This document discusses semantics and lexical relations between words. It defines semantics as the study of meaningful units and their cognitive meanings. There are several lexical relations between words based on their senses, including synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, antonymy, and hyponymy. Synonymy refers to words that have the same meaning. Homonymy and polysemy involve ambiguity, where homonymy refers to words that are identical but have different unrelated meanings, while polysemy refers to a word whose meaning is extended metaphorically. Antonymy describes opposites, including complementary, gradable, and relational opposites. Hyponymy describes a subordinate, more specific relationship between a general lexeme and

1. DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION.
DONE BY : GHADEER ALZAWAHREH.
SUPERVISED BY :DR. KHALEEL AL BATAINEH.

2. SEMANTICS

3. • Semantics is the study of the meaning of meaningful units.
• Semantics is concerned with cognitive meaning.

4. • Cognitive meaning is the contribution that the word (lexeme)
systematically makes to the cognitive meaning of sentences.
• The cognative meaning of lexeme is sometimes called sense.

5. SENSE RELATIONS BETWEEN WORDS
• The relationships between lexemes established on the basis of
their senses are called sense relations.
• Or lexical relations.

6. LEXICAL RELATIONS
• Synonymy
• Homonomy
• Polysemy
• Antonymy
• Hyponymy

7. SYNONYMY
Two or more lexemes have the same meaning.
examples :
big = larg.
broad = wide.

8. AMBIGUITY
1. Homonymy : two or more phonologically and orthographically
identical lexemes have completely different, unrelated meaning.
• Examples :
bank ( side of the river) _ bank ( financial institution).
bat (bird) _ bat (used in sports).

9. 2. Polysemy : the meaning of one lexeme is metaphorically
extended on the basis of some similarity.
• Examples :
leg (of a man) VS. leg (of a table).

10. Antonymy
Complementar
y
Gradable
Relational

11. • Complementary : the negation of the meaning of one lexeme
gives us the meaning of the other.
• Examples:
dead VS. Alive (not dead means alive, not alive means
dead).
single VS. married.

12. • Gradable opposites : gradable lexemes, relative to some norm.
• Examples :
• Small VS. Larg
• Hot VS. Cold
• Old VS. New

13. • Relational opposites : lexemes referring to symmetrically
opposites aspect of the same situation
• Examples:
• Employer vs. Employee.
• Husband vs . Wife.

14. HYPONYMY
• The relation between a cognitively superordinate.
• More general lexeme and the more specific lexemes that are
cognitively subordinate to.

15. Color
subordinate
red, green, blue, white, black hyponyms