The document discusses the role of grammatical structure in language acquisition, variation, and change, emphasizing the competing motivations between economy and iconicity. It highlights the connection between language and the social, cultural, and historical context of its speakers, showcasing how this influences vocabulary and grammar. Additionally, it touches on the importance of efficient parsing solutions in various applications such as natural language processing.

1. GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION
NAME: NAMAA ABDUL KARIM AL-SLEIHAT
SUPERVISED BY DR. KHALEEL AL BATAINEH

2. GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE IS COMMONLY ASSUMED TO
EXIST IN SPEAKERS' MINDS. HOWEVER, GRAMMATICAL
STRUCTURE IS ALSO DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN SOCIAL
INTERACTION IN LANGUAGE USE, AND LANGUAGE USE IS
CENTRAL TO ACCOUNTING FOR LANGUAGE ACQUISITION,
LANGUAGE VARIATION AND LANGUAGE CHANGE. IN THE
MORE DYNAMIC PROCESS OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND
LANGUAGE CHANGE, FUNCTIONAL FACTORS HAVE BEEN
ARGUED TO PLAY A ROLE. IN BOTH LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION AND LANGUAGE CHANGE, IT HAS BEEN
ARGUED THAT COMPETING MOTIVATIONS AMONG
FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLES PLAY A MAJOR ROLE.

3. THE MOST GENERAL AND COMMONLY OFFERED EXAMPLE
OF COMPETING MOTIVATIONS IS THAT BETWEEN
ECONOMY AND ICONICITY (SEE LINGUISTICS: ICONICITY).
ECONOMY IS THE PRINCIPLE THAT A SPEAKER USES THE
LEAST EFFORT NECESSARY TO EXPRESS HIMSELF OR
HERSELF. FOR EXAMPLE, ENGLISH LEAVES THE SINGULAR
NUMBER OF NOUNS UNEXPRESSED: BOOK-Φ VS. BOOK-S.
ECONOMY IS CONSIDERED TO BE A SPEAKER-ORIENTED
FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLE: ITS INFLUENCE ON LANGUAGE IS
FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE SPEAKER. ICONICITY IS, IN PART,
THE PRINCIPLE THAT ALL OF THE RELEVANT PARTS OF THE
MEANING CONVEYED ARE IN FACT CONVEYED BY
GRAMMATICAL ELEMENTS IN THE UTTERANCE (WORDS,
INFLECTIONS, ETC.). FOR EXAMPLE, IN SOME LANGUAGES,
BOTH THE SINGULAR AND THE PLURAL OF A NOUN ARE
EXPRESSED BY OVERT SUFFIXES.

4. THE VOCABULARY, GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE AND
USAGE CONVENTIONS OF ANY LANGUAGE ARE LINKED IN
INNUMERABLE WAYS WITH THE SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND
HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF ITS SPEAKERS. DRAWING ON
EXAMPLES FROM MANY LANGUAGES, THIS ARTICLE
DEMONSTRATES THE NATURE AND RANGE OF THESE
LINKS. IT HIGHLIGHTS THE CULTURE-SPECIFIC NATURE OF
MANY WORDS, INCLUDING TERMS FOR SOCIAL
CATEGORIES, EMOTIONS, AND VALUE CONCEPTS. IT
EXPLAINS THE NOTION OF CULTURAL KEY WORDS AND
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LEXICAL ELABORATION. IN THE
DOMAIN OF GRAMMAR, THE ARTICLE SHOWS HOW
GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND MARKING MAY
EXPRESS AND REFLECT CULTURE-RELATED MEANINGS.

5. ABSTRACT PARSING IS THE TASK OF ANALYZING
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES OF AN INPUT
SENTENCE AND DERIVING ITS PARSE TREE.
EFFICIENT SOLUTIONS FOR PARSING ARE NEEDED
IN MANY APPLICATIONS SUCH AS NATURAL
LANGUAGE PROCESSING, BIOINFORMATICS, AND
PATTERN RECOGNITION.

6. THANK YOU
Source: Sárosdy, Bencze, Poór and Vadnay. 2006. Applied Linguistics I for BA Students in English.