The document provides details about the history and culture of Ancient Greece from its earliest civilizations to its decline. It discusses the major civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans, the rise of city-states like Athens and Sparta, and Greece's achievements in literature, philosophy, science and democracy. It also outlines key events like the Persian wars and Peloponnesian war that shaped Ancient Greece and led to its eventual decline and the rise of Macedonia and Rome.

1. MONICA JOY A. RELUCIO 4B

2. MONICA JOY A. RELUCIO 4B

3. “GLORY THAT
WAS GREECE”
RELUCIO 4B

4. The glory meant the extraordinary
achievements mad by the Greeks
in nearly all areas of endeavor.
They were the first people to
develop the concept of
democracy; they set standards of
excellence in
literature, philosophy and science
RELUCIO 4B

5. • Greece is one of the oldest
civilizations in the world and
the cradle of Western culture
• Ancient Greece occupied the
southern tip of Balkan
Peninsula protruding into
the Eastern Mediterranean.
RELUCIO 4B

6. • The GREEKS called themselves
Hellenes after HELEN.
• Greece also known as Hellas and
officially the Hellenic Republic
• It should be noted that History
is a discipline that was
conceived first in Ancient
Greece.
RELUCIO 4B

7. EUROPE

9. • Greece has the tenth longest coastline
in the world at 14,880 km in
length, featuring a vast number of
islands (approximately 1400, of which
227 are inhabited), including Crete, the
Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the
Ionian Islands among others. Eighty
percent of Greece consists of
mountains, of which Mount Olympus is
the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).

10. MOUNT OLYMPUS
• Mount Olympus
in northern
Greece is the
highest peak in
the country. In
Greek
mythology it was
the home of the
gods.

12. • three distinct civilizations
–Cycladic civilization (in the islands
of the Aegean, and more
specifically around the Cyclades)
–Minoans(occupied the large island
of Crete)
–Helladic(civilization of the Greek
mainland : Mycenaean civilization)

13. Minoans (2200 – 1450 B.C.)
• occupied the large island of Crete
• considered to be the first advanced
civilization of Europe
• Was named after King MINOS ( a JUST
RULER)
• Palace Minos at Knossos(greatest
palace ever built)

14. Palace Minos

15. Mycenaean (1900 – 1100 B.C.)
• also the called “Age of Heroes” because it
is the source of the mythological heroes
and epics like Hercules, the Iliad and the
Odyssey.
• Mycenaean culture had a great deal of
influence with its legends and Greek
language on what later became the
splendor of Classical Greece.

16. dark ages (1200-750 BC),
• After 1200B.C. Greece entered Dark
Ages for 800 years.
• major settlements were abandoned
(with the notable exception of
Athens), and the population
dropped dramatically in numbers.

17. • people of Greece lived in small
groups that moved constantly in
accordance with their new
pastoral lifestyle and livestock
needs, while they left no written
record behind leading to the
conclusion that they were
illiterate.

18. • Later in the Dark Ages (between 950
and 750 BCE), Greeks relearned how
to write once again, but this time
instead of using the Linear B script
used by the Mycenaeans, they
adopted the alphabet used by the
Phoenicians “innovating in a
fundamental way by introducing
vowels as letters.

19. • The Greek version of the alphabet
eventually formed the base of the
alphabet used for English today.
• new socio-political institutions that
eventually allowed for the rise of
Democracy in 5th c. BCE Athens.
Notable events from this period
include the occurrence of the first
Olympics in 776,

20. Archaic (700 – 480 BCE)
• it was considered archaic, or old-
fashioned, in comparison with the
Classical Period that followed
• Greek population recovered and
organized politically in city-states
(Polis) comprised of citizens, foreign
residents, and slaves.

21. RISE OF THE CITY STATES
• The identity of each greek state was reinfoced
by the development of:
- Religious rituals for their gods and
heroes
- Making political and legal decisions
• Government – ARISTOCRATIC
Noble family

22. I. SPARTA
• Situated in Peloponnesus, in southern Greece
• subdue the natives
Helots (farm laborers)
• 700 B.C conquered Messenia –enough land
• IMPORTANT : develop the city into a military
state rebellion of Messenians and helots
• 600 B.C. = Constitution ( Council of Elders)
• like a military camp

23. • Weak and deformed children = killed
• Boys began their military training = 7 yrs. Old
gymnastics, military exercises and test in
physical endurance
20 yrs. Old = recruited to army and allowed to
get married = but stay in the barracks
30 years old= admitted to the assembly and
government posts.

