In this ppt , you get the knowledge of of working of GSM and the architecture of GSM.
Here, you learn about the components of GSM architecture.
You also learn about the registers who help the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) to switch the network.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network, including its architecture and technical specifications. It discusses (1) the basic GSM system architecture consisting of mobile stations, the base station subsystem, and the network switching subsystem; (2) GSM specifications including channels, handovers between base stations, and a maximum data rate of 33.6 kbps; and (3) characteristics and features such as digital modulation, security, and advantages over analog networks.
Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Definition
Features
Example
Example Diagram
Mechanisms
Chip Sequences Code
Walsh Tables: Chip Sequence Code Generation
CDMA: Representation of Data
CDMA : An Real Example
CDMA : Digital Signal Created
CDMA : Data on the Channel
CDMA: Decoding of composite signals in one station
CDMA : Advantages of Synchronous & Asynchronous
CDMA : Uses
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a digital wireless telephone transmission technique that allocates the given bandwidth to different users in different time slots. Each user is only allowed to transmit within their specified time interval. A TDMA frame structure divides each frequency channel into a series of time slots that are assigned to individual users. The advantages of TDMA include allowing a single channel to be used by multiple users, reducing the need for radio transceivers and allowing for smaller cell sizes. However, TDMA requires accurate clocks to avoid time jittering and multipath distortion.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to overcome the effect of multi path fading problem. LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, from base station to terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions. Channel equalization is simplified. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
Overview Of Gsm Cellular Network & OperationsDeepak Sharma
The document provides an overview of the GSM cellular network and its operations. It describes the main components including the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). It also discusses the mobile handset, radio interface, network architecture, and how capacity is increased through frequency reuse, cell splitting, and sectoring.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture, including its three main subsystems: the Mobile Station subsystem, the Base Station Subsystem, and the Network Switching Subsystem. It describes the key elements and interfaces within each subsystem, such as the Mobile Station, Base Transceiver Station, Base Station Controller, Mobile Switching Center, Home Location Register, and Visitor Location Register. The interfaces that connect these elements, such as the A, Abis, and Um interfaces, are also introduced.
DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) is a digital wireless telephone standard developed in 1988 by ETSI to provide secure, high-quality transmission for cordless phones. It uses TDMA to transmit radio signals between DECT phones and their base stations. DECT has applications for homes, businesses, and industry and provides mobility and seamless handover between multiple base stations. While originally developed for Europe, DECT is now used globally and competes with technologies like Bluetooth for short-range wireless applications. The future of DECT includes expanding its use in security systems, data transmission over the internet, and new country adoption.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network, including its architecture and technical specifications. It discusses (1) the basic GSM system architecture consisting of mobile stations, the base station subsystem, and the network switching subsystem; (2) GSM specifications including channels, handovers between base stations, and a maximum data rate of 33.6 kbps; and (3) characteristics and features such as digital modulation, security, and advantages over analog networks.
Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Definition
Features
Example
Example Diagram
Mechanisms
Chip Sequences Code
Walsh Tables: Chip Sequence Code Generation
CDMA: Representation of Data
CDMA : An Real Example
CDMA : Digital Signal Created
CDMA : Data on the Channel
CDMA: Decoding of composite signals in one station
CDMA : Advantages of Synchronous & Asynchronous
CDMA : Uses
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is a digital wireless telephone transmission technique that allocates the given bandwidth to different users in different time slots. Each user is only allowed to transmit within their specified time interval. A TDMA frame structure divides each frequency channel into a series of time slots that are assigned to individual users. The advantages of TDMA include allowing a single channel to be used by multiple users, reducing the need for radio transceivers and allowing for smaller cell sizes. However, TDMA requires accurate clocks to avoid time jittering and multipath distortion.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to overcome the effect of multi path fading problem. LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, from base station to terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions. Channel equalization is simplified. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
Overview Of Gsm Cellular Network & OperationsDeepak Sharma
The document provides an overview of the GSM cellular network and its operations. It describes the main components including the mobile switching center (MSC), home location register (HLR), visitor location register (VLR), and authentication center (AUC). It also discusses the mobile handset, radio interface, network architecture, and how capacity is increased through frequency reuse, cell splitting, and sectoring.
