Phonetics: is the branch of linguistics that deals with how to human speech sounds are made . علم الصوتيات أحد الفروع الأساسية في اللغة الإنجليزية لمعرفة طرق خروج الأصوات من شخص لآخر.It describes how physical expressions of human speech sounds are produced. علم الصوتيات يشرح طريقة إنتاج التعبيرات الجسدية لأصوات البشر”.Phonetic units are called phones.“يطلق على الصوتيات اسم الهواتف”As we know that phonetic symbols are enclosed in square brackets.“تكون الرموز الصوتية بداخل أقواس مربعة”. 

1. Student : RAZAN OMAR FLAYFEL
SUPERVISED BY Dr. Khaleel Al Bataineh
English language and Translation Department

2. Outline of the Lesson :
1. The Sound of English.
2. International Phonetic Alphabets.
3. Practice Exercises : Transcribing Words And Sentences.
4. Description of English Sound.

3. Introductory Facts:
1. Part of knowing language is knowing the sound of that language such as (kh)
2. Phonetics is the study of speech sound.
3. Everyone who knows a language knows how to segment sentences into words and words
into sounds.
Speech organs:

4. Organs of Speech (summary )
Lips
Lower
lip
Upper
lip
Teeth
Lower
teeth
Upper
teeth
Tongue
How can it move ?
1. -flat
2. -straight
3. -flexible
4. -moveable
5. -carred
back
centre
front
blade
tip
Palate
Soft
Hard
Alveolar
ridge
Curving
down
towards
the tongue
lower
raised
Roof of
the
mouth
fixed
Behind
upper
front
teeth
fixed
Vocal cords
How can it
move ?
1. Open
2. closed
3. narrow
Not
Vibrate
vibrate
Voiceless
sound
Voiced
sound

5. Why do we study the organs of speech?
we study speech organs to know where and how the sound is made inside the vocal tract.
B/D /v: use lips
1. Place of articulation.
2. Manner of articulation .
3. Voicing : voiceless and voiced F (voiceless)/V (voiced)
b voiced bilabial plosive/stop
P voiceless bilabial plosive/stop
V voiced labiodental fricative
F voiceless labiodetal fricative

6. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):
It is an alphabet developed in the 19th century to accurately represent the pronunciation of
languages.
The (IPA) aims at providing a unique symbol for each distinctive sound in a language.
A. Voicing : refers to the activity of the vocal folds.
B. Place of articulation: refers to place or the point where the sound is produced.
C. the Manner of articulation : refers to the way the sound produced.

7. Place of articulation :
1. Bilabial ‫الشفاه‬
2. Labiodental ‫الشفلي‬ ‫الشفة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫العليا‬ ‫االسنان‬
3. Dental ‫العليا‬ ‫االسنان‬ ‫مع‬ ‫اللسان‬ ‫رأس‬
4. Alveolar ‫الفم‬ ‫وسقف‬ ‫اللسان‬
5. Post-alveolar ‫السنخية‬ ‫بعد‬
6. Palatal ‫حنكي‬
7. Velar ‫حلقي‬
8. Glottal ‫مزمار‬

8. Manner of Articulation:
1. Plosive ‫انفجاري‬ ‫صوت‬
2. Fricative ‫احتكاكي‬
3. Affricative ‫انفجاري‬ ‫صوت‬
-
‫احتكاكي‬
4. Nasal ‫انفي‬
5. Lateral approximant ‫جانبي‬ ‫انزالقي‬
6. Approximant ‫انزالقي‬

9. ‫االصوات‬
‫التعريف‬
‫الرقم‬
/p/ /b/ /m/ /w
Bilabial :when the lips are complete or partial lips closure. ‫ة‬ٌ‫ئ‬‫جز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫كاملة‬ ‫الشفاه‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫عندما‬ ً‫ه‬‫شفا‬ ‫صوت‬
‫مغلقة‬ ‫الشفاه‬
1
/f/ /v/
Labiodental :when the lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth. ‫اتصال‬ ‫عل‬ ‫السفلية‬ ‫الشفة‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫عندما‬
‫العليا‬ ‫باألسنان‬
2
/ð/ /θ
Dental:- when the tongue touches the top upper teeth. ‫عندما‬
‫العليا‬ ‫االسنان‬ ‫اعلى‬ ‫اللسان‬ ‫يلمس‬
3
/t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /n/
Alveolar :- when the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. ‫عندما‬
‫اللهاة‬ ‫مقدمة‬ ‫اللسان‬ ‫يلمس‬
4
/ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/
/dʒ/ /r/
Post-Alveolar :- when the tongue touches the area just behind the alveolar ridge. ‫اللسان‬ ‫يلمس‬ ‫عندما‬
‫مباشر‬ ‫النسخية‬ ‫حافة‬ ‫المنطقة‬
.
5
/j
Palatal :the tongue touches the hard palate. ‫يلمس‬
‫الصلب‬ ‫الحنك‬ ‫اللسان‬
6
/ŋ/ /g/ /k
Velars: when the back of the tongue touches the velum. ‫عندما‬
‫الغشاء‬ ‫اللسان‬ ‫من‬ ‫الخلفي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫يلمس‬
7
/h
Glottal :A Consonant that is articulated in the glottis. ‫حرف‬
‫المزمار‬ ‫في‬ ‫مفصلي‬ ‫صريح‬
8

