BSNL provides cellular mobile services using GSM technology. It divides the service area into geographical areas served by radio cells. Each cell contains a base station that transmits and receives calls using radio channels. BSNL's network consists of the base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register and visitor location register which work together to route calls and track the location of mobile users. The network allows for seamless handover of calls as users move between different cells.
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
Mobile Communication Academic Assignment
For B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering 7th Semester
Index:
1. Introduction
2. Techniques
3. Schemes
4. History
5. Digital an Analog Beamforming
6. Difference between Digital and Analog Beamforming
7. Analog Beamforming Working
8. Digital Beamforming Working with receiver and transmitter
9. Digital Beamforming Challenges with receiver and transmitter
10. Solutions to the Challenges
11. For Speech Audio
Source: Wikipedia, Research Papers etc
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
Mobile Communication Academic Assignment
For B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering 7th Semester
Index:
1. Introduction
2. Techniques
3. Schemes
4. History
5. Digital an Analog Beamforming
6. Difference between Digital and Analog Beamforming
7. Analog Beamforming Working
8. Digital Beamforming Working with receiver and transmitter
9. Digital Beamforming Challenges with receiver and transmitter
10. Solutions to the Challenges
11. For Speech Audio
Source: Wikipedia, Research Papers etc
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
It is description about trunking theory that is used to develop trunked system that can allocate a limited number of channels to a large number of users.
Examples of wireless communication systems, paging systems, cordless telephone systems, cellular telephone systems,evolution of mobile phone, MSC, MTSO, PSTN, Mobile communication, wireless link, subscriber,
Introduction to GSM - an Overview of Global System for Mobile Communicationiptvmagazine
ย
This slideshow explains the basic components, technologies used, and operation of Global System for Mobile Communication - GSM - systems. You will discover the evolution of GSM; 1st generation analog systems, 2nd generation GSM systems (digital voice), 3rd generation multimedia, and 4th generation wideband ultra broadband systems.
You will learn the key system components and basic services that GSM systems can provide. Discover the types of GSM devices which include mobile telephones, wireless PCMCIA cards, embedded radio modules, and external radio modems. The different types of services are described including voice services, data services, and messaging services.
Learn about the physical and logical radio channel structures of the GSM system along with the basic frame and slot structures. The operation of the GSM radio channels are explained including channel coding, modulation types, speech coding, RF power control, and mobile assisted handover. GSM radio channel have 8 time slots per frame and that some of these are used for signaling (control channels) and others are used for user traffic (voice and data).
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
It is description about trunking theory that is used to develop trunked system that can allocate a limited number of channels to a large number of users.
Examples of wireless communication systems, paging systems, cordless telephone systems, cellular telephone systems,evolution of mobile phone, MSC, MTSO, PSTN, Mobile communication, wireless link, subscriber,
Introduction to GSM - an Overview of Global System for Mobile Communicationiptvmagazine
ย
This slideshow explains the basic components, technologies used, and operation of Global System for Mobile Communication - GSM - systems. You will discover the evolution of GSM; 1st generation analog systems, 2nd generation GSM systems (digital voice), 3rd generation multimedia, and 4th generation wideband ultra broadband systems.
You will learn the key system components and basic services that GSM systems can provide. Discover the types of GSM devices which include mobile telephones, wireless PCMCIA cards, embedded radio modules, and external radio modems. The different types of services are described including voice services, data services, and messaging services.
Learn about the physical and logical radio channel structures of the GSM system along with the basic frame and slot structures. The operation of the GSM radio channels are explained including channel coding, modulation types, speech coding, RF power control, and mobile assisted handover. GSM radio channel have 8 time slots per frame and that some of these are used for signaling (control channels) and others are used for user traffic (voice and data).
Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s
Half rate => Used for speech at 6.5 Kbits/s
or sending data at 4.8 Kbits/s
Enhanced Full rate => Used for speech at 13 Kbits/s
or sending data at 9.6 Kbits/s but
with almost Land line quality
FCCH = FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNEL
=> To tell the Mobile that this is the BCCH carrier
=> To able the Mobile to synchronize to the frequency
(Downlink only)
SCH = SYNCHRONISATION CHANNEL
=> Used for sending BSIC (Base station Identity Code)
=> Give TDMA frame number to the Mobile.
(Downlink only)
BCCH = BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
=> Used for sending information to the mobile like
CGI (Cell Global identity), LAI (Location Area Identity),
BCCH carriers of the neighboring cells,
maximum output power allowed in the cell and other
broadcast messages like barred cell. (Downlink only)
PCH = PAGING CHANNEL
=> Used for paging the Mobile. (Downlink only)
Reason could be an incoming call or an incoming Short Message.
RACH = RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
=> Used for responding to the paging (terminating), Location updating
or to make call access (originating) by asking for a signaling channel.
(Uplink only)
AGCH = ACCESS GRANT CHANNEL
=> Used to allocate SDCCH to the mobile.
(Downlink only)
Global system for mobile communication Introduction, GSM architecture, GSM interfaces, Signal processing in GSM,
Frame structure of GSM, Channels used in GSM
GSM(Global system for mobile communication ) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
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Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
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This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
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At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
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Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throughย Full Sail University. Below, youโll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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4. BSNL
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
WHAT IS A CELL ?
โข A base station (transmitter) having a number of
RF channels is called a cell
โข Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile
subscribers within the cell boundaries
( Coverage area)
โข Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km
(Start up), 1 KM (Mature)
6. BSNL Fundamental problems
โข Radio range, or coverage
โข No. of channels, or voice circuits
โข Full, seamless service coverage
โข Large no. of subscribers in the range
of millions
7. BSNL
FERQUENCY SCARCITY PROBLEM
Tel
Ex.
