Ancient greece

ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION 2
INTRODUCTION
Country Originated
Capital
Capital of Greece
is Athens &
the Largest city.
Greece has
a population is
about 11.5 million
people. Largest
city and the
national
capital Athens.
Country Settlement
fig3 fig4
It started in cities on the
Greek main land and on
islands in the Aegean
Sea . Greek civilization
is the first major
civilization in
Europe.Greece is
covered by more than
6000 islands.Greece
officially the Hellenic
Republic also known
as Hellas.
fig1 All migrated
from Aegean Sea
to the
Mediterranean
Sea because of
the agriculture
land ,fishing and
transport needed.
fig2
First Civilisation Minoan -
civilization, Bronze
Age civilization
of Crete that flourished
from about 3000 BC to
about 1100 BC. Crete
became the foremost
site of Bronze
Age culture in
the Aegean Sea, and in
fact it was the first
centre of high
civilization in that area,
beginning at the end of
the 3rd millennium BC.

ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE
Greeks preferred
consuming
grapes, wheat,
barley, onions
especially olives
Olives are the
main food of the
Greek.
Food
Economy
fig6
fig8
Zeus-Sky
Hera-marriage.
Posedion-sea.
Demeter-Earth mother .
Hestia-Hearth.
Athena-skills and wisdom.
Apollo-Sun and music.
Artemis- hunting
Hermes-Messenger of the
Gods.
Aphrodite-Beauty ,love.
Hephaestos- Metalwork.
Ares- War.
Ancient Greek Gods
fig5
Farming,Fishing,Trade,Mining
fig7
Climate
The climate of
Greece is
remarkable for the
hot sun and the
heavy rains The
Mediterranean
climate brings hot,
dry summers and
cool, wet winters,
commonly with
enough rainfall to
make farming
without irrigation.
fig8

Language And Its Evolution
fig9
fig10 fig11 fig12 fig13

ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION
CLOTHING
5
fig14
fig15 fig16
Material:
Ancient Greek clothing was typically homemade and the same piece of
homespun fabric that was used as a type of garment, or blanket.The two most
popular materials were wool and linen.In the later periods of Ancient Greece,
the wealthy were able to buy clothes made of cotton and silk.Most of the
clothing was white, but they sometimes dyed their clothing using dyes made
from plants and insects.
Typical Clothing of women
The typical garment worn by women in Ancient Greece was a long tunic called
the peplos. The peplos was a long piece of cloth that was fastened about the
waist with a belt. Part of the peplos was folded down over the belt to make it
appear as if it was two pieces of clothing. Sometimes a smaller tunic called a
chiton was worn under the peplos. Women sometimes wore a wrap over their
peplos called a himation.

LOCATION MAP
Situated in the South –East Europe.
Near by countries:
•North of Greece-Bulgaria
•North east Of Greece-Turkey
•West of Greece – Ionian sea
•South of Greece - Mediterranean Sea 6
•Shares maritime borders
with Cyprus, Egypt, Italy, and Libya.
•With an area of 132 000 km², Greece is slightly
larger than half the size of the U.K or slightly
smaller than the U.S. state of Alabama.
fig17 fig18
fig19
fig20

fig21 fig22 fig23 fig24 fig25
fig26fig27fig28fig29fig30fig31
fig32 fig33 fig34 fig34 fig35

OPTICAL CORRECTION
A characteristic of the Doric order is the use of entasis.Entasis refers
to the practice of optical correction in Greek Doric temples.All
buildings are arranged with a slight curve to correct for optical
illusion when they are viewed.This is done to counteract the
concave appearance produced by straight edges in perspective.The
shaft of the column is built to be slightly convex in shape for optical
correction.Columns were also built with a slight tilt.The drawing to
the right explains entasis.Diagram one on top shows how the ancient
Greeks wanted the temple to appear.If the temple is built without
correction, then diagram two shows how it would actually appear.To
ensure that it appears correctly as desired in one, the Greeks
introduced the distortions shown in diagram three.The application of
entasisis an expression of the desire for perfection by Greek
architects.The best example of the application of entasisis found in
the Parthenonc
8
fig36
fig37

