant yields 100-120 fruits
from two years
CO- 5
Selection from Washington
Suitable for high papain
production
Per fruit dry papain production
is 14-15 g and 75-80 fruits/tree in
two years with an average dry
papain yield of 1,500-1,600 kg/ha
12. Washington
Suitable for table purpose
Fruits round to ovate, medium
large size with few seeds
On ripening, skin attains a bright
yellow colour
The average fruit weight is 1.5-2 kg
Male & female plants are separate
Solo:Suitable for table purpose
Fruits small with deep pink pulp
and sweet taste
Excellent for kitchen garden
Ranchi
It is popular in south India
Fruits oblong with dark yellow
pulp and sweet taste
Taiwan-785
Cultivated for table as well as
processing purpose
Plant dwarf and first fruit
producing at a height of 60-75 cm
from the ground level
Fruits oblong with thick orange
red sweet pulp
Per year/plant yields 100-125 fruits
It has a good keeping quality and
disease tolerant
Taiwan-786 (Red Lady Dwarf )
Gynodioecious in nature
Suitable for table as well as
processing purpose
Fruits oblong with a tasty sweet
pulp having few seeds
The plant starts bearing fruits at
100 cm above the ground level
Average fruit weigh 1-3 kg
Keeping quality of fruit has
excellent
13. Punjab Sweet
Plants dioecious (male and female on separate plants)
Plant height up to 1.90 m
Fruit bearing at 1.0 m height of from ground
Fruit large size, oblong shape with pointed tip, deep yellow
colour flesh, TSS of pulp 9.0 to 10.5 %
The average fruit yield per plant 50 kg
Honey Dew
Suitable for North Indian conditions
Plants dioecious (male and female on separate plants)
Fruits large size, elongated in shape with few or no seed
Flesh sweet with pleasant flavor and TSS 8.0%
It is also known as Madhu Bindu
Pusa Nanha
It is mutant and suitable cultivar for close plantation
Plants dioecious, dwarf and grow up to 1.06 m height
Average fruit yield/ plant 35 kg
15. ARKA PRABHAT SURYA COORG HONEYDEW
A majority of Indian farmers grow the Red Lady Dwarf variety, which is
also known as the 'Taiwan 786' papaya, due to its exceptional quality and
long shelf life. The plant takes only eight months to fruit, with the
total yield reaching 60 kg per plant.
16.
17. State Varieties grown
Andhra
Pradesh
Honey Dew, Coorg Honey Dew, Washington, Solo, Co-1,
Co-2, Co-3, Sunrise Solo, Taiwan
Jharkhand Ranchi Selection, Honey Dew, P Delicious, P Nanha
KN& Kerala Coorg Honey Dew, Coorg Green, Pusa Delicious & Pusa Nanha
W. Bengal Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Washington, Coorg Green
Orissa P Delicious, P Nanha, Ranchi Sel., H Dew, Washington,
Coorg Green
Important papaya varieties cultivated in different states of India
18. Propagation
Papaya commercially propagated by seeds but occasionally by tissue
culture
Seeds extracted from the ripe fruits
Extracted seeds rubbed with sand to remove white mucilaginous layer;
washed and air dried
The seeds lose their viability in about 45 days after extraction
One gram contains about 50-80 seeds, mostly 65 -75 seeds
150 to 250 g seeds required for one hectare area
The seedlings can be raised in 3 m x 1 m x 10 cm (L x W x H) size
nursery beds as well as in pots or polythene bags
Seeds treated with Bavistin (0.2 %) or Captain (3g /kg seeds)
Sowing the seeds at a spacing of 10 cm and covered with treated fine
compost or leaf mould
After seeds sowing nursery beds covered with polythene sheets or dry
paddy straw as mulch to protect the soil moisture
The light irrigation is provided during morning hours
About 15-20 cm tall and 1 ½ to 2 months old seedling are ready for
planting
19. Seeds can be sown any time from March to September
But, due to severe winter in North India, seeds should be sown during
July to September
It seedling attain 20-30 cm in height, they easily protected from frost
and freeze of winter
Nursery in polythene bags
Prepare a mixture of well rotten FYM plus soil and sand in equal
proportions and 25 x 10 cm size polythene bags are filled
On lower part of bag make 8 to 10 small holes for drainage of excess
water
2 to 3 treated (with Captain 3g/kg) seeds/polythene bag sown at 2-3 cm
deep
After germination, seedlings drench with Captain solution (2 g /litre of
water) control the damping off disease
Remove the extra seedling from the bag
One healthy seedling kept in each bag
Seedlings ready for transplanting in 40-50 days after seeds sowing
Before transplanting polythene bags should be removed
