This document defines and provides examples of different processes of word-formation, including: - Borrowing words from other languages - Compounding by joining words together - Derivation by adding affixes to existing words - Clipping by cutting parts of words - Invention of new words - Acronymy forming words from initials - Backformation reducing words to new forms - Reduplication repeating parts of words - Echoism relating sound and meaning - Antonomasia forming words from names It discusses these processes with definitions and examples from sources on linguistics.

1. Supervised by
Dr. Khaleel Al Bataineh
Done by: Mohammed Naljm Ali
Amman Arab University
Department of English language andTranslation

2.  Word-formation is a branch of lexicology
which studies the process of building new
words, derivative structures and patterns of
existing words.

3.  Borrowing
 Compounding
 Derivation
 Clipping
 Invention
 Acronymy
 Back-formation
 Reduplication
 Echoism
 Antonomasia

4.  Borrowing: the process of taking words from
other languages.
Source
Language
English Word
No.
Persian
Bazaar
1
Arabic
Sheikh
2
Italian
Piano
3

5.  Compounding: is simply the joining of two or
more words into a single words. (stageberg
norman )
 Compounding: the process of combining two
(or more) words to form a new word. (george
yule)
compounding
Word 2
Word 1
Waterbed
bed
water
sunroof
roof
sun
full-time.
time.
full

6.  Derivation: is the forming of new words by
combining derivational affixes or bound
bases with existing words.(Stageberg
Norman)
Derivation
existing words
Affix or bound
unhappy
happy
un
Teleplay
play
Tele

7.  Clipping: means cutting off the beginning or
the end of a word , or both , leaving a part to
stand for the whole.
 Exam= examination

8.  Invention: Now and then new words are
totally invented like kodak ‘ nylon , dingbat
Nylon
Dingbat

9.  Acronymy: is the process whereby a word is
formed from the initials or beginning
segments of a succession of words.
radar
radio detecting and ranging
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty
Organization),

10.  Backformation: the process of reducing a
word such as a noun to a shorter version and
using it as a new word such as a verb (e.g.
babysit from babysitter)

11.  Reduplication: is the process of forming a new
word by doubling a morpheme, usually with a
change of vowel or initial consonant;
 Hanky-panky
 1-The base morpheme is repeated without
change ,as in clop-clop, tick-tick.
 2-The base morpheme is repeated with a change
of initial consonant, as in : fuddy-duddy , razzle-
dazzle.
 3-The base morpheme is repeated with a change
of vowel, as in chitchat, tiptop, criss-cross.

12.  Echoism : is the formation of words whose
sounds suggests their meaning . it is divided
into natural like the roar of a water, or
artificial like clang of a bell.

13.  It means the formation of a common noun, verb
or adjective from the name of a person or place.
 hamburger =Hamburg
 Samun :Written sources say that the Iraqis knew
Samun for the first time in 1920 after the fall of
the Ottoman Empire and during the British
occupation, when one of the British workers
entering with the British soldiers (and his name
was Simon) brought an oven with him and made
bread, and since that time it was named after its
owner, but the word was distorted to Samoun.

14.  The study of languageGeorge yule 5th
edition / chapter five
 An introductory English grammar - Stageberg
Norman second edition/ chapter ten