Origin – distribution of species – wild relatives and forms – breeding objectives – major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.

1. AN ASSIGNMENT ON BREEDINGTECHNIQUE OF MANGO
SUBMITTED TO-
DR.KAUSHIK KUMAR PANIGRAHI
ASST.PROF.PLANT BREEDING &
GENETICS
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,
CHIPLIMA
SUBMMITED BY-
SARADA PRASAD PRADHAN
3RD YEAR BSC(AG)
ADM NO. 27C/14

2. CONTENT:
1-ORIGIN
2-DISTRIBUTION OF MANGO SPESIES
3-WILD RELATIVES OF MANGO
4-BREEDING OBJECTIVES
5-MAJOR BREEDING PROCEDURE FOR DEVLOPMENT OF HYBRIDS/VARITIESE OF
MANGO

3. Origin:
Tropical Himalayas
Mango is described as king of all fruits according to Decandole Mango is in cultivation
for the last 4000 years supposed to be originated from Himalayas in the areas of Burma, China
and Malayan Peninsula.

4. DISTRIBUTION OF MANGO SPESIES :
1-It is extensively cultivated in India, Indo-China warm parts of Australia,
Philippines, Pacific Islands, Himalayas. In India Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Gujarat.
2-Mango growing began with the earliest settlers in North Queensland, Australia,
with seeds brought casually from India, Ceylon, the East Indies and the Philippines.

5. 3- 1875, 40 varieties from India were set out in a single plantation. Over the years,
selections have been made for commercial production and culture has extended to
subtropical Western Australia.
4-The earliest record of the mango in Hawaii is the introduction of several small plants
from Manila in 1824.
5-Three plants were brought from Chile in 1825. In 1899, grafted trees of a number of
Indian varieties, including ‘Pairi’, were imported.

6. 6-the U.S. Department of Agriculture made 528 introductions from India, the
Philippines, the West Indies and other sources from 1899 to 1937.
7-It was commonly grown in the East Indies before the earliest visits of the Portuguese
who apparently introduced it to West Africa early in the 16th Century and also into
Brazil.
8-Mangos have been grown in Puerto Rico since about 1750 but mostly of indifferent
quality. A program of mango improvement began in 1948 with the introduction and
testing of over 150 superior cultivars by the University of Puerto Rico.

7. WILD RELATIVES OF MANGO:
1-Buchanania obovata, a medium sized tree native to Australia, in the Anacardiaceae family
2-Cordyla africana, a large tree native to eastern Africa, in the Fabaceae family
3-Irvingia gabonensis, a large tree native to western Africa, in the Irvingiaceae family

8. BREEDING OBJECTIVES:
All The Commercial Varieties Have Some Demerits, Which Need Improvement By Breeding.
Qualities Of An Ideal Mango Variety Have Been Out Lined As Follows:
1. Dwarf Tree Growth Habit
An Ideal Mango Variety Should Possess Tree Dwarfness
2. Precocity And Regularity In Bearing
Most Of The Commercial Mango Cultivars Have A Strong Bienial Bearing
Tendency. Thus The Main Objectives Of Breeding Have Been Regular Bearing And Good
Fruit Quality.

9. 3. Attractive And Good Quality Fruits
Attractive (Golden Apricot) Colour On Ripening, Medium Size (5 In A
Kg) And Good Quality Fruit (High Pulp: Stone Ratio, Firm And Fibreless Flesh)
4. High Productivity And Resistance To Major Diseases And Pests
Developed Variety Should Free Form Disease Incidence Like Sooty
Mould, Mango Malformation, Resistance To Pest Like Stem Borer, Nut Weevil Etc.

10. 5. Good Transport And Processing Qualities
6. Varieties Suitable For Export Market
7.Devlopment Of Variety Free Form Soft Tissue
A Good Mango Variety Should Have A High Ration (3.31 To 4.0 Of Edible To
Non Edible Matters.

11. BREEDING METHODS:
1. Introduction
2. Selection
3. Hybridization
4. Mutation Breeding

12. INTRODUCTION:
Name Of The Variety Country From Where Introduced
1.Sweet Thailand
2.Sensation USA
3.Tomy Atkins Brazil
4.Early Golz USA

13. 2. Selection:
A. Chance Seedlings:
Mango Was Previously Propagated Through Seeds And Hence The Old Orchards In India
Were Mostly Of Seedling Origin. Some Seedling Progenies Gave Rise To Varieties Such
As
'Chinnaswarnarekha' And 'Mundappa'. The Popular, Salt Tolerant Rootstock (13-1) Was
Identified
In Israel By This Technique.
B. Clonal Selection:
· Extensive Survey Of Dashehari Orchards Around Maliabad In Uttar Pradesh Has
Resulted In
The Isolation Of Best Clone Viz Dashehari -51 With Higher Yield And Regular Bearer.

14. 3. HYBRIDIZATION:
Since A Large Number Of Male And Perfect Flowers Are Borne On A Mango
Panicle, It Requires A Special Crossing Technique.
The Panicle Should Be Bagged With A Muslin Bag (60 Cm X 30cm) Fully
Stretched And Fi} Ed With Two Rings And A Rod Made Of Spliced Bamboo. A Piece Of
Thick Ir( N Wire Can Also Be Made Into A Good Frame For Stretching The Muslin Bag
Staminate Flowers Of The Selected Panicle To Be Used As Female Parent Should Be
Removed Daily Before Dehiscence.
Panicles Of The Variety Selected As Male Parent Should Also Be Bagged Before
Their Flowers Begin To Open. Freshly Dehisced Male Flowers Should Be Carried In A Small
Petridish Lined Trth A Filter Paper And Covered With Another Petridish To Protect The
Flower To Avoid Contamination With Foreign Pollen Carried By Insects.

16. The conventional method of pollination is time consuming, cost
intensive and inefficient because of tallness and difficult to handle trees poor
fruit set. 'Caging technique' for crossing, developed at IARI following the
discovery of self incompatibility in Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and Bombay
Green, involves planting of grafted plants of the self incompatible varieties
along with those of male parents enclosed in an insect ,proof cage and allowing
pollination by freshly reared house flies and thus ting away with the tedious
hand pollination.

17. In hybridization on mango, work taken up in post independence period laid
emphasis on regular and precocious bearing, dwarfness, high percentage of pulp,
fibreless flesh, large fruits with red blush, good keeping quality and freedom from
spongy tissue. Few of these such as Mallika and Ratna have received commercial
recognition. The cultivar 'Sindhu' evolved through intensive back crossing between
Ratna and Alphonso develops fruits parthenocarpically under natural temperature
conditions. The average size Sindhu fruits has been reported to be 215 g.
It may be observed that the parents used in hybridization programme were of
the best commercial varieties, superior in most of the traits but lacking in few
qualities, which may be available in the other parents. Though in some cases (e.g. the
hybrids at Sangareddy), the parents were the same the hybrids were differently
named, due to the heterozygous nature of parents resulting in heterogeneous hybrid
population.