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture, including its three main subsystems: the Mobile Station subsystem, the Base Station Subsystem, and the Network Switching Subsystem. It describes the key elements and interfaces within each subsystem, such as the Mobile Station, Base Transceiver Station, Base Station Controller, Mobile Switching Center, Home Location Register, and Visitor Location Register. The interfaces that connect these elements, such as the A, Abis, and Um interfaces, are also introduced.
DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) is a digital wireless telephone standard developed in 1988 by ETSI to provide secure, high-quality transmission for cordless phones. It uses TDMA to transmit radio signals between DECT phones and their base stations. DECT has applications for homes, businesses, and industry and provides mobility and seamless handover between multiple base stations. While originally developed for Europe, DECT is now used globally and competes with technologies like Bluetooth for short-range wireless applications. The future of DECT includes expanding its use in security systems, data transmission over the internet, and new country adoption.
This document provides an overview of GSM and the basics of 3G mobile networks. It discusses the introduction and features of GSM, the GSM architecture including mobile stations, base station systems, and network switching systems. It then covers GSM interfaces, channelization, handover, and the evolutions of 3G technologies including HSDPA and HSUPA. The benefits of HSPA for 3G are also summarized.
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed for voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It has a network subsystem including components like the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AuC that handle call processing and subscriber information. The radio subsystem consists of BSCs controlling multiple BTSs to manage radio network access. GSM provides international roaming, high quality voice calls, and supports data services like SMS and fax in addition to voice.
1) Wireless communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog cellular to 4G broadband cellular networks, with each generation providing improved data capabilities.
2) Future wireless networks are moving to an all-IP architecture using a combination of technologies like WiFi, WWAN, and WLAN to provide higher speeds and capacity.
3) Key drivers for beyond 4G networks include meeting increasing demand for multimedia services, improving spectrum efficiency, and supporting data rates of 100Mbps for outdoor use and 1Gbps for indoor use.
The document discusses wireless networks and IEEE 802.11 standards. It describes the components of wired LANs like repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches. It then covers wireless networks including wireless LAN standards like 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g. It also discusses wireless network topologies, services, and the medium access control of 802.11 which uses CSMA/CA for distributed coordination function and an alternative point coordination function for centralized access control.
This document discusses different types of signals and how they can be classified. It describes signals as being either continuous or discrete in time, periodic or aperiodic, analog or digital, deterministic or random, and having either finite energy or finite power. Common deterministic signals like impulse, step, ramp and parabolic signals are defined mathematically. The document provides an introduction to different signal classifications that are important for signal processing.
C'est un exposé que j'ai eu à présenter en classe (3èm année télécom & réseaux) qui avait pour but de faire l'études des canaux logiques et les différents types de codages ( FR, HR, EFR) dans le GSM
The document discusses Intelligent Networks (IN). It provides an overview of IN architecture, standards, services, and key concepts like the IN Conceptual Model and Signaling System No. 7 (SS7). The IN Conceptual Model divides the IN architecture into four planes - service plane, global functional plane, distributed functional plane, and physical plane.
This document provides an introduction to Verilog HDL including:
- An overview of Verilog keywords, data types, abstraction levels, and design methodology.
- Details on the history of Verilog including its development over time and transitions to newer standards.
- Explanations of key Verilog concepts like modules, ports, instantiation, stimuli, and lexical conventions.
Modules are the basic building blocks, ports define module interfaces, and instantiation replicates modules. Stimuli provide test inputs and lexical conventions cover syntax rules.
The document discusses the development of 3G cellular networks and standards. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established the IMT-2000 standard to harmonize 3G systems worldwide and enable global roaming. IMT-2000 outlined performance targets for 3G networks to provide high-speed data and multimedia services to mobile users. Two main proposals were developed under IMT-2000: UMTS, backed by 3GPP in Europe, and CDMA2000, backed by 3GPP2 in North America and Asia.
This document discusses wireless local loop (WLL) technology as an alternative to wired telephone networks. WLL uses wireless communication methods like radio or microwave transmission to connect subscriber equipment to the local telephone exchange without relying on copper wires. It describes different types of WLL systems including cordless, cellular, and broadband wireless access. Technical requirements, architectures, implementations, advantages over wired networks, and a case study comparing costs are also summarized. WLL provides a lower-cost option for establishing local telephone connections compared to installing new copper wiring.