Introduction
Composed of a base, an upright column or support with its capital, and the horizontal
entablature. All the parts of an order are proportionally derived from the size of the base of the
column. It determines all aspects of the elevation of a building including its shape and the
arrangement and proportion of its parts.Greeks are credited with originating the three orders of
the classical language of architecture, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian.Columns were understood
by the Greeks to be anthropomorphic or representative of the body of a human .The base
suggests the feet, the shaft the torso and the capital the head.Each order had its own
conventions about the design of the entablatureThe entablature is divided into three sections;
the cornices, the frieze and the architrave.According the rules of classical architecture, the
entablature should always be divisible into these three zonesEach column was made up of
several drums of marble.They were held together by a stone peg in the center.The stones were
assembled and put together in their rough form.The capital was also carved out.After they
were put together, the grooves called flutes were cut up and down the shaft of the column and
all around it.This gave the column its slim and elegant look Temple Architecture.
Doric Order
The Doric order was the earliest to be developed.By the 6th
century, a set of universal proportions for the Doric temple
had been developed. The Doric order is made up of three
elements; stylobate, Column and entablature.The
stylobateis a podium raised three steps on which the temple
sits.The Doric column is further divided into the shaft and a
square capital.It had a height of between 5 and 6 times its
diameter.The shaft is tapered and made to bulge slightly to
provide correction for optical illusion. The shaft is usually
divided into 20 shallow flutes. The entablature is divided
into an architrave, a frieze and the cornice.The Doric
column represents the proportions of a man’s body, its
strength and beauty.
COLUMN CONSTRUCTIONS
9
fig38
fig39 fig40

Ionic Order
The Ionic order evolved and took its name from Ionia in
modern day Turkey.The ionic column including the capital
and base had a height of 9 to 10times its diameter.It had 24
flutes, which is more than that of the Doric column, even
though it is smaller in diameter.The flutes were rounded at
the top and bottom.The Ionic order had a capital developed
from a pair of volute about two-thirds the diameter of the
column in height Ornaments are used to decorate the area
between the capital and the volute.The Ionic column has a
base.One of the limitations of the Ionic order is that it is
designed to be seen from the front only.At the corner of
rectangular buildings, an angular volute had to be
used.Entasis was not applied to the ionic column .The Ionic
column is said to represent the shape of a women with its
delicacy and feminine slenderness.
Corinthian Order
The Corinthian order takes its name from the city of Corinth in
Greece.It however appeared to have been developed in Athens in
the 5th century BC.This order is similar in its proportions to the
Ionic order but has a different capital.The core of the capital is
shaped like an inverted bell. The bell-like capital is decorated with
rows of carved acanthus leaves.Therich decorative effectof the
Corinthian capital made it attractive.Because of its symmetry, the
Corinthian capital unlike the ionic capital is designed to be seen
from all directions.The Corinthian column, the most beautifully
ornateof the three orders represents the figure of a maiden.This
order was not extensively used during the Greek period.
10
fig41 fig42
fig43
fig44

Parts Of Greek Temple
There are four distinct parts to a greek temple.The
bottom, horizontal part is the steps. Most Greek
temples had three of them.The next sectionis
vertical and is the column.Most columns had a
base, at the bottom, a shaft in the middle.
Greek Temple Plans
Classification is based on:
The number of columns on the
entrance,Front,Type of collonade surrounding the
naos,Type Of PorticoTypical floor plan
incorporated a colonnade of columns (peristyle)
on all four sides; afront porch (pronaos), a back
porch (opisthodomos).Categorized based on their
ground plan and the way in which the columns
are arranged.Prostyle temple is a temple that has
columns only at the front.Amphiprostyle temple
has columns at the front and the rear..0ne of the
more unusual plans is the tholos, a temple with a
circular ground plan.Temples with a peripteral
arrangement have a single line of columns
arranged all
around the exterior of the temple
building.Dipteral temples simply have a double
row of columns surrounding the building.
GREEK TEMPLES
11
fig45

Greek Temples - Roof
All early temples had a
flat thatched
roof,supported by
columns(hypostyle), but
as soon as walls were
made from stone and
could therefore support a
heavier load, temples
were given a slightly
sloping roof, covered with
ceramic terracotta tiles.
These roof tiles could be
up to three-feet long and
weigh as much as 80
pounds.
fig46 Post And Lintel
Techniques
Use of "post and
lintel" techniques,
involving vertical
uprights (columns or
posts) supporting
horizontal beams
(lintels). This
method, known as
trabeated
construction,dates
back to earliest
times when temples
were made from
timber and clay, and
was later applied to
stone posts and
horizontal stone
beams.
fig47

