1. Topic 2 The World of Plants Standard Grade Biology

2. World of Plants is divided into: A- Introducing plants B- Growing plants (Pollination, Fertilisation, Asexual reproduction) C- Making food

6. Seeds

12. Structure of a Flower

13. Petal Stigma Anther

14. Petals Stigma Anther Filament Ovary Sepals Ovules Nectaries Style Collect a cut-out flower, colour it in and put it together. Carpel female parts Stamen male parts

15. What do the parts do? Sepals- protect the flower when it is a bud Petals- colourful to attract the insects Nectaries- give out sugary liquid to attract insects Stamen - anther produces male sex cells (pollen) Carpel- stigma traps pollen Style is where pollen tube grows down to female sex cells. Carpel- ovary produces female sex cells (ovules)

19. Insect Pollinated Plants

20. Wind Pollinated Plants

22. Pollination Summary dull light dangling feathery none bright colour sticky inside flower sticky makes sugar Structure Wind Pollinated Insect Pollinated Petals Pollen Stamen Stigma nectar

25. Fertilisation

27. Pollen tube growth

28. Fertilisation Once fertilisation has taken place the zygote (fertilised ovule )becomes a seed , and the ovary becomes a fruit . The petals die and fall off. The plant seeds are in the fruit .

30. Types of Fruits Soft & fleshy Hard & dry Apple Tomato Hazelnut

32. Seed Dispersal Dispersal method Description Seeds/ Fruits Wind Seeds are designed to travel as far as possible. May have extensions which act as parachutes or wings. Fruits may be shaken like a pepper pot.

33. Seed Dispersal Dispersal method Description Seeds/ Fruits Animal (internal) Fruit is brightly coloured to attract animals. When eaten the seed travels with the animal, survives acidic digestive juices and is passed out in the faeces.

34. Seed Dispersal Dispersal method Description Seeds/ Fruits Animal (external) Some have little hooks or sticky substances so they stick onto the animal’s fur, are carried away and rubbed off later. Some carried away by animals and dropped.

40. Tubers Tubers are underground food stores which stores food over the winter and provides a new plant with food until it can make its own. Food made by the new plant is sent to make new tubers. Thereby reproducing itself. Examples: potato, artichoke, yam, cassava, water chestnut, arrowroot Taro- Japanese potato

41. Arrowroot arrowroot = arrow root = Chinese potato (this name also is used for jicama ) = goo = seegoo = arrowhead = Chinese arrowhead = tse goo = ci gu = tsu goo Notes: The name arrowroot is more commonly associated with a thickener that's made from the plant. A fresh arrowroot tuber looks like a small onion, only without the layers. It should be peeled, and then it can be boiled or stir-fried. Look for it in Chinese markets during the winter.

42. Cassava cassava = casava = manioc = mandioca = tapioca root = yucca = yucca root = yuca root = Brazilian arrowroot Pronunciation: kuh-SAH-vuh Notes: People in Hispanic countries use cassavas much like Americans use potatoes. There's both a sweet and a bitter variety of cassava. The sweet one can be eaten raw, but the bitter one requires cooking to destroy the harmful prussic acid it contains.

43. Topinambour tapioca root Notes: Water chestnuts are delightfully sweet and crisp- if you buy them fresh. You need to peel off their brown jackets and simmer them for five minutes before stir-frying. Tinned Water chestnuts are easily available but not nearly as good. If you use them, blanch them first in boiling water for thirty seconds. Topinambour Water chestnut Chinese water chestnut

44. Bulbs Bulbs are also underground food stores which work in the same way as tubers. The difference is that bulbs have thick fleshy ‘leaves’. Keukenhof gardens near Amsterdam Holland.

45. Examples: snowdrop, crocus, daffodil, iris, lily, hyacinths, amaryllis, onion, garlic. Stargazer lily

46. 3. Dec. - Jan. Cooling Period Rest period. In order for bulbs to bloom in the spring they need weeks of at least 5 o C. Frost at this time doesn’t harm them. 1. Sept.- Oct. Planting Time The tulip bulbs are going to be planted twice as deep as the bulb is high. They have no roots at this stage. 2. November Making Roots The roots start growing out of the base, establish themselves taking nutrients from the soil. Mother bulbs get ready for winter. 4. Feb. – March G rowing Period The bulbs begin to change as the starch, or carbohydrates in them turns to sugar. As this occurs, the leaves and flower gradually push up-wards out of the bulb. 5. April – May B looming Time The tulips are in bloom-they receive their nourishment from the roots-only the brown skin of the bulb remains as all of the energy has gone to the bloom. 6. May – June Regeneration After flowering the blooms are cut and the leaves are left on the plant. The new daughter-bulbs use the food in the leaves to grow. 7. July - Sept. Multiplying Up to five small bulbs can be expected to grow out of the mother bulb. They form their roots slowly, and develop their blooms and leaves within the bulb, for next year's plant.

47. Runners Runners are side shoots which grow out from the parent plant. Buds form at points along the runner and eventually these buds form roots and grow into new plants. Examples: spider plant ( Anthericum ), strawberry ( Fragaria x ananassa)

48. Flame violet ( Episcia reptans ) Collect Information Card “ Asexual Reproduction” Take short notes from it.

50. Reproduction- advantages Asexual Sexual Genetically identical offspring (clones) which have parent’s strong characteristics (but weak ones also passed on) and are suited to their environment. Narrow distribution spreading over the area quickly as no vulnerable stages involved. Genetically different offspring- variation . More chance of survival if conditions change. Wide distribution Reduces competition for water/light/nutrients as no dense growth around the parent. Using seeds allows the offspring to travel to new areas.

52. Artificial Propagation People can make use of plants’ ability to reproduce asexually (instead of using seeds) by using methods of artificial propagation such as: - Cuttings - Graftings Again this produces genetically identical offspring (clones).

53. Cuttings They can be placed in moist soil or water (and sometimes dipped in rooting powder). Cuttings are small pieces of stem with some leaves attached, the new plant grows from this.

54. Grafting A cut stem of one plant (with good flower or fruit growth) (the graft) is taken and firmly attached to the rootstock of another plant (which has a strong, established root system) (the stock) . Examples- roses, fruit trees

55. Grafting- advantages Allows you to clone the commercial qualities of a particular fruit variety on another tree. Seed trees have highly variable fruit quality. They come into production much earlier (2-3 years) than trees grown from seed (5-10 years).

56. Activity World of Plants Workbook p42 The effect of rooting powder on cuttings Collect some graph paper and work through the problem solving activity

57. Activity World of plants workbook p33 “ Artificial propagation- commercial advantages” Read page. Collect Information sheet Write short notes on it.

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