This document provides a review of parts of speech and introduces phrases, clauses, and sentences. It defines nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns with examples. Phrase types - noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and prepositional phrases - are identified in sentences. Clauses are defined as groups of words that contain a subject and verb, and can be independent or dependent. Sentence types - simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex - are also defined. Exercises from textbooks and workbooks on these grammar topics are assigned for further study.

1. TDC 1
Pedagogical Grammar
Class 3

2. Parts of Speech - Review
In pairs, list the eight parts of speech
we have talked about, define each and
give an example.
Review – Page 63

3. Exercises
• Nouns - Workbook Pages 38 - 41
• Verbs – Workbook Pages 41 - 47
• Pronouns – Workbook Pages 48 - 49
• Adjectives – Workbook Pages 49 - 51
• Adverbs – Workbook Pages 51 - 53
• Conjunctions – Workbook Page 55 - 57
• Prepositions – Workbook Pages 57 - 59
• Review – pages 60 - 61
Now, let’s check our
answers for Task 2
Count and non-count
nouns

4. 1. What is the difference between count and non-count nouns?
2. What must all singular count nouns have?
3. According to Folse, when do most ELLs mistakenly omit the indefinite article?
4. Are there any exceptions to the rule described in question 2?
5. What is a determiner? What types of determiners are there?
6. Is there a way to predict whether a given word is count or non-count? Explain
it.
7. Is there a way to predict whether a given word is count or non-count? Explain
it. Should this information be included in a beginning lesson about non-count
nouns? Why (not)?
8. How do we quantify non-count nouns? Exemplify.
9. What quantifiers are easier for ELLs? What quantifiers are more difficult?
Why?
10. To ask about the quantity of a noun, English uses two question phrases. What
are they? How similar are they to other languages? Is the distinction
between the two question phrases used in English easy for all ELLs to learn?
11. In what situations is "much" used? How does it differ from the use of
"many"?
12. What is the distinction between "I have a few friends" and "I have few
friends"? How can this distinction be explained to ELLs?

5. When I read Shakespeare - D.H. Lawrence
When I read Shakespeare I am struck with (1) wonder
That such trivial people should muse and thunder
In such lovely (2) language.
Lear, the old buffer, you wonder his (3) daughters
Didn’t treat him rougher
the (4) chough, the old chuffer!
And Hamlet, how boring, how boring to live with,
So mean and self-conscious blowing and snoring
His wonderful (5) speeches, full of other folks’ whoring!
And Macbeth and his (6) Lady, who should have been choring,
Such suburban (7) ambition, so messily goring
old Duncan with (8) daggers!
How boring, how small Shakespeare’s (9) people are!
Yet the language so lovely! Like the dyes from (10) gas-tar.

6. Word Forms

7. Parts of Speech - Uses
 Verbs
 a verb shows action or being
(existence)
 The verb is the heart of the sentence
Group 1 – page 64
Group 2 – page 47 – 48
Group 3 – page 48 – 49
Group 4 – page50
Group 5 – page 51

8. Parts of Speech - Uses
 Nouns – Subject / Direct Object / Indirect Object / Subject or
Object Complement / Object of Preposition
 Pronouns – Subject / Direct Object / Indirect Object / Subject or
Object Complement / Object of Preposition
 Adjectives – Modifying Noun or Pronoun/ Subject Complement /
Object Complement
 Verbs – Predicate
 Adverbs – Modifying Verb/ Modifying Adjective / Modifying
Adverb / Modifying Passages
 Prepositions – Introducing Prepositional Phrases
 Conjunctions – Coordinating: Joining Words, Phrases or
Clauses of Equal Rank / Subordinating: Joining Clauses
 Interjections – Showing Emotion

9. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences
• A phrase
consists of
one or more
words.
• A clause
consists of
one or more
phrases.
• A sentence
consists of
one or more
clauses.
• A word is the smallest element that may be uttered in
isolation with semantic or pragmatic meaning.
• Based on the entries above, come up
with your own definition of the terms
phrase, clause and sentence.

10. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences
• A phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a
single word) that form a constituent and so
function as a single unit in the syntax of a
sentence.
Examples:
The very rare volume of the collection that
she was looking for so desperately was
Woodland Ecology.
All the underlined forms are phrases.
Different colors indicate different types of phrases.