The temple had the finest building materialsand the richest
decoration. It was also the most complexof architectural
form.It was designed not to hold worshippers, but as
symbolic dwelling of the gods.The temple is usually
rectangular in plan.It is lifted on a podium, and in plan has
colonnades on all its external sides.The number of columns is
always even to allow the location of the entrance in the
center; temples with odd number of columns are
uncommon.Temples with 2 columns in front are diastyle, 4-
tetrastyle, 6-hexastyle, 8-octastyle and 10-decastyle.Greek
temples usually have twice the number of columns in front
plus one by the side; A hexastyletemple =six columns in front
& thirteen on side.Colonnades define a portico around the
temple .The temple building is made up of four walls
enclosing a rectangular space called the naos or
sanctuary.This was the house of the god to whom the temple
is dedicated.The interior rectangular space of the naosis
framed by a pair of colonnades on the long side creating a
central processional space.At the head of the processional
space is the statue of thegod to whom the temple is
dedicated.The temple interior was generally dark, with only
the entrance as a source of light.The temple always faced east
so that the rising sun would light the statues inside Temples
were designed to be admired from the outside rather than
used.The Greek temple is believed to originate from the
Mycenaean megaron.By 500 BC, the final form of the Greek
temple had emerged.
13
fig48

MAJOR CITIES
Altogether there were over 1500 city-states in the Greek.
The Greek name for a city-state was "polis". The two
most powerful and famous city were Athens and Sparta,
but there were other important and influential and ruled
city in the history of Ancient Greece.They were often
rivals and fought each other in the Peloponnesian Wars.
At other times they united together in order to protect the
Greek lands from invaders. The cultures of the two cities
were very different. Sparta was almost entirely focused on
war and how to fight, while Athens focused on the arts
and learning.
Introduction
Athens
Athens is the capital and
largest city of Greece
and is one of the world's
oldest cities, with its
recorded history
spanning over 3,400
years and its earliest
human presence starting
somewhere between the
11th and 7th millennium
BC.
Sparta was one of the
most important Greek
city throughout
the Archaic and
Classical periods and
was famous for its
military prowess
around 650 BC, it rose
to become the
dominant military
land-power in ancient
Greece.
Spartas
fig49
fig50 fig51

Greek City States
Greeks had a clearly defined territorial organization.
Cities emerged as separate city states, instead of a single unified nation.
The disperse nature of fertile area was only available in form of isolated
valley,plains and plateau.
These conditions favoured an arrangement of :
Urban nucleus,Surrounded by country side,Surrounded-by-subordinated-
agricultural-village,community.
Greek urban form component
The Acropolis,The enclosing city wall,The Agora,Residential
districts.One or more leisure and cultural area, A religious precinct,The
harbors and ports,Industrial district
The silver/white field represents the
silver brought to the Athenians by their
early king Erichthonios. The blue
represents the sea, the base of Athenian
wealth. The olive-branch represents the
branch given to the people by Athena
to win the contest of power against
Poseidon, the god of the sea
The Organic Growth
Athens was never planned as a whole
Destroyed and reconstructed again over the old city
•Two main groups of civic building
1) Acropolis, 2)Agora.
It is considered as the best natural fortress of the ancient world. It rises
some 300 feet above the general level of the plain, irregularly shaped
roughly 350 yards by 140 yards and the long dimension oriented
east—west.The Athenian Acropolis started as Neolithic Village
Nucleus.Agora area developed from a market and meeting place.
ATHENS
15
fig52
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fig53

An `acropolis’ is any citadel or complex built on a high hill. The name derives from the Greek Akro, high or extreme/extremity or edge,
and Polis, city, translated as 'High City’, 'City on the Edge’ or 'City in the Air’, the most famous being the Acropolis of Athens, Greece,
built in the 5th century BCE. Though the word is Greek in origin, it has come to designate any such structure built on a high elevation
anywhere in the world. The Acropolis rises 490 feet (150 metres) into the sky above the city of Athens and has a surface area of
approximately 7 acres (3 hectares).
ACROPOLIS
16
fig55