22. Planting, spacing and season
For planting, 45 x 45 x 45 OR 50 x 50 x 50 cm size pits dug, one
month before (in summer) transplanting
The pits fill with 20 kg rotten FYM, top soil, 1 kg each of neem cake
and bone meal; and for control of white ants add 30g lindane 5% dust
2 - 3 seedlings per pit are transplant at 15 cm apart in case of
varieties, which produces only male or female flowers on individual
plant (CO.2, CO.6, Pusa Dwarf and Washington)
After establishing one plant/pit is kept when they have started
flowering
Keep 10 % male plant populations scattered throughout the orchard
But in case of the gynodioecious type (CO.3, Pusa Majestic and Pusa
Delicious) single plant can be planted per pit
Seedlings should be transplanted in the evening time
After transplanting, field lightly irrigated
The plant spacing fluctuate by varieties and other factors
Tall varieties required more spacing while medium and dwarf
required closer spacing
23. Square or rectangular system of planting is usually adopted in papaya
Planting is done as filler they planted at a spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 m (4444
plants/ha) but Normally it planted at 1.8 x 1.8 m (3086 plants/ha)
For HDP, spacing at 1.5 x 1.5 m which enhances the returns of farmer
A closer spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 m for cv. Pusa Nanha is adopted for HDP
(6,944 plants/ha)
The ideal season of transplanting is the beginning of monsoon
However, transplanting may be continued from June to November
Papaya planted during spring (February - March), monsoon (June -
July) and autumn (October - November)
24. Manures, fertilizers and micro nutrients
Due to its fast growing plant, short juvenile period, producing flowers
and fruits year round; it required more/ heavy doses essential nutrition
at regular intervals
Papaya prefers soils with having/rich organic matter
Apart from the basal dose of manures (15-25 kg/plant) applied in the
pits by mixing with 200:200-250:400 g of N: P2O5: MOP/ plant
Inorganic fertilizers should be provided in five split doses at 2nd, 4th, 6th,
8th and 10th month after planting
Application of 200 g N is optimum for fruit yield but for papain yield
increases with increase in N upto 300 g
Nitrogen and Potash in the form of ammonium sulphate and sulphate
of potash respectively improves the keeping quality and colour of fruits
Fertilizers should be applied in a 10cm deep circular trench 15-20 cm
away from the trunk and covered with soils
Light irrigation should follow after fertilization
Micro nutrients like ZnSO4 (0.5%) are sprayed to increase growth and
fruit yield
25. Variety Fertilizer Dose (g/
plant/ year)
No. of Split Doses
Recommended by
N P K
Coorg Honey Dew 250 250 500 6, bimonthly IIHR, Bangalore
Solo 350 250 200 6, bimonthly IIHR, Bangalore
CO.1 200 200 200 4 TNAU, Coimbatore
Ranchi 200 300 600 3 West Bengal
Intercropping
Papaya itself planted as filler in mango, litchi & guava orchards
because; it stays in the field for 2-3 years only
In 1st year of planting, the shallow rooted vegetables like mung,
horse gram, onion, garlic, turnip, cauliflower and leafy vegetables are
suitable for growing as intercrops
The leguminous crops are beneficial as intercropping
No intercrops taken after onset of flowering stage or the plants start
fruiting
Intercrop should not compete for nutrition with papaya plants
26. Irrigation
Irrigation depends on type of soil & weather conditions
It is very sensitive to water logged, so avoid flooding periodically
Regular irrigation is an important aspect in papaya cultivation, which
helps in growth, fruit development and high yield
Moisture stress inhibits the growth & promotes male floral characters
For safe and control irrigation, fields divide into small segments
Protective irrigation is provided in 1st year of planting and apply light
irrigation at 6-7 and 15 to 20 days interval in summer and winter,
respectively depending on soil condition and during rain irrigation avoid
Water should not stay near the stem of plants to prevent collor rot
During 2nd year, irrigation provided at 7-10 days interval in winter and
at an interval of 4-5 days in summer
Basin/ring system of irrigation has been found very effective because
this system helps in preventing collar rot as there is no direct contact
between the water and the stem portion
In areas having low rainfall, sprinkler or drip system can be adopted
