This document provides information about phrases and clauses. It defines a phrase as a group of related words that does not include both a subject and a verb, while a clause contains both a subject and a verb. Phrases cannot stand alone as sentences, but clauses may be able to. There are two main types of clauses: independent clauses, which are complete sentences, and subordinate clauses, which need to be combined with an independent clause to be complete. The document discusses different kinds of phrases and clauses such as prepositional phrases, appositives, gerund phrases, and relative clauses. It includes examples and exercises to help identify phrases and clause types.

1. CLAUSES & PHRASES
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2. CLAUSES PHRASES
A phrase is a group of
related words that does
not include a subject or
a verb, or both.
A clause is a group of
related words that
contain both a subject
and a verb/predicate.

3. CLAUSES PHRASES
A phrase cannot
stand alone as a
sentence.
Clauses may be
able to stand
alone as a
sentence

4. CLAUSES PHRASES
“On this bright and
sunny Monday
morning, we are
going to tell you about
Phrases and Clauses.”
“Nobody really wants to
listen to our presentation,
but we’re making you
anyway!”

5. CLAUSES PHRASES
Spot the sentences and clauses.
• The woman ate her dinner quickly.
• I cannot move because my back hurts.
• who was running really quickly
• Josie could swim really quickly.
• which was really smelly

6. CLAUSES PHRASES
Spot the sentences and clauses.
• The woman ate her dinner quickly. sentence
• I cannot move because my back hurts.
• who was running really quickly
• Josie could swim really quickly.
• which was really smelly

7. CLAUSES PHRASES
Spot the sentences and clauses.
• The woman ate her dinner quickly. sentence
• I cannot move because my back hurts. sentence
• who was running really quickly
• Josie could swim really quickly.
• which was really smelly

8. CLAUSES PHRASES
Spot the sentences and clauses.
• The woman ate her dinner quickly. sentence
• I cannot move because my back hurts. sentence
• who was running really quickly. clause
• Josie could swim really quickly.
• which was really smelly

9. CLAUSES PHRASES
Spot the sentences and clauses.
• The woman ate her dinner quickly. sentence
• I cannot move because my back hurts. sentence
• who was running really quickly. clause
• Josie could swim really quickly. sentence
• which was really smelly

10. CLAUSES PHRASES
Spot the sentences and clauses.
• The woman ate her dinner quickly. sentence
• I cannot move because my back hurts. sentence
• who was running really quickly. clause
• Josie could swim really quickly. sentence
• which was really happy. clause

11. CLAUSES PHRASES
Which of the following are phrases and clauses?
1.In my room
2.The cat went under the bed
3.Until next week
4.Quickly walking to the store
5.Yet they tried

12. CLAUSES PHRASES
Which of the following are phrases and clauses?
1.In my room phrase
2.The cat went under the bed
3.Until next week
4.Quickly walking to the store
5.Yet they tried

13. CLAUSES PHRASES
Which of the following are phrases and clauses?
1.In my room phrase
2.The cat went under the bed Clause
3.Until next week
4.Quickly walking to the store
5.Yet they tried

14. CLAUSES PHRASES
Which of the following are phrases and clauses?
1.In my room phrase
2.The cat went under the bed Clause
3.Until next week phrase
4.Quickly walking to the store
5.Yet they tried

15. CLAUSES PHRASES
Which of the following are phrases and clauses?
1.In my room phrase
2.The cat went under the bed Clause
3.Until next week phrase
4.Quickly walking to the store phrase
5.Yet they tried

16. CLAUSES PHRASES
Which of the following are phrases and clauses?
1.In my room phrase
2.The cat went under the bed Clause
3.Until next week phrase
4.Quickly walking to the store phrase
5.Yet they tried clause

17. Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a part of ______ and
does not contain both a _______ and a _______.
2. A phrase ______ stand alone as a sentence
3. A clause has both a _______ and a _______.
4. A clause _______ stand alone as a sentence if it’s an independent clause.
CLAUSES PHRASES

18. Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a part of speech and
does not contain both a _______ and a _______.
2. A phrase ______ stand alone as a sentence
3. A clause has both a _______ and a _______.
4. A clause _______ stand alone as a sentence if it’s an independent clause.
CLAUSES PHRASES

19. Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a part of speech and
does not contain both a subject and a _______.
2. A phrase ______ stand alone as a sentence
3. A clause has both a _______ and a _______.
4. A clause _______ stand alone as a sentence if it’s an independent clause.
CLAUSES PHRASES

20. Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a part of speech and
does not contain both a subject and a verb.
2. A phrase ______ stand alone as a sentence
3. A clause has both a _______ and a _______.
4. A clause _______ stand alone as a sentence if it’s an independent clause.
CLAUSES PHRASES

21. Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a part of speech and
does not contain both a subject and a verb.
2. A phrase cannot stand alone as a sentence
3. A clause has both a _______ and a _______.
4. A clause _______ stand alone as a sentence if it’s an independent clause.
CLAUSES PHRASES

22. Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a part of speech and
does not contain both a subject and a verb.
2. A phrase cannot stand alone as a sentence
3. A clause has both a subject and a _______.
4. A clause _______ stand alone as a sentence if it’s an independent clause.
CLAUSES PHRASES

23. Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a part of speech and
does not contain both a subject and a verb.
2. A phrase cannot stand alone as a sentence
3. A clause has both a subject and a verb.
4. A clause _______ stand alone as a sentence if it’s an independent clause.
CLAUSES PHRASES

24. Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a part of speech and
does not contain both a subject and a verb.
2. A phrase cannot stand alone as a sentence
3. A clause has both a subject and a verb.
4. A clause can stand alone as a sentence if it’s an independent clause.
CLAUSES PHRASES

25. HOW MANY TYPES ARE THERE?
CLAUSES PHRASES

26. CLAUSES PHRASES
Dependent
(fragment)
Subordinate
independent
Noun
Verb
Preposition
Appositives
gerund
infinitive
Absolute

27. CLAUSES PHRASES
Dependent
(fragment)
Subordinate
independent

28. CLAUSES PHRASES
1. Independent
Is a complete sentence that
MUST HAVE a subject and
a verb which agree. It
conveys a complete
thought.

29. CLAUSES PHRASES
1. Independent
The frustrated, irritated
teachers finally understood
the basic grammar
concepts.

30. CLAUSES PHRASES
1.
An Independent clause
=
Sentence

31. CLAUSES PHRASES
2. Subordinate
Dependent
Fragment
these cannot stand by
themselves. They must be
combined with an independent
clause in order to make sense.

32. CLAUSES PHRASES
2. Subordinate
Dependent
fragment
“We want you to listen to this
presentation, because we
think it will be useful to you.”

33. CLAUSES PHRASES
2. Independent
“We want you to
listen to this
presentation,
because we think it
will be useful to
you.”
2. Subordinate
Dependent
Fragment
“We want you to listen
to this presentation,
because we think it
will be useful to you.”

34. CLAUSES PHRASES
How can you
connect
clauses?

35. CLAUSES PHRASES
Coordinators
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Subordinators
As
Since
Before
While
Because
When
In case
Relative
Pronouns
Who
Which
That
Whom
whose

36. CLAUSES PHRASES
Coordinators
COMPOUND
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Subordinators
COMPLEX
As
Since
Before
While
Because
When
In case
Relative
Pronouns
RELATIVE
Who
Which
That
Whom
whose

37. CLAUSES PHRASES
Dependent
(fragment)
Subordinate
independent
Adverbial
Relative
(Adjectie)
Noun

38. CLAUSES PHRASES
Dependent
(fragment)
Subordinate
independent
Adverbial
Relative
(Adjectie)
Noun

39. CLAUSES PHRASES
Relative
Pronouns
Who
Which
That
Whom
whose
Dependent/(fragment)/Subordinate
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Adjective
Relative
adverbs
When
Where
why
It answers
questions such
as
*which one?
*what kind?
*how many?