10. The vocal cards:
two small bands of elastic tissue lying opposite each other across the air pass.
‫الهواء‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تسمح‬ ‫البعض‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫المرنة‬ ‫االنسجة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الصغيرة‬ ‫الحبال‬ ‫من‬ ‫اثنين‬
The alveolar ridge:
The rough surface that can be felt with the tip of the tongue just behind the upper
teeth. ‫مباشرة‬ ‫العلوية‬ ‫االسنان‬ ‫خلف‬ ‫اللسان‬ ‫بطرف‬ ‫به‬ ‫الشعور‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫خشن‬ ‫سطح‬
The hard palate:
Bony structure at the front part of the roof of the mouth. ‫االمامي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫عظمي‬ ‫هيكل‬
‫الفم‬ ‫سقف‬ ‫من‬
.
The soft palate (velum):
The soft area at the back of the roof of the mouth.
‫الفم‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫من‬ ‫الخلفي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫في‬ ‫الناعمة‬ ‫المنطقه‬

11. What is the difference between vowel
and consonant ?
Consonant : sounds in which air from the lungs is seriously obstructed in the mouth and which
are in similar position in the word. They are 24 in English. ‫الريئتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫انسداد‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االصوات‬
‫هم‬ ‫الكلمه‬ ‫في‬ ‫مماثل‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫في‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫والتي‬ ‫الفم‬ ‫في‬ ‫خطير‬ ‫بشكل‬
24
‫االنجليزية‬ ‫اللغه‬ ‫في‬
Vowels : sounds produced through the vocal cords without constriction of the air flow in the
mouth. They are 20 in English ‫لتدفق‬ ‫انقباض‬ ‫دون‬ ‫الصوتية‬ ‫االحبال‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫انتاجها‬ ‫تم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االصوات‬ ‫هي‬
‫وهو‬ ‫الفم‬ ‫الهواءفي‬
20
‫االنجلزية‬ ‫اللغه‬ ‫في‬
Consonants involve some constriction of airflow.
Vowels do not.

12. Phonetic Exercise
/aʊ/ brown, cow, how
/oʊ/ yellow, coat, no
/eɪ/ day, say, lay, eight
/aɪ/ eye, die, white
/ɔɪ/ oil, enjoy, boy
/ɪə/ pier, ear, year
/eə/ bear, hair, stairs
/ʊə/ poor, cure

13. What is the difference between
phonetics and phonology?
1. Phonetics: is the branch of linguistics that deals with how to human speech sounds are
made . ‫آلخر‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫من‬ ‫األصوات‬ ‫خروج‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫لمعرفة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫اللغة‬ ‫في‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫الفروع‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫الصوتيات‬ ‫علم‬
.
It describes how physical expressions of human speech sounds are produced.
2. ‫البشر‬ ‫ألصوات‬ ‫الجسدية‬ ‫التعبيرات‬ ‫إنتاج‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫يشرح‬ ‫الصوتيات‬ ‫علم‬
”
.
Phonetic units are called phones.
“
‫الهواتف‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫الصوتيات‬ ‫على‬ ‫يطلق‬
”
As we know that phonetic symbols are enclosed in square brackets.
“
‫مربعة‬ ‫أقواس‬ ‫بداخل‬ ‫الصوتية‬ ‫الرموز‬ ‫تكون‬
”
.

14. Phonology:
1. In contrast to phonetics phonology is the study of significant speech sound .
‫فقط‬ ‫المهم‬ ‫الكالم‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫فهو‬ ،‫الصوتيات‬ ‫علم‬ ‫عكس‬ ‫األصوات‬ ‫علم‬
On the other hand, phonology deals with the mental aspects of sounds in a language .
‫اللغات‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫في‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‬ ‫اللغة‬ ‫في‬ ‫باألصوات‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫العقلية‬ ‫الجوانب‬ ‫يوضح‬ ‫األصوات‬ ‫علم‬
”
.
https://mqaall.com/the-difference-between-phonology-and-phonetics/

16. BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adetugbo, Abiodun. English Phonetics: A Course Text. Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1997.
Awonusi, Segun. Coping with English Pronunciation. Lagos: O.O.P. 1999.
Clark, J., Yallp, C. and Fletcher, J. An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (3rd
Edn.) Australia:
Blackwell, 2007.
Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson’s Pronunciation of English. London: Hodder, 2008.
Ladefoged, Peter. A Course in Phonetics (5th Edn.) USA: Wadsworth, 2006.
Yule, George. The Study of Language ( 4
th Edn.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Prin