Drip irrigation helps to save 50-60% water
Irrigation through the drip @6-8 litre /day/plant gives better yields
27. Intercultural Operations, weeding and Thinning
The start flowering after 6- 7 months of transplanting
At flowering, excess plants are to be removed keeping only one plant in
each pit and maintaining a female: male plant ratio of 10: 1
For effective pollination, keep the male plants well spread in the field
Being a shallow rooted plant, weeds compete with papaya plants for
nutrition, so regular weeding is essential for vigorous plant growth
Weeding should be done regularly around the plants to weeds control
Two hoeing (1st in February-March and 2nd in July-August) sufficient to
check the weeds growth
Use of herbicides like Diuron @2.0-2.5 kg a.i/ha or Glyphosate @1-2 kg
a.i./ha were effective in controlling the weeds in papaya orchards
Care should be taken while spraying so as to avoid spilling of the
herbicides on papaya leaves
Earthing up is done before onset of monsoon to avoid water logging
and it also help the plants to stand erect
Removal of male plants
Where dioecious varieties are planted, about 10% male plants kept in
the orchards for good pollination
28. Plant protected from frost
In North India, frost usually occurs in the months of Dec. and Jan. but
in sometime late frost may occur in the month of February
Due to broad leaves and succulent stem, it is very sensitive to the frost
To save the young papaya plants from winter
If, the plantation should be done during October or November so that
plants could be provided protection easily
Plants covered with Sarkanda (a kind of stick) thatches or by pegging
three support around the plants and covering with white polythene
Care should be taken that bags do not touch the foliage
Few holes may be provided in upper portion of bags for aeration
In 2nd year thick gunny bags wrapped around the fruits and apex
during winter season
29. Harvesting and fruit handling
Fruits harvested at full size, light green in colour with tinge of yellow at
apical end
On ripening, fruits of certain varieties turn yellow while some of them
remain green
When latex ceases to be milky and become watery, the fruits suitable
for harvesting
Papaya fruits will be ready for harvest by about 7-10 MAP depending
on cultivar and prevailing temperature during the course of fruit
development
The ripe fruit is harvested individually by hand picking taking care to
avoid all possible injuries
The mature fruit easily gets detached from stem either by turning it
upwards or by twisting
The fruit should be harvested early in the morning and kept in shade
for grading
The economic life of papaya plant is 3 to 4 years
In case of fruits crowding, fruit thinning should be done to get well
sized fruits
30. The fruit yield depend on the so many factors like; variety, soil,
climate, spacing and cultural management of the orchard
Generally, fruit yield 75-100 tonnes /ha is obtained in a season from
good papaya orchard
A tree with good management produces 25 to 40 fruits weighing 40 to
60 kg in the first 15 to 18 months
After harvesting, fruit should be placed in single layer and covered
with straw till ripening
For distant markets it should be packed in baskets by placing straw below
& newspaper along with gunny bag above to avoid bruising of fruits
Papaya is a climacteric fruit hence, it can be artificially ripened by
dipping fruits in 500 ppm ethephon
At ripening fruits attain golden yellow colour of skin
Fruits are highly perishable in nature
Fruit can be stored for a period of 1-3 weeks at a temperature of 10-
130 C and 85-90% relative humidity
Fruits graded on the basis of weight, size and colour
Bamboo baskets with banana leaves as lining material which used for
carrying the produce from farm to local market
31. Papaya Spider Mite
Spider mite affects the leaf and fruit by way of causing scarring which
reduces the market value of fruit
In severe cases the new leaves become discoloured which is confused
with virus
Control
Crop spraying with Phosphamidon (0.04%) or Methyl Parathion
(0.05%) effectively reduces the spider mite population
Used the sulphur dust or spraying 0.1% Kelthane
32. Fruit Fly
The pest causes damage to the plant and the fruit
Fruit flies can infect papaya when fruits are allowed to ripen on the tree
beyond the recommended harvest stage
Control
Application of Dimethoate (0.1%) effectively controls the fruit fly
33.