24. • GIRLS = also trained to be strong and healthy
mothers
“ Come back with your shield or on it”
SPARTAN = STERNLY DISCIPLINE (now)
• Helots = slaves and not allowed to become
citizens ( secret policy to spy on them)
every year, war arises to weed out
troublemakers

25. • Peloponnesian League (500 B.C.)
A military alliance of city-states in
Southern Greece
• They were hardy and efficient
soldiers
• No contributions to THOUGHT AND
ART.

26. II. ATHENS
• Emphasized a well- rounded
development --- physically, socially and
mentally
• First people to develop DEMOCRACY
(demos: people; kratos-power)
• KING ARCHNOS(NOBLES)
• DRACO = harsh lawgiver, -- drew up the
1st written code of laws

27. • SOLON = a statesman, poet and
merchant made the first step
towards DEMOCRACY repealed
Draco’s harsh laws
• PISISTRATUS – replaced SOLON , he was a
tyrant who ruled well gave lands to
poor, built temples, improved water
supply and promote culture
“FOUNDATION OF THE CULTURAL CENTER
OF ATHENS”

28. • CLEISTHENES = head of the party to
oppose tyrants in 510 B.C. reformed the
political system. Athens 10 areas
( DEMES)
• Male citizens – right to vote
• OSTRACISM – practice of banishing
suspected tyrants for ten years by a vote
of 6000 written on pottery called
ostrakan or ostraca

29. • POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
= Pericles --- Democracy reached to its
height.
• EDUCATION
=important to Athenians. AIM: to
develop the students fine bodies and
appreciation for the arts, to learn to think
for themselves and to become good
citizens

30. • * though SPARTA AND ATHENS
were two different cities – but
common in LANGUAGE AND
GODS
- Read same Homeric poems and
joined the same athletic contest .
- BARBARIANS = Non- Greeks

31. GREEK STRUGGLE AGAINST
PERSIA
• 500 B.C. = Greeks migrated to the shores of
ASIA MINOR to settle there.
• 6th century = conquered by CYRUS (Persian
King)
revolt with the aid of Athens = 20 ships =
crushed by King Darius ( great Persian king)
• 492 B.C. = sent an expieition to conquer
Greece but the fleet was destroyed by a
storm

32. PERSIAN DEFEAT AT MARATHON
• 490 B.C = another expedition was sent and
landed at Marathon (42 kilometers from
Athens).
• Athenians outnumbered by Persians( 20,000
men)
• So Athens ask help from Sparta
• MILTIADES = Greek leader who defeated the
Persians

33. • MILTIADES ( he sent the runner
PHIDIPPIDES from marathon to Athens
with news of Athenian victory = 42
kilometers at top speed, delivered his
message and fell to the ground, DEAD)
• * MARATHON = refers to the foot race of
42.2 kilometers ( an event in Olympics
since 1896)

34. BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE
• 10 YEARS later = 480 B.C.
• XERXES, the son of Darius assembled a huge
force to invade Greece(both land and sea)
• The Greek city-states join forces to fight a
common enemy.
• *betrayed by a Greek traitor and showed the
Persians a secret trail.
• - so the Spartans was defeated by land but
was successful to destroy the fleet on the sea
and Xerxes had to drew back to Persia

35. Struggle of Hercules
TROJAN HORSE
Penelope and
Telemachus

36. CLASSIC GREECE (480 - 323 BCE)
• Athens and Sparta dominated the
Hellenic world with their cultural and
military achievements.
• These two cities, with the involvement of
the other Hellenic states, rose to power
through alliances, reforms, and a series
of victories against the invading Persian
armies.

37. • The classical (or golden) age of
Greece started soon after and
gave rise to many of the world’s
cultural emblems before ending
with the Peloponnesian Wars
(431-404 AD) in which the
Athenians were vanquished by
the Spartans.

39. LITERATURE
• Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey = show
standard of courage and honor
• Pindar( greatest Greek lyric poets
and famous to chorale odes – wrote
about success of Athletes= Olympics

40. • Herodotus (484 – 425 BCE) is
considered the Father of
History, as he was the first who
attempted to record events and
human actions for the sole
purpose of preserving them for
future generations.
RELUCIO 4B

41. • Thucydides – 1st war correspondent
= “HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN
WAR”
• Xenophon – “Anabasis”( an account
of a Greek army in Persia);”
Cryopaedia “ (biography of Cyrus the
Great)

42. Acropolis- Athens, Greece
• They were constructed during the Golden Age of
Athens (5th century BC) under the rule of the famous
Athenian statesman Pericles.