๏จ
๏จ
๏จWIRED NETWORK
100,000 ๏ฒ 50 Khz = 5 Ghz (NOT POSSIBLE)
Hence Individual RF Loop is not extended
But a Common group of channels is shared
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS
BW for Telephony speech:
3KHz increases to 25 KHz with FM for Radio Trans.
14. BSNL
14
GSM Network Structure
โข GSM Service Area: Total area served by the
combination of all member countries where a mobile can
be served.
โข MSC Service Area: There can many MSC/VLR in one
PLMN area.It is one Mobile Exch. Area.
โข GMSC: All I/C calls for PLMN N/W will be routed
through GMSC. In a GSM/PLMN N/W all mobile
terminated calls will be routed to a Gateway MSC. Call
connections between PLMNs , or to fixed N/Ws must be
routed to a GMSC.The GMSC contains the Inter working
functions to make these connections.
โข Location Area
โข Cells
15. BSNL
LOCATION AREA : There are several LA in a
MSC/VLR combination. A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR
service area in which a MS may move freely without updating
location information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control
the LA. Within a LA a paging message is broadcast in order
to find the called mobile subs. LA can be identified by system
using the LAI.
CELL : A cell is an identity served by one BTS. The MS
distinguishes between cells using the BASE STATION
IDENTIFICATION CODE(BSIC) that the cell site broadcast
over the air.
GSM Network Structure
18. BSNL
MSC/VLR
LA 1 LA 2
LA 6
LA 3
LA 4
LA 5
C1
C5
C4
C7
C2
C3
C6
GSM
Cells
C = Cell
19. BSNL
19
GSM
Relation between areas in GSM
Location AreaCell
Area served by a BTS
Location Area
MSC Service Area
PLMN Service Area
GSM Service Area
20. BSNL
20
GSM
Functions of Mobile Station
โข Voice and data transmission
โข Frequency and time synchronization
โข Monitoring of power and signal quality of
the surrounding cells
โข Provision of location updates even during
inactive state
โข Equalization of multi path distortions
21. BSNL
21
GSM
Mobile Station
โข Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held
โข MS identified by unique IMEI(International Mobile Equipment
Identity)
โข Shell display at least last ten received, dialled and
missed calls
โข Minimum talk time of 1hr 30 min. and standby
time of 80 hrs
โข 160 characters long SMS
23. BSNL
23
GSM IMSI
โข International mobile subscriberโs
Identity
โข The IMSI is an unique identity which is
used internationally and used within the
network to identify the mobile subscribers.
โข The IMSI is stored on the subscriber
identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR and
AC database.
25. BSNL
25
GSM
FUNCTION OF BTS -I
โข Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and
feeds the RF signals to the antenna
โข Transcoding and rate adaption Functionality
โข Time and frequency synchronisation signals
transmission.
โข 11 power classes from .01 watts to 320 watts
26. BSNL
26
GSM
FUNCTION OF BTS -II
โข Frequency hopping
โข Random access detection
โข Uplink radio channel measurements
โข BTS mainly consists of a set of transceivers
(TRX).
27. BSNL
27
GSM
FUNCTIONS OF BSC-I
โข It is connected to BTS and offloads MSC
โข Radio resource management
โข Inter-cell handover
โข Reallocation of frequencies
โข Power control
28. BSNL
28
GSM
FUNCTIONS OF BSC-II
โข Time delay measurement of the received signals
from MS with respect to BTS clock.
โข Performs traffic concentration to reduce the
number of lines from BSC to MSC.
29. BSNL
30
GSM
MSC-BSS Configurations
BTS
BTS
BTS
A-bis
BSC
BSS
Configuration -6
Multi - cell site =
multi--BTS site
Many single
cell sites
BSS
MSC
BTS
A
A
A
Single - cell site
Configuration -1
Multi - cell site (sector Cells
Configuration -5
MSC: Mobile Switching Centre
BSS: Base Station System
BSC: Base Station Controller
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
A-bis
BTS BTS
BTS
30. BSNL
31
GSM
MSC ( MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE)
Manages communication between GSM & other
network
Call setup functions, basic switching are done
MSC takes into account the RR allocation in
addition to normal exchange functions
MSC does gateway function while its customers
roams to other network by using HLR /VLR
31. BSNL
32
GSM
MSC Functions - I
Paging, specifically call handling
Location updation
Handover management
Billing for all subscribers based in its area
Reallocation of frequencies to BTSs in its area
to meet heavy demands
32. BSNL
33
GSM
MSC Functions - II
๏ Echo canceller operation control
๏ Signaling interface to databases like HLR,
VLR.
๏ Gateway to SMS between SMS centers and
subscribers
33. BSNL
34
GSM
VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)-I
It controls those mobiles roaming in its area.
VLR reduces the number of queries to HLR
One VLR may be incharge of one or more LA.
VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS its area.
IMSI detach and attach operation
34. BSNL
35
GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)-I
โข Reference store for subscriberโs parameters,
numbers, authentication & Encryption values.
โข Current subscriber status and associated VLR.
โข Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in
the same equipment in an MSC.
โข One PLMN may contain one or several HLR.
35. BSNL
36
GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)-II
Data stored is changed only by man-machine.
Category of MS ( whether pay phone or not )
Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ).
Supplementary services like call forwarding
Permanent data in HLR
36. BSNL
37
Temporary data in HLR
The data changes from call to call & is
dynamic
VLR address, MSC address.
Messages waiting data used for SMS
GSM
Home Location Register(HLR)-II