Propylaea is the name given to monumental gates or entranceways to a
specific space, usually to a temple or religious complex and as such
they acted as a symbolic partition between the secular and religious
parts of a city. Less complex examples with a single entrance are
known as a propylon.
PROPYLEA
17
fig56
fig57
fig58

The Parthenon was the most prominent building on the
Athenian Acropolis.It was designed by Ictinus and
Callicratesin 447 BC.The Parthenon is the most perfect Doric
temple ever built in the height of 13.72m ,with limestone and
marble finished material.It was lighter and more graceful than
previous temples.It also embodies the perfection of the Greek
system of proportioning.The proportions of the Parthenon are
based on the proportions of a man, which is 7:1.The ideal
human body was seven heads tall.The Parthenon is an
octastyletemple with 8 columns in front and 17 columns by its
side.In the Parthenon we also find the best example of the
application of entasis.The Parthenon had two rooms in plan;
the treasury, which is most often empty and the naosor inner
sanctuary .An ivory gold statue of Athena, 11 meters tall
carved by Phidasonce stood in the noas or inner sanctuary of
the Parthenon.
PARTHENON
18
fig59 fig60
fig61

THE PARTHENON AND PHI , THE GOLDEN RATIO
The Parthenon in Athens, built by the ancient Greeks from 447
to 438 BC, is regarded by many to illustrate the application of
the Golden Ratio in design, however, debate this and say that
the Golden Ratio was not used in its design. It was not until
about 300 BC that the Greek’s knowledge of the Golden Ratio
was first documented in the written historical record by Euclid
in “Elements.” It states, “a straight line is said to have been cut
in extreme and mean ratio when, as the whole line is to the
greater segment, so is the greater to the less.” As background,
there are many geometric constructions of the Golden Ratio,
but two of the most familiar are based on a golden rectangle
whose ratio of the longer side to the shorter side is
1.618. Golden rectangles can be divided to create a square and
another golden rectangle.
The grid lines appear to illustrate golden ratio proportions in these design elements:
Height of the columns – The structural beam on top of the columns is in a golden
ratio proportion to the height of the columns. Note that each of the grid lines is a
golden ratio proportion of the one below it, so the third golden ratio grid line from
the bottom to the top at the base of the support beam represents a length that is phi
cubed, 0.236, from the top of the beam to the base of the column.
Dividing line of the root support beam – The structural beam on top of the
columns has a horizontal dividing line that is in golden ratio proportion to the height
of the support beam.
Width of the columns – The width of the columns is in a golden ratio proportion
formed by the distance from the center line of the columns to the outside of the
columns.
The height of the roof support beam and in the decorative rectangular sections that
run horizontally across it. The gold colored grids are golden rectangles, with a
width to height ratio of exactly 1.618 to 1.
fig62
fig63
fig64

The Erechtheum is an ancient Greek temple on the north side of
the Acropolis of Athens in Greece which was dedicated to
both Athena and Poseidon. •Athena is believed to have won the fight and
so Athens was named after her.The erechtheumwas named after
Erechtheus, the legendary king of Athens, whose mother was the goddess
of the earth and whose father was the fire god.The shape of the
erechtheumis not a perfect rectangular and it does not have a colonnade
surrounding it.Two porches spring out from the core rectangle of the
temple at different levels.A small porch faces the Parthenon.This has
columns in the shape of a woman called caryatid .The caryatids are
linked to a historical story.The caryatids are a people who lived in Asia
minor.They were believed to have fought with the Persians against the
Greeks.When the Greeks won, they destroyed the cities of the caryatids
.They killed all the men and brought back the women as slaves.For
revenge the Greeks copied the Caryatid slave women in stone and forced
them to carry the roof the Erechtheumfor all time.The weight of the roof
is carried from the top of the head of the caryatid through their leg.A
larger porch on the northern side has ionic columns.The ionic columns
have all the characteristics of the Ionic order.
ERECHTHEUM
20
fig67 fig68
fig69