40. CLAUSES PHRASES
Examples:
When we go to the movies, we always
buy popcorn.
Those are the two children who walked
out of the store
………that helped us
Dependent/(fragment)/Subordinate
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Adjective

41. CLAUSES PHRASES
NonesentialEssential
You need it
Dependent/(fragment)/Subordinate
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Adjective

42. CLAUSES PHRASES
NonesentialEssential
Laura and her friend Juliette,
who is the oldest of the two,
enjoy spending time
together.
Dependent/(fragment)/Subordinate
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Adjective

43. CLAUSES PHRASES
NonesentialEssential
Laura and her friend Juliette,
who is the oldest of the two,
enjoy spending time
together.
Dependent/(fragment)/Subordinate
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Adjective

44. CLAUSES PHRASES
NonesentialEssential
Laura and her friend Juliette,
who is the oldest of the two,
enjoy spending time
together.
Dependent/(fragment)/Subordinate
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Adjective

45. CLAUSES PHRASES
Dependent
(fragment)
Subordinate
independent
Adverbial
Relative
Adjective
Noun

46. CLAUSES PHRASES
Dependent
(fragment)
Subordinate
independent
Adverbial
Relative
Adjective
Noun

47. CLAUSES PHRASES
John did his homework before he went to bed.
Identify the type of the clause
Independent dependent

48. CLAUSES PHRASES
John did his homework before he went to bed.
Identify the type of the clause
Independent dependent

49. CLAUSES PHRASES
If you help me, I will help you!
Identify the type of the clause
Independent dependent

50. CLAUSES PHRASES
If you help me, I will help you!
Identify the type of the clause
Independent dependent

51. CLAUSES PHRASES
She is very fit because she goes running every day.
Identify the type of the clause
Independent dependent

52. CLAUSES PHRASES
She is very fit because she goes running every day.
Identify the type of the clause
Independent dependent

53. CLAUSES PHRASES
After the movie was over, we went out to eat.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

54. CLAUSES PHRASES
After the movie was over, we went out to eat.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

55. CLAUSES PHRASES
He doesn’t know what he’s going to do now
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

56. CLAUSES PHRASES
He doesn’t know what he’s going to do now
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

57. CLAUSES PHRASES
The kids who started out with the highest scores actually finished near the bottom.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

58. CLAUSES PHRASES
The kids who started out with the highest scores actually finished near the bottom.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

59. CLAUSES PHRASES
That history test, which was supposed to be so hard, turned out to be quite easy.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

60. CLAUSES PHRASES
That history test, which was supposed to be so hard, turned out to be quite easy.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

61. CLAUSES PHRASES
I won’t be able to go to college unless I get a good grade in chemistry.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

62. CLAUSES PHRASES
I won’t be able to go to college unless I get a good grade in chemistry.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

63. CLAUSES PHRASES
What I did yesterday is none of your business.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

64. CLAUSES PHRASES
What I did yesterday is none of your business.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

65. CLAUSES PHRASES
Whatever you want to do for your birthday is fine with me.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

66. CLAUSES PHRASES
Whatever you want to do for your birthday is fine with me.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

67. CLAUSES PHRASES
While the local people were trying to escape, the tsunami washed over their town.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

68. CLAUSES PHRASES
While the local people were trying to escape, the tsunami washed over their town.
Identify the type of the clause
Noun clause Adverb clause
Relative ( adjective) clause

69. CLAUSES PHRASES
Dependent
(fragment)
Subordinate
independent
Noun
Verb
Preposition
Appositives
gerund
infinitive
Absolute