The document provides an agenda on GSM and GPRS theory that includes:
- An overview of GSM definition, history, services, system architecture, functional model, and interfaces
- Descriptions of the radio interface, A-bis, A-interface, signaling protocols, and inter-MSC signaling
- A brief history of GPRS and definitions of its new network elements and air and A-bis interfaces
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for communication purposes using technology. It includes systems like telephony, radio, television, and computer networks. Telecommunication networks connect terminal nodes through transmission links and use circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching to route signals through the network. Common telecommunication networks include telephone networks, computer networks, the Internet, and radio networks.
This document provides an introduction to GSM networks and their history. It discusses [1] the origins and evolution of cellular networks prior to GSM, [2] the formation of GSM in 1982 to develop a pan-European cellular standard, and [3] the key phases and advances of GSM technology over time, including digital voice services, SMS, and mobile data. The document also outlines some of the main advantages of GSM networks, including international roaming, security, voice quality, and their use of a single global standard.
Cordless phones allow wireless communication between a portable handset and a base station connected to a telephone line. There are different generations of cordless phone technology, from early analog systems to newer digital standards like DECT and PHS. DECT is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world for home and office cordless phone systems, offering better voice quality and security than analog predecessors. Digital systems also provide features like extended battery life and range compared to early cordless phones.
The document discusses key concepts in GSM cellular networks including:
1. An overview of GSM including its definition, phases, specifications, system architecture, network areas, and advantages over analog systems.
2. Cell planning principles such as types of cells, the planning process, and cell clusters.
3. Frequency reuse which allows frequencies to be reused in different cells to improve capacity, with an example shown.
Global system for mobile communication Introduction, GSM architecture, GSM interfaces, Signal processing in GSM,
Frame structure of GSM, Channels used in GSM
This document presents a presentation on software defined radio (SDR). It begins with an introduction that defines SDR and discusses its history. The methods section explains how SDR works, including its architecture and use of software common architecture and CORBA. It also discusses available tools like GNU Radio and USRP. The results section covers standards and applications of SDR. The discussion section highlights benefits, disadvantages, challenges and conclusions regarding SDR. Overall, the presentation provides a high-level overview of SDR, how it functions, examples of its applications, and considerations.
This document provides information about Verilog, a hardware description language used for designing digital circuits. It discusses what Verilog is, why it is used, how it was developed, its structure and syntax. Key points covered include:
- Verilog is a hardware description language used for designing digital circuits at different levels of abstraction.
- It allows designers to describe designs behaviorally or at lower levels like gate and switch levels.
- Verilog provides a software platform for designers to express their designs using behavioral constructs before being synthesized into hardware.
- It was introduced in 1985 and became an open standard in 1990 to promote broader adoption.
- The document reviews Verilog syntax, variables, data types,
This document provides an overview of GSM and the basics of 3G mobile networks. It discusses the introduction and features of GSM, the GSM architecture including mobile stations, base station systems, and network switching systems. It then covers GSM interfaces, channelization, handover, and the evolutions of 3G technologies including HSDPA and HSUPA. The benefits of HSPA for 3G are also summarized.
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed for voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It has a network subsystem including components like the MSC, HLR, VLR, and AuC that handle call processing and subscriber information. The radio subsystem consists of BSCs controlling multiple BTSs to manage radio network access. GSM provides international roaming, high quality voice calls, and supports data services like SMS and fax in addition to voice.
1) Wireless communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog cellular to 4G broadband cellular networks, with each generation providing improved data capabilities.
2) Future wireless networks are moving to an all-IP architecture using a combination of technologies like WiFi, WWAN, and WLAN to provide higher speeds and capacity.
3) Key drivers for beyond 4G networks include meeting increasing demand for multimedia services, improving spectrum efficiency, and supporting data rates of 100Mbps for outdoor use and 1Gbps for indoor use.
The document discusses wireless networks and IEEE 802.11 standards. It describes the components of wired LANs like repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches. It then covers wireless networks including wireless LAN standards like 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g. It also discusses wireless network topologies, services, and the medium access control of 802.11 which uses CSMA/CA for distributed coordination function and an alternative point coordination function for centralized access control.
This document discusses different types of signals and how they can be classified. It describes signals as being either continuous or discrete in time, periodic or aperiodic, analog or digital, deterministic or random, and having either finite energy or finite power. Common deterministic signals like impulse, step, ramp and parabolic signals are defined mathematically. The document provides an introduction to different signal classifications that are important for signal processing.