Theatre of Dionysus, prototype of Greek theatres,
situated on the south side of the Acropolis in Athens, in
which all extant classical Greek plays were first
presented. Development on the site began with the
creation of the orchestra, a circular floor of earth 60 feet
in diameter with an altar at the centre.
Placed adjacent to temples of nature and of the fertility
god Dionysus, the orchestra was used for dramatic
performances, which, together with a procession and
sacrifice, composed the annual spring festival of the god.
. Dedicated to Dionysus, the God of drama, the theater
could accommodate 17000 people with brilliant acoustics
,built on the southern slope of Acropolis
THEATRE OF DIONYSUS
21
fig65 fig66

The Odeon of Herodes Atticus is a stone theatre structure located on
the southwest slope of the Acropolis of Athens, Greece. The building
was completed in 161 AD and then renovated in 1950. It was built in
161 AD by the Athenian magnate Herodes Atticus in memory of his
wife, Aspasia Annia Regilla. It was originally a steep
sloped theater with a three-story stone front wall and a wooden roof
made of expensive cedar of Lebanon timber. It was used as
a venue for music concerts with a capacity of 5,000. It lasted intact
until it was destroyed and left in ruins by the Heruli in 267 ADThe
original wall of the stage stood three storeys high and was decorated
with marbles and ceramic pieces while today it stands in ruins. The
stage and seating area was laid with marble while it has been
renovated today. A cedar-wooden roof covered the theatre in the
ancient times.
ODEON OF HERODES ATTICUS
22
fig70
fig71 fig72

The Ancient Agora of Classical
Athen is the best-known example of
an ancient Greek agora, located to the
northwest of the Acropolis and
bounded on the south by the hill of
the Areopagus and on the west by the
hill known as the Agoraios Kolonos,
also called Market Hill. The word
"agora" applies to an assembly of
people and by extend marks the
gathering place. In modern Greek the
term means "marketplace“. Just about
every ancient and modern city
includes a place for an agora, and the
Agora of Athens, being located at the
heart of the city, remained in use
either as an assembly, as a
commercial, or as a residential area for
about 5000 years. Consequently the
area has undergone countless building,
destruction, and rebuilding cycles.
Today this strata of history has been
distilled through excavations to
expose the Agora's important
functions from Archaic to Greco-
Roman and Byzantine times.
AGORA
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fig73

Rectangular altar. Peribolos wall of stone posts and slabs supported by a
poros sill. Entrances on east and west. The Altar of the Twelve Gods (also
called the Sanctuary of the Twelve Gods), was an altar and sanctuary at
Athens, located in the northwest corner of the Agora. The altar was set up
by Pisistratus (son of Hippias and grandson of Pisistratus the tyrant),
during his archonship, in 522 BC. It marked the central point from which
distances from Athens were measured and was a place of supplication and
refuge.
ALTAR OF TWELEVE GODS
24
fig76
fig77
PANATHENIAC PROCESSION/WAY
Panatheniac procession/way .,is the way for connecting from
agora to Acropolis.
fig74
fig75

LIBRARY OF PANTAINOS
This particular arrangement resulted from the need to build in a
rather irregularly shaped plot, to the south of the Stoa of Attalos and
the Panathenaic way. Its core consists of two spaces, a large open air
courtyard measuring 20 x 13.5m, with a floor covered with irregularly
shaped marble-chips set in mortar, and a large square room to the
east with a floor covered with marble slabs. At a later phase a
peristyle was added to the courtyard, the central part of which was
also paved with marble slabs. The entrance of the building was
located in the area directly below the spot where the inscribed lintel
was discovered. The excavation of 1971 revealed that the building’s E-
W side was 35m long, while the main room faced the east side of the
courtyard, it was square in plan and measured 15 x 15m
approximately.The epistyle of the north and west façade rested on
smooth Ionic columns made up of azure marble. Around the two
rooms lay three stoas, which intersected forming irregular angles.
fig78
fig79

The temple of
Apollo was first
built around the
7th c. B.C. by
the two
legendary
architects
Trophonios and
Agamedes. his
temple was also
of the Doric
order and had 6
columns at the
front, and 15
columns at the
flanks.
One of the more significant public
buildings of the Agora is the
Tholos, a round structure, with six
interior columns and a propylon at
the east that was added in the 1st
century BC. It was the headquarters
of the 50 prytaneis who served as
the executive committee of the
Boul. It stood out because of its
unusual round shape and size, but
had only few architectural
embellishments. Its diameter was
more than 18 m and there were six
interior columns to support the roof
of diamond-shaped terra cotta roof
tiles. Simple terra cotta antefixes
decorated the eaves.
TEMPLE OFAPOLLO
THOLOS
26
fig80 fig81
fig82 fig82