34. Nematodes
Root knot nematode & Reniform nematode cause severe damage to papaya
The infected roots form galls causing stunting, tree fall down, yellowing
and drying of leaves
It causes about 15% loss of the world production
Control
Carbofuran (2 kg/ha) or Neem cake (1 kg/plant) effectively checks the
nematode population
Pusa Majesty is resistant to nematode and can be grown in the regions
having nematode problem
35. Powdery Mildew (Odium indicum, Odium caricae)
The development of powdery mildew in papaya is promoted by high
humidity (80-85%) and a temperature range of 24-26°C
The disease appears as on the foliage and fruits
Infection is first appeared on the leaves as small slightly darkened
areas, which later become white powdery spots and they enlarge and
cover the entire leaf area
Severely infected leaves may become chlorotic & distorted before
falling
Affected fruits are small in size and malformed
Control
As soon as the disease symptoms are observed dusting Sulphur (30 g/10
litres of water) or spraying Calixin 75 EC (5 ml/10 litres of water) at 15
days interval helps to control the disease
36.
37. Leaf Blight (Corynespora cassiicola)
The disease causes severe damage to leaves
The disease first appears as small, discoloured lesions, which are
irregularly scattered on the leaves
These spots become irregular in shape, then increase in size, and appear
brown to grey in colour
A light yellow zone surrounds the spots
Several lesions coalesce to cover large areas of the leaf and in severe
infections the whole leaf dies
A considerable reduction in the yield is observed
Control
Disease can be controlled by spraying of Dithane M-45 (0.2%) starting
form the appearance of the disease symptoms
38.
39. Damping Off (Rhizoctonia solani)
This is a disease of young seedlings
Lesions are seen on the stem at or just above soil level
Stem becomes watery and shrinks, followed by death of the plant
Control
Well-drained soil should be used for planting and the crop should not
be excessively irrigated
Before sowing the seeds should be treated with fungal culture of
Trichoderma viride (3-4 g/kg of seed) or Captan (3 g/kg of seed) to protect
the newly emerging seedlings
40. Foot Rot of Papaya (Pythium aphanidermatum)
It is a severe disease of papaya and characterized by the appearance of
water-soaked patches on the stem near the ground level
The patches enlarge rapidly and girdle the stem, causing rotting of the
tissues, which then turn dark brown or black
Such affected plants withstand strong wind and topple over and die
If disease attack is mild, only one side of stem rots & plants remain stunted
Fruit if formed are shriveled and malformed and gradually plant dies
Control
Trichoderma viride (15 g/plant) mixed with well-decomposed FYM
should be applied around the root zone of plants at the time of planting
The crop should be irrigated by adopting the ring method of irrigation
so that the water does not come in direct contact with the stem
In new plantings, preventing the water logging in field for control the disease
The soil should be drenched with 2-3 liter of copper oxychloride (3 g/
liter of water) at 15 days interval from the time of planting
During fruit formation, the plant should be sprayed with 2-3 liter of
copper oxychloride (3 g per liter of water) at 15 days interval
Alternately, Mancozeb (2.5 g/ liter of water) may also be applied
41.
42. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
The disease prominently appears on green immature fruits
Brown to black depressed spots on the fruits are major symptoms
The initial symptoms are water-soaked, sunken spots on the fruit
Centers of spots, later -turn black- pink when fungus produces spores
The spots becomes soft and watery, which spreads to the entire fruit
Small, irregular shaped water soaked spots on leaves may also be seen
and eventually turn brown
On the fruits, symptoms appear only upon ripening and may not be
apparent at the time of harvest
Brown sunken spots develop on the fruit surface, which later on
enlarge to form water soaked lesions
Control
The affected fruits should be remove and destroyed
The fruits should be harvested as soon as they mature
Spaying with copper oxychloride (3 g/litre of water) or carbendazim (1
g/litre of water) or thiophanate methyl (1 g/litre of water) at 15 days
interval effectively controls the disease
Fruits for exports should be subjected to hot water treatment or a
fungicidal wax treatment
43.