C'est un exposé que j'ai eu à présenter en classe (3èm année télécom & réseaux) qui avait pour but de faire l'études des canaux logiques et les différents types de codages ( FR, HR, EFR) dans le GSM
The document discusses Intelligent Networks (IN). It provides an overview of IN architecture, standards, services, and key concepts like the IN Conceptual Model and Signaling System No. 7 (SS7). The IN Conceptual Model divides the IN architecture into four planes - service plane, global functional plane, distributed functional plane, and physical plane.
This document provides an introduction to Verilog HDL including:
- An overview of Verilog keywords, data types, abstraction levels, and design methodology.
- Details on the history of Verilog including its development over time and transitions to newer standards.
- Explanations of key Verilog concepts like modules, ports, instantiation, stimuli, and lexical conventions.
Modules are the basic building blocks, ports define module interfaces, and instantiation replicates modules. Stimuli provide test inputs and lexical conventions cover syntax rules.
The document discusses the development of 3G cellular networks and standards. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established the IMT-2000 standard to harmonize 3G systems worldwide and enable global roaming. IMT-2000 outlined performance targets for 3G networks to provide high-speed data and multimedia services to mobile users. Two main proposals were developed under IMT-2000: UMTS, backed by 3GPP in Europe, and CDMA2000, backed by 3GPP2 in North America and Asia.
This document discusses wireless local loop (WLL) technology as an alternative to wired telephone networks. WLL uses wireless communication methods like radio or microwave transmission to connect subscriber equipment to the local telephone exchange without relying on copper wires. It describes different types of WLL systems including cordless, cellular, and broadband wireless access. Technical requirements, architectures, implementations, advantages over wired networks, and a case study comparing costs are also summarized. WLL provides a lower-cost option for establishing local telephone connections compared to installing new copper wiring.
The document provides an agenda on GSM and GPRS theory that includes:
- An overview of GSM definition, history, services, system architecture, functional model, and interfaces
- Descriptions of the radio interface, A-bis, A-interface, signaling protocols, and inter-MSC signaling
- A brief history of GPRS and definitions of its new network elements and air and A-bis interfaces
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for communication purposes using technology. It includes systems like telephony, radio, television, and computer networks. Telecommunication networks connect terminal nodes through transmission links and use circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching to route signals through the network. Common telecommunication networks include telephone networks, computer networks, the Internet, and radio networks.
This document provides an introduction to GSM networks and their history. It discusses [1] the origins and evolution of cellular networks prior to GSM, [2] the formation of GSM in 1982 to develop a pan-European cellular standard, and [3] the key phases and advances of GSM technology over time, including digital voice services, SMS, and mobile data. The document also outlines some of the main advantages of GSM networks, including international roaming, security, voice quality, and their use of a single global standard.
Cordless phones allow wireless communication between a portable handset and a base station connected to a telephone line. There are different generations of cordless phone technology, from early analog systems to newer digital standards like DECT and PHS. DECT is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world for home and office cordless phone systems, offering better voice quality and security than analog predecessors. Digital systems also provide features like extended battery life and range compared to early cordless phones.
The document discusses key concepts in GSM cellular networks including:
1. An overview of GSM including its definition, phases, specifications, system architecture, network areas, and advantages over analog systems.
2. Cell planning principles such as types of cells, the planning process, and cell clusters.
3. Frequency reuse which allows frequencies to be reused in different cells to improve capacity, with an example shown.
Global system for mobile communication Introduction, GSM architecture, GSM interfaces, Signal processing in GSM,
Frame structure of GSM, Channels used in GSM
This document presents a presentation on software defined radio (SDR). It begins with an introduction that defines SDR and discusses its history. The methods section explains how SDR works, including its architecture and use of software common architecture and CORBA. It also discusses available tools like GNU Radio and USRP. The results section covers standards and applications of SDR. The discussion section highlights benefits, disadvantages, challenges and conclusions regarding SDR. Overall, the presentation provides a high-level overview of SDR, how it functions, examples of its applications, and considerations.
This document provides information about Verilog, a hardware description language used for designing digital circuits. It discusses what Verilog is, why it is used, how it was developed, its structure and syntax. Key points covered include:
- Verilog is a hardware description language used for designing digital circuits at different levels of abstraction.
- It allows designers to describe designs behaviorally or at lower levels like gate and switch levels.