The stoa served as the main commercial center for the Athenians for
centuries; it was destroyed by the Herulians in A.D. 267 and then
incorporated into the new fortification wall, which preserved its
northern end up to roof level. Typical of Hellenistic art, the stoa is a
large-scale building. It has two floors: the ground floor belongs to the
Doric style and the first floor to the Ionic style, the two levels are
connected by two staircases located at the ends of the building.The
walls are made of limestone, the facade from marble of Penteli and
the roof is covered with tiles.
STOA OFATTALOS
27
fig84
fig84
fig85
fig86

Residences were either grouped together, in organic growth districts or
rigidly organized along basic grid-iron lines.There
was a contrast between the splendour of civic areas and squalor
of housing. Communal activities were more important than
Home life.Individual dwellings within the same grid block
were of different sizes and plans.
RESIDENCES
28
fig87
fig93
INTERIOR SPACES
Houses usually were centred on a courtyard that would have
been the scene for various ritual activities; the courtyard also
provided natural light for the often small houses. The ground
floor rooms would have included kitchen and storage rooms,
perhaps an animal pen and a latrine; the chief room was the
Andron—site of the male-dominated drinking party
(symposion). The quarters for women and
children(gynaceum) could be located on the second level (if
present) and were, in any case,segregated from the mens'
area.
fig88

INTERIOR SPACES
Rooms were arranged
around an open
courtyard so that cool air
could build up and
Circulate through
The rooms during
The heat of the day.
fig89 fig90
Seperate areas for men and women , the
Andron(men’s apartments) and the
Gyanikonits(women’s Quarters)
fig91
A special room set aside just for the
women of the house was called the
Gynaikon.Here the women worked on
their spinning and weaving entertained
friends and female relatives looked
after their childern.

The bedrooms of the family were simply
furnished.Beds were similar to the
couches used in the men’s dinning
room.Wooden chests were used to store
clothing and other item.
fig92
There were
bathrooms
Considered of a
chamber
Pot,but no toilets
so people used a
back alley or a
communal toilet
outdoors.
fig93

Elegant interiors with marble columns, stucco
ceilings and mosaic floors. portrayed in frescoes
and marble carvings. From the 7th century BEE
to 4th century BCE, there were 5 main types
furniture : stools. couches. small tables, chests,
and chairs. The early kinds of ancient Greek
furniture were predominantly influenced by
Egyptian furniture. Characteristic of this early
furniture was a stiff, rectangular, and unflattering
shape.
Ancient Greek Furnitures
Two main styles of stools at ancient Greece
have survived through reliefs. The first type
looks more like a small table. The typical
stool consisted at a flat top and four straight
legs. This stool was known as a Bathron.
There was no back support and the bottom
was hard and uncompromising.
The second type of steel was made lightweight and was
easy to carry the x stool.The x stool,also known as the
Diphros okladias was easily movable and did not have a
specific place in the home.It consisted of three animal legs
pointed inwards and ending with lion’s paws.These were
used both indoors and X-framedstools enjoyed both
popular and official status ,the straight legged version(sella
curilis)being used by magistrates.
Greek Kline, followed Eastern tradition
of lying down to eat.The couches
,known as Klines,has a headboard that
could be used as back rested.The
materials used is entirely wood,often
had bronze legs cast in animal styles.
The klines were placed around the
walls,small tables were placed next to
them to hold food and drink.
fig94
The third type of stool. the
Thrones or throne. was a type at
stool known only to the
wealthyThe Thronos was
ornately decorated and was often
times lined precious stones.The
Thronos or Throne-chair, was
always reserved for the use of the
important person present known
as Theyns.
fig95 fig96 fig97