11. Types of Phrases
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Preposition
The very rare volume of the
collection that she was looking
for so desperately was Woodland
Ecology.
Identify the types of phrases
in the following sentence:

12. Noun Phrase - NP
A phrase whose head is a noun:
NOUN
I
apple
Italy
cheese
(determiner) (modifier) (modifier)
the red in my bag
NP =
beautiful
some on my pasta

13. Verb Phrase - VP
A phrase whose head is a verb:
VERB
ate
eaten
sleeping
VP = (auxiliary)
could have
were

14. Prepositional Phrase - PP
A phrase whose head is a preposition:
prep +
for
under
by
PP = NP
me
the bed
my most favorite
Hollywood actor

15. Adjective Phrase - AdjP
A phrase whose noun is an adjective:
adjective
gorgeous
unpleasant
AdjP = (modifier)
very

16. Adverb Phrase (AdvP)
A phrase whose head is an adverb:
adverb
merrily
slowly
AdvP = (modifier)
very

17. Clauses
• A clause is the smallest grammatical unit that
can express a complete proposition.
• A clause is a group of words that require both a
subject AND a conjugated verb (predicate).
I love chocolate.
because it makes me happy
S
S
V
V

18. Clauses
INDEPENDENT x DEPENDENT
I love chocolate because it makes me happy.
Independent clause: It’s a clause that nad stand
alone without being subordinate to another
clause. It’s also known as main clause.
Dependent clause: It’s a type of clause that is
subordinated to an independent clause. Also
known as subordinate clause.
Independent
Main
Dependent
Subordinate

19. Types of dependent clauses:
Noun:
Adjective:
Adverb:
I don’t know who wrote it.
She’s the girl who sent him
that weird e-mail.
The package arrived before
Mark had the chance to leave.

20. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences
• A sentence is a grammatical unit expressing
an independent statement , question, request,
etc, often preceded and followed in speech by
pauses.
Example:
The very rare volume of the collection that she
was looking for so desperately was Woodland
Ecology.

21. Sentences
A sentence may appear in any lenght. All of the examples below
are sentences. Compare:
Look!
Don’t go.
I love chocolate.
My husband and I have three cats.
Driving too fast isn’t advisable because it can result in a serious
accident.
How many times have I told you that you can’t bring your
friends here unless you check with me first?
Sentences may contain multiple phrases
and clauses.
Sentences must have full punctuation.

22. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences
Can clauses or phrases be sentences?
Yes, if they have a conjugated verb and complete punctuation:
Example:
look
This is a verb phrase, but if we are using the imperative, it is also
a clause because, in this case, it also have a subject.
If you add the punctuation,
Look!
the verb phrase/independent clause becomes a sentence.

23. Sentences
• A sentence is a grammatical unit expressing an
independent statement , question, request, etc,
often preceded and followed in speech by pauses.
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Compound-
complex
_____ Washington died before Lincoln
was born, so these two famous
citizens never met each other.
_____ Washington died in 1799, and
Lincoln was born in 1809.
_____ Washington died before Lincoln
was born.
_____ Washington was the first U.S.
president.
1
2
3
4

24. Sentences
1) A simple sentence...
... has one independent clause.
2) A compound sentence...
... contains two independent clauses.
3) A complex sentence...
... has one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.
4) A compound-complex sentence...
... contains two independent clauses and at
least one dependent clause.

25. Homework
Book:
- Pages 64 – 73 (Self-study)
“Basic Grammar Labels for Sentence Structures”
- Pages 193 – 200 (Self-study)
“Adjective Clauses and Reductions”
Workbook:
- Pages 63 – 76 (Self-study)
“Adjctive Clauses and Reductions”
- Pages 162 – 165 (Self-study)
“Adjctive Clauses and Reductions”

26. Moodle Week
3) Graded Exercise
• Parts of Speech
• Verb Tenses
• Phrases
2) Basic Grammar
Labels for Sentence
Structure
• Subject, Predicate
• Phrases, Clauses and Sentences
• Verb Transitivity
• Objects
1) Grammar Key 9
• Adjective Clauses and
Reductions