44. Papaya Mosaic
The mosaic disease attacks on all age groups of the plants, but it is most
serious on young stage of plants
The aphids are responsible for transmitting of the disease
The symptoms appear on young top leaves of the plants
In this disease; leaves size and petiole length of leaf are reduced, blister like
patches of dark green tissue and alternating yellowish green lamina show on
leaves, top leaves assume an upright position and reduction in plant growth
The fruits borne on disease plants develop water soaked lesions with a
central solid spot and such fruits are elongated and reduced in size
Control
Create the facility for field sanitation and removed the affected plant
which reduce the spread of the disease
The losses can be minimized by controlling of aphid population with
application of carbofuran (1 kg a.i./ha) at the time of sowing seeds
followed by 2-3 foliar sprays of phosphamidon (0.05%) at an interval of
10 days starting from 15-20 DAS which effectively checks the population
of aphids
45.
46. Leaf curl of papaya
The disease is transmitted by white fly (Bemisia tabaci as vector)
The disease is characterize by severe curling, crinkling and
deformation of the leaves and mostly young leaves are affected
Apart from curling, the leaves also exhibit vein clearing and
thickening of the veins and sometimes petioles are twisted
In severe cases complete defoliation of the affected plant is observed
The affected plants show a stunted growth with reduce fruit yield
Control
Removal and destruction of the affected plants is the only control
measure to reduce the spread of the disease
Checking the white flies population can reduce the infection severity
Soil application of carbofuran (1 kg a.i./ha) at the time of sowing and
4-5 foliar sprays of dimethoate (0.05%) or metasystox (0.02%) or
nuvacron (0.05% ) at an interval of 10 days effectively controls the
whitefly populations
47.
48. Papaya ring spot virus
The virus is spread from plant to plant by aphids
The previous symptoms are yellowing & vein clearing of the young leaves
A very conspicuous yellow mottling of the leaves and sometimes severe
blistering and leaf distortion
Dark green streaks and rings appear in the leafstalks and stems
Concentric rings & spots appear on the fruit as darker green fruit color
Symptoms persist on the ripe fruit as darker orange brown rings
Vigour of trees and fruit setting is usually reduced depending on the age
of the plant when infected
Fruit quality, particularly flavour is adversely affected
Control
Early detection of infected plants and prompt removal can check the
spread of the disease
Aphids can be controlled by application of carbofuran (1 kg a.i./ha) in
the nursery bed at the time of seeds sowing followed by 2-3 foliar sprays
of phosphamidon (0.05%) at an interval of 10 days starting from 15-20
DAS
49.
50. Papain Extraction
The immature green papaya fruit (2.6 to 3 months of fruit set) contains
a milky latex containing papain which possesses both milk clotting and
protein digestive properties
Papain has typical protein digestive properties and is classed as
protease, proteinage or proteolytic enzyme
It has several uses in the industry viz., food processing, tanning and
textile industry
In India; papaya varieties CO-2 and CO-6 are recommended for papain
production
Considering the export potential of papain, large areas are being
brought under papaya cultivation for production of papain
For papain tapping, partially mature fruits about 75-95 days old are
selected
Papain extraction starts in the rainy season and continues up to March
and cool and wet periods produce more papain
Incision is made with bamboo splinters or ivory knives about 0.3 cm
deep on four sides of fruit from stalk end to tip early in the morning
before 9.00 a.m.
51. Latex is collected in glass vessels or aluminium trays
Similar incision is repeated (3 to 4 time) on untapped surface of the
same fruit three times at 3-4 days interval
Potassium Metabisulphite @ 0.05% is added to the liquid latex to
extend the storage life of the papain
The liquid latex dried in sun/ spray dried at a temperature of 50-55°C
Powder is prepared from dry flakes and sieved in a 10 mesh sieve
The papain in powdered form is stored in polythene bags or in airtight
glass containers and stored for six months at 90 C
Approximately 25g of latex is obtained per fruit
5 kg of liquids latex on drying, yield 1kg of papain
The annual yield of papain to 250 to 375 kg per year
Immature small and medium fruits yield higher quality of latex than
the large and mature fruits
About one-sixth of the dried powder is papain
The yield of papain is as follows-
Year Approximate yield
(kg/ha)
Year Approximate yield
(kg/ha)
Year Approximate yield
(kg/ha)
1st 250 2nd 150-200 3rd 75-100