A common wood type table was
rectangular & stood on three legs.There
were two legs at one end ,the third
being in the centre of the other end.
Probably used for placing food. Greek
people did not prefer to use the table
for anyother purpose rather they used
for very basic purpose.Tables were
low in height,three legged tables were
mostly used for drinking made out of
bronze.Later came the four legged
table to balance.Typically materials
used is bronze or marble ,but later used
wood.
32
FURNITURES
fig98
Various types and sizes of chests were
used.They were usually painted with
paints and inlay with bronze or silver
mounts.Chests were usually costly
and were originally similar to
Egyptian style and then took their
own style.Chests are nothing but a
storage space for clothing,jewllery
and fruits as there were no cupboards
and shleves.Chests were given
husband as their dowry in Hellenstic
period.
fig99
Chairs were known as Klismos by 5th
century BCE were same as those Egypt
and Persian.These chair had hard stiff
backs and arms.Even the people depicted
in paintings and friezes siting in these
type of chairs look to be uncomfortable.
Rather than being designed to be
comfortable,these chairs of the 6th and 7th
century BCE were purely ceremonial in
nature.The Klimos was an entirely new
type of chair designed by the chair.Its
smooth and flowing shape inspired
cultures of the Middle ages & the early
19th century revive the concept.The back
side of the Kiismos is known as Stiles.
fig100

CLASSICAL PERIOD ART WORKS
•Established Athen as the strongest city
•Poplularity of ceramics and vases
declined both in quality and artistic
merit.
•Used white-ground technique.
POTTERY SCULPTURE
33
fig103
Most influential cultures in the world.Rich collection of myth,music,art and drama.Greek started 3000 years ago.
•Archaic Period=Egyptian influence art
•Classical Period=idealistic art,full perfection both sculpture and architecture.
•The Hellenic Art = time when architecture decline.
Three forms where Ancient Greek Arts excelled
•Greatest sculptor of his time.
•First to achieve life-like representation in figurative sculptures.
•Gods, heroes and athletes
fig101 fig102

Architectural Characteristics
Buildings & Other Arch. Elements
The major architectural element of the Greek civilization is the
order and their principal building type is the templeGreek
buildings also feature civic buildings such as theater, council
chamber, stoa, etc..Greeks invented the classical orders of
architecture .Their invention of the orders was a result of the
search for rational methods of expressing beauty.The orders
embody a system of proportion that determines how the whole
building looks.An order consist of a column shaft with its base and
capital, and an entablature.All its dimensions were derived from
the diameter of the column.The entablature is further divided into
architrave, frieze and cornice.Three orders of architecture were
invented by Greeks; Doric, Ionic and Corinthian.Doric was the
earliest and has a square capital and the stoutest proportion,
resembling the power of a man.Ionic was taller in its proportion,
has a volute capital and resembles the proportion of a
maiden.Corinthian has the same characteristics with the Ionic
except that its capital is decorated with the Acanthus leaf.Temples
were the principal building types of the Greeks.Temples were
considered as house of the Gods and efforts to beautify them
pushed architectural development.Temples were design to be seen
and appreciated rather than used.The evolution of the orders led to
standard temple forms based on them.Towards the later part of the
Greek civilization, there was also a focus on civic
construction.The Greeks needed civic buildings to support their
democratic institutions and also satisfy their social and recreational
needs.Council chambers, theaters, Stoas, were among the civic
buildings that became popular with the city states
INFERENCES
Materials
Examination of Greek architecture points to three common materials
of construction.These are Stone, timber and clay.Stone was the most
common construction material for buildings.Greece had an abundant
supply of stone, particularly marble.Stone was used for all types of
temple and civic construction.It was used for all type of building
elements.The characteristic grey color of the stone of the area is also
what gives most ancient Greek buildings their characteristics
color.Timber was used mainly for roofing.It was a very scarce
commodity and it also had limited length.This limited its use.The
limitation in length meant that the width of buildings was restricted
and only very important buildings such as the Parthenon could go
beyond a certain width.We did not examine Houses but clay was
used mostly in housing construction.Clay was made into sun dried
blocks for use in construction.

CONCLUSION
Battle of Corinth
The Battle of Corinth was a battle fought between the Roma Republic and the Greek city-state of Corinth and its allies in
the Achaean League in 146 BC, which resulted in the complete and total destruction of Corinth. This battle marked the
beginning of the period of Roman domination in Greek history. Battle of Corinth was a Roman victory. Greece lost its
independence after its defeat, which means that the tide of Greece changed after that.After that the Romans implemented the
styles of Greek into their dynasty.The few inventions of Greek are still used in daily life which exisits.
fig104

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