- Verilog provides a software platform for designers to express their designs using behavioral constructs before being synthesized into hardware.
- It was introduced in 1985 and became an open standard in 1990 to promote broader adoption.
- The document reviews Verilog syntax, variables, data types,
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. It discusses:
1. The key features of GSM that have led to its popularity, including international roaming, low-cost devices, high quality speech, and support for new services.
2. The different areas that make up a GSM network, including cells, location areas, MSC/VLR service areas, and public land mobile networks (PLMNs).
3. The main components of the GSM network architecture, which are the mobile station, base station subsystem (BSS), network and switching subsystem (NSS), and operation and support subsystem (OSS). The BSS handles communication with
GSM is a digital cellular network standard that allows users to roam internationally. It has a modular architecture consisting of mobile stations, base station subsystems, and network switching subsystems. The mobile station includes a mobile equipment and SIM card. The base station subsystem comprises base transceiver stations and base station controllers. The network switching subsystem contains mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and authentication centers that manage subscriber data and authentication. GSM uses cellular networks of hexagonal cells connected to base station controllers and switching centers to provide coverage over wide geographic areas.
This document provides an overview of the architecture of a GSM network. It describes the key components including the mobile station consisting of the terminal and SIM card. It outlines the base station subsystem containing the BTS and BSC. It also explains the network and switching subsystem which manages communication between mobile users and includes databases like HLR, VLR, EIR, and MSC to store subscriber information and handle switching functions.
The document summarizes the key elements of the GSM network architecture, including the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS), network and switching subsystem (NSS), and operation and support subsystem (OSS). The BSS handles communication with mobile devices and includes base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC). The NSS provides core network functions and includes mobile switching centers (MSC), home location registers (HLR), visitor location registers (VLR), and other elements. The OSS monitors and controls the overall network.
The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment and subscriber identity module (SIM) card, the base station system provides radio connectivity between mobile stations and switching equipment and includes base transceiver stations and base station controllers, and the core network components include the mobile switching center for call routing, home location register for subscriber data, visitor location register for temporary subscriber data, and equipment identity register for validating mobile equipment.
Global system for mobile communication(GSM)Jay Nagar
~Introduction
~GSM Architecture
~GSM Entities
~SMS Service In GSM
~Call Routing In GSM
~PLMN Interfaces
~GSM Addresses and Identifiers
~Network aspects in GSM
~Handover
~Mobility Management
~GSM Frequency Allocation
~Authentication and Security In GSM
The GSM system architecture is divided into three major systems: the Switching System (SS), the Base Station System (BSS), and the Operation and Support System (OSS). The SS handles call processing and subscriber functions and includes the MSC, HLR, VLR, and other registers. The BSS handles radio functions and includes the BSC and BTS. The OSS manages errors, configuration, faults, and performance across the network. Key interfaces include the A interface between MSC and BSS, the B interface between MSC and VLR, and the Um interface between MS and BTS.
The document describes the architecture of GSM networks. It discusses the key components including the mobile station, base station subsystem (BSS), and network subsystem (NSS). The mobile station consists of mobile equipment and a subscriber identity module (SIM) card. The BSS comprises base transceiver stations and a base station controller. The NSS combines switches like the mobile switching center with databases like the home location register and visitor location register that track subscriber locations and identities.
GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem, and a network switching subsystem. The mobile station includes a mobile equipment and SIM card. The base station subsystem is made up of base transceiver stations that communicate with mobile stations and base station controllers that manage radio resources. The network switching subsystem contains key components like mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and an authentication center that help manage subscriber location and authentication.
The GSM network architecture consists of four major elements: the mobile station, the base station subsystem, the network switching subsystem, and network coverage. The base station subsystem includes base transceiver stations that communicate directly with mobile stations and base station controllers that manage radio resources. The network switching subsystem contains elements like the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center that provide core network functionality and control. Together these elements allow mobile users to connect to the network and have their calls routed and managed across the coverage area.
GSM Fundamentals provides an overview of GSM bands, the general architecture of a GSM network including key components like the MS, BSS, NSS, HLR, VLR, EIR, AUC, and IWF. It also describes identification numbers used in GSM like IMSI, MSISDN, IMEI, and TMSI as well as logical channels and radio technology aspects.