43. PHILOSOPHY
• PHILOS – Love of
• SOPHOS – Knowledge or wisdom
• 3 OUTSTANDING PHILOSOPHERS :
1. SOCRATES
2. PLATO (academy)
3. ARISTOTLE(Lyceum)

44. SCIENCE
• HIPPOCRATES – “ Father of
Medicine”
• HEROPHILUS – performed the 1st
public anatomy demonstrations
• EUCLID – “Elements of Geometry”
• ARCHIMEDES – (physics) “Law of
Bouyancy”

45. • Thucydides – 1st war correspondent
= “HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN
WAR”
• Xenophon – “Anabasis”( an account
of a Greek army in Persia);”
Cryopaedia “ (biography of Cyrus the
Great)

46. GREEK MYTHOLOGY
• set of diverse traditional tales told by
the ancient Greeks about the exploits
of gods and heroes and their relations
with ordinary mortals.
• The ancient Greeks worshiped many
gods within a culture that tolerated
diversity

47. DECLINE OF GREECE
• PELOPONESSIAN WAR(431 B.C.)
- both Sparta and Athens
became powerless and open for
invasions.
- the war marked the
beginning of the end of Grecian
glory.

48. • MACEDONIAN EMPIRE - north of Greece
• Alexander the Great, who marched into
Asia Minor, Egypt, Persia and parts of
what are now Afghanistan and India,
ushered in the Macedonian empire. It
ruled for three dynasties and is known as
the Hellenistic period. During this time,
Greek ideas and culture was
amalgamated with other proud ancient
cultures and a new tradition was created.

49. HELLENISTIC AGE
• The Hellenistic Age marks the
transformation of Greek society from the
localized and introverted city-states to an
open, cosmopolitan, and at times
exuberant culture that permeated the
entire eastern Mediterranean, and
Southwest Asia.

52. • Hellenistic Greece became a time of
substantial maturity of the sciences.
In geometry, Euclid’s elements
became the standard all the way up
to the 20th c. CE., and the work of
Archimedes on mathematics along
with his practical inventions became
influential and legendary

53. • The battle of Actium is
considered the pivotal
moment that defines the end
of Ancient Greece. After the
battle of Actium, the entire
Hellenic world became subject
to Rome.

54. BATTLE OF ACTIUM
• Battle of Actium, decisive naval
engagement fought off the promontory
of Actium on September 2, 31 BC,
between the Roman fleet of Octavian
(later first emperor of Rome as
Augustus), under the command of
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, and a
combined Roman-Egyptian fleet
commanded by Mark Antony and
Cleopatra

55. GREECE(19TH CENTURY)
• There is a blue canton in the upper hoist-side
corner bearing a white cross; the cross
symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established
religion of the people of Greece and Greek
Cypriots. According to popular tradition, the
nine stripes represent the nine syllables of the
phrase "Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος" ("Freedom or
Death", " E-lef-the-ri-a i Tha-na-tos"), The nine
stripes are also said to represent the letters of
the word "freedom" (Greek: Ελευθερία).
CAPITAL : ATHENS

56. BALKAN WAR
• The lesson of the humiliating defeat of 1897
was not lost on Greek statesman Eleutherios
Venizelos, who became prime minister of
Greece in 1910. Born in Crete, Venizelos had
labored for the island’s union with Greece. He
came to dominate Greek politics as the leader
of the Liberal Party, which drew support from
nationalists of all classes.

57. WORLD WAR I
• At the outset of World War I,
Venizelos favored Greece’s entry on
the side of the Allied Powers, which
included Britain, France, Russia, and
later, Italy and the United States.

58. • In World War II, Greece was first
invaded by Italy (1940) and
subsequently occupied by Germany
(1941-44); fighting endured in a
protracted civil war between
supporters of the king and
Communist rebels.

59. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

60. • Greece has both a president and a
prime minister, as well as a cabinet
of ministers. A constitutional revision
in 1986 transferred a great deal of
executive authority from the
president to the prime minister and
the cabinet. The powers of the
president are now largely
ceremonial.