70. CLAUSES PHRASES
Noun
Verb
Preposition
Appositives
gerund
infinitive
Absolute

71. CLAUSES PHRASES
1. Noun Phrase
A complete subject with all its modifiers
The frustrated, irritated teachers...
• Noun: teachers
• Modifiers: the, frustrated, irritated

72. CLAUSES PHRASES
2. Preposition
The frustrated, irritated teachers enrolled
in Mr. Ruff’s “ Grammar for Dummies” class.
• preposition - in
• object of the preposition - class
• modifiers – Mr. Ruff’s, “Grammar for Dummies”

73. CLAUSES PHRASES
Identify the prepositional phrase & the word it modifies.
1. Students in my class are intelligent, lovely people.
2. My cat with the blue eyes is named Baby.
3. There was only enough room for you.
4. The pants with big pockets look weird.

74. CLAUSES PHRASES
Identify the prepositional phrase & the word it modifies.
1. Students in my class are intelligent, lovely people.
2. My cat with the blue eyes is named Baby.
3. There was only enough room for you.
4. The pants with big pockets look weird.

75. CLAUSES PHRASES
Identify the prepositional phrase & the word it modifies.
1. Students in my class are intelligent, lovely people.
2. My cat with the blue eyes is named Baby.
3. There was only enough room for you.
4. The pants with big pockets look weird.

76. CLAUSES PHRASES
Identify the prepositional phrase & the word it modifies.
1. Students in my class are intelligent, lovely people.
2. My cat with the blue eyes is named Baby.
3. There was only enough room for you.
4. The pants with big pockets look weird.

77. CLAUSES PHRASES
Identify the prepositional phrase & the word it modifies.
1. Students in my class are intelligent, lovely people.
2. My cat with the blue eyes is named Baby.
3. There was only enough room for you.
4. The pants with big pockets look weird.

78. CLAUSES PHRASES
3. Appositives
A noun phrase that renames the noun it follows.
Brad Ruff, the grammar guru, empowers teachers.

79. CLAUSES PHRASES
4. Verb phrase
Defined as a verb with all of its modifiers
…would like to improve her grammar skills.
• Verb phrase - would like to improve

80. CLAUSES PHRASES
Noun VerbPrepositionAppositivesgerundinfinitiveAbsolute
Identify the type of phrase
As a souvenir, Mary bought herself a beautiful, oval-shaped, soft pink pearl.

81. CLAUSES PHRASES
Noun VerbPrepositionAppositivesgerundinfinitiveAbsolute
Identify the type of phrase
As a souvenir, Mary bought herself a beautiful, oval-shaped, soft pink pearl.

82. CLAUSES PHRASES
Noun VerbPrepositionAppositivesgerundinfinitiveAbsolute
Identify the type of phrase
Once at the beach, they all settled down on lounge chairs.

83. CLAUSES PHRASES
Noun VerbPrepositionAppositivesgerundinfinitiveAbsolute
Identify the type of phrase
Once at the beach, they all settled down on lounge chairs.

84. CLAUSES PHRASES
Noun VerbPrepositionAppositivesgerundinfinitiveAbsolute
Identify the type of phrase
Patricia would have gone for a walk to explore the surroundings had
others been interested.

85. CLAUSES PHRASES
Noun VerbPrepositionAppositivesgerundinfinitiveAbsolute
Identify the type of phrase
Patricia would have gone for a walk to explore the surroundings had
others been interested.

86. CLAUSES PHRASES
Dependent
(fragment)
Subordinate
independent
Noun
Verb
Preposition
Appositives
gerund
infinitive
Absolute

87. CLAUSES PHRASES
Phrase
Not a full sentence
Not a
complete
thought
Prepositional phrase
Adjective phrase
Adverb phrase
Verb phrase
Can have
a subject
or a verb
or neither
Clause
Has a
subject
Has a verb
Independent &
Dependent=Subordinate
Can
express a
complete
thought

88. CLAUSES PHRASES