CEPT began developing the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network in 1982 with the objectives of pan-European roaming and compatibility with ISDN. The first commercial GSM system was implemented in Germany in 1992. GSM consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems, a network and switching subsystem, and an operation subsystem. It uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel simultaneously. GSM has undergone 35 revisions to accommodate unexpected rapid growth in cellular services.
This document provides an abstract and contents for a study on information society and mobile communication. It discusses the definition of information society and the key characteristics, including information empowerment, information consciousness, use of information as an economic resource, and the development of the information sector. It also defines global system for mobile communication (GSM) and describes the main components of the GSM network, including the switching system, base station system, and operation and support system. It provides details on network areas like cells, location areas, and public land mobile network areas. Finally, it outlines some key specifications and characteristics of GSM, such as frequency band, duplex distance, channel separation, and access and speech coding methods.
The document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) cellular standard. It describes GSM as a second generation digital cellular system developed to provide voice and data services. It discusses GSM's history and development. The key aspects covered include GSM's services, architecture, technical specifications including frequency bands and channels. The architecture describes the components of the mobile station, base station subsystem including base transceiver station and base station controller, and network switching subsystem including the mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register and other registers.
GSM(Global system for mobile communication ) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
presentation on gsm architecture and fixed assignmentFabiha Ain
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture and fixed assignment schemes. It discusses the key elements of GSM architecture including the network switching subsystem, base station subsystem, mobile station, and operations and support system. It then covers three fixed assignment schemes - frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA) - and describes how channel access is allocated based on frequency, time, or code under each scheme.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
2. WORKING OF A GSM NETWORK
The GSM architecture consists of four major
interconnected subsystems that interact with
themselves and with users through certain
network interface.
The four subsystems are :
1. Mobile System (MS)
2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
3. Network Subsystem (NSS)
4. Operational Support Subsystem (OSS)
3. 1.MOBLIE STATION (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME):
It is uniquely identified by an IMEI number.
It is used for voice and data transmission.
It also monitors power and signal quality of surrounding cells.
160 characters long SMS can also be sent using Mobile Equipment.
4. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM):
It is a smart card that contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number.
it is a portable memory chip that makes phone call
across the world.
It is generally used in mobile phones that operates on
GSM network.
It is portable and you can use it with any supporting
mobile phone.
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5. 2.BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM(BSS)
BSS stands for Base Station Subsystem.
BSS handles traffic and signaling between a mobile phone
and the network switching subsystem (NSS).
BSS having two components:
1. Base Transceiver Station(BTS)
2. Base Station Controller(BSC)
6. .
Base Transceiver Station(BTS):
• It communicates with mobile stations via radio air
interface and communicates with BSC via Abis interface.
• It encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds
the RF signal to the antenna.
7. Base Station Controller(BSC)
The BSC is the connection between the Mobile and
MSC.
It controls the power transmission of the BSS and MS
in its area.
The function of the BSC is to allocate the necessary
time slot between the BTS and the MSC.
It is a switching device that handles radio resources.
8. 3.NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)
• It manages the switching functions of the system and allows MSCs to communicate
with other networks such as PSTN and ISDN.
• It consists of :
1.Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
2. Home Location Registers (HLR)
3. Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
4. Authentication Centre (AUC)
5. Equipment Identity Registry (EIR)
9. Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
• It is a heart of the network. It manages the communication between GSM and other
networks.
• It manages call set up function, routing and basic switching.
• It performs mobility management including registration, location updating and inter
BSS and inter MSC call handoff.
10. .
Home Location Registers (HLR)
• Stores permanent data about subscribers (Profile, Location info).
• Subscription information of registered user is stored.
• It is a permanent database about mobile subscriber in a large service area.
Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
• It is a temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters in its area by
HLR database.
• Work in co-ordination with HLR.
11. .
Authentication Centre( AUC)
• It is a protected database.
• It stores a copy of secret key.
• It is used for authentication.
• It protects from different type of fraud.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• It is a database that contain list of all valid mobile on network.
• It is a database that is used to track handset using IMEI number.
• IMEI is marked as invalid in case of stolen.
12. 4.OPERATIONAL SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM
It supports the operation and maintenance of GSM and allows system engineers to
monitor and troubleshoot all aspects of GSM system.
Purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for all GSM related
maintenance services.
It supports one or more Operation Maintenance Centre (OMC) which are used to
monitor the performance of each MS, BSC and MSC within a GSM system.