61. • The prime minister is head of
government. The president
appoints the prime minister but is
obliged to select the candidate
proposed by the party with the
largest number of seats in
parliament.

62. • Greece is a PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC.
The nominal head of state is the
President of the Republic, who is elected
by the Parliament for a five-year term.
• The current Constitution was drawn up
and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary
Parliament of the Hellenes and entered
into force in 1975 after the fall of the
military junta of 1967–1974.

63. The Hellenic Parliament in central
Athens.
Count Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776–1831),first
head of state and governor of independent The current President of
Greece. Greece, Karolos Papoulias

64. ECONOMY
• Greece has a capitalist economy with the
public sector accounting for about 40% of
gross domestic product and with per capita
GDP about two-thirds that of the leading
euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 15%
of GDP. Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth
of the work force, mainly in agricultural and
unskilled jobs.

66. • GDP (2010 forecast): €236 billion
(about $315 billion).
• Per capita GDP (2009 estimated):
$30,035.
• Growth rate (2010 forecast): -4.00%.
Inflation rate (2010 forecast): 4.6%.
Unemployment rate (annual average,
2010 forecast): 11.8%.

67. CULTURE
• "Culture is the sum of all the forms of art, of
love, and of thought, which, in the course of
centuries, have enabled man to be less
enslaved." - Andre Malraux.

68. • Greek Culture is one of the oldest
cultures. It has evolved over
thousands of years. It finds its roots
in the Mycenaean and Minoan
civilizations. The Roman, the
Byzantine and the Ottoman empires
have had a major influence on the
culture of Greece.

69. • Greeks are proud of their culture and
look at their culture as being a
representation of their nationality
and ethnicity. Their art, religion,
dance, music and the Greek cuisine
compose the rich culture of Greece.
The Greek diet is characterized by a
variety of foods and wine.

70. PARTHENON
The Parthenon, built
between 447 and 432
BC, is the greatest
monument of classical
Athens. Originally a
temple to Athena
Parthenos (the Virgin
Athena), it was
eventually converted
into a Christian church
and later into a mosque.
The structure survived
largely intact until 1687,
when the Turkish
gunpowder stored inside
it was detonated in the
course of a siege by
Venetian troops.

71. Greek Relief Sculpture
POSEIDON, Ruler of the
Sea
TEMPLE OF POSEIDON,
Paestum

72. Vaphio Cups Temple of Athena Nike,
Athens, Greece
LION GATE
The famous Lion Gate in the
ancient city of Mycenae in
Greece shows the detailed
stone carving at which the
Mycenaeans excelled.

73. RELIGION
• A large population of Greece is composed of
Orthodox Christians.
• According to other sources, 15.8% of Greeks
describe themselves as very religious, which is
the highest among all European countries.
• The rest of it constitutes Muslims, Roman
Catholics and the Jews.

74. • Orthodox Church, one of the three historic and
distinctive types of Christianity, along with the
Roman Catholic Church and the diverse body of
Protestant churches.
• Orthodoxy is the form of Christianity that
developed first in the Eastern Roman Empire
• The Orthodox Church sees itself as the authentic
continuation of the first Christian communities
established by the apostles of Jesus in the cities
of the ancient Mediterranean world and spread
by missionary activity throughout eastern
Europe.

75. FLAG of Orthodox Christians.

76. Syrtos (shuffling dances)

77. • The guitar and flute were some of
the musical instruments to originate
in the Byzantine period.
• String instruments like Lyre
(KITHARA) were prominent during
the classical times. The most famous
musical instrument of Greece is
the bouzouki, a plucked string
instrument.

78. LYRE GUITAR AND
FLUTE

79. ANCIENT OLYMPICS
Stadium at Olympia
The Discobolus (Discus
Thrower)

80. • Greece, home to the first modern
Olympics, holds a long tradition in sports
• The Greek national football team, ranked
12th in the world in 2009
• The Greek Super League is the highest
professional football league in the
country comprising 16 teams.

81. Inside the Olympic Stadium of Athens
Spiros Louis

82. • The Greek culture today
stands as an example of
a beautiful blend of the
‘ancient’ and the
‘modern’. Greek culture
is characterized by its
diversity. The ancient
traditions and the
present-day
developments make the
Greek culture unique.

83. MONICA JOY A. RELUCIO
BSN4B