This document provides a table of contents and overview of various Spanish grammar topics including: nationalities, stem changers, indirect object pronouns, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, affirmative tu commands, irregular verbs, negative tu commands, reflexives, and sequencing events. It discusses rules, examples, and exceptions for each topic in 1-3 sentences per section.

1. Raul Templet

2. Table of Contents
 1: Nationalities
 2: Stem Changers
 3: Indirect Object Pronouns
 4: Gustar
 5: Affirmative & Negative Words

3. Nationalities

4. • No stem changing in the nosotros or vosotros!
• Different kinds of stem changers:
• O>ue
• U>ue
• E>I
• E>ie
• Examples:
• O>ue/D(o)rmir> D(ue)rmo
• E>ie/P(e)nsar> p(ie)nsas
• E>i/P(e)dir> P(i)do
• U>ue/ J(u)gar> J(ue)go
Stem Changers

5. • Para-for
• I ate meat for dinner
• Yo como carne para cena
Para

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
0 Placement:
0 Before a conjugated verb
0 Attach to an infinitive
0 Attach to a gerund/’ing’
0 Example: le, te, me, nos, les.
0 Whoever is reveiving the action is how you conjugate it.
0 Example: Pedro gives a ring to me; Pedre me da el arreta
a mi.

7. Pronoun Placement
0 When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb,
the pronoun comes before the verb
0 Rosa le compra una olla a su madro
0 But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with
an infinitive, it can either go before the verb or
attached to the end of the infinitive
0 Rosa quiere comprarle una olla a su madre.

8. Gustar
Not a stem changer
Indirect object pronoun is always with it
Usually preceeds the verb
Whatever is being “gusta’d” is how you write the ending
• For example:
• Me gustas tu.
• Le gusta el pan
• Le gusto me.
In some cases:
• ‘no’ goes before the I.O.P. and the verb

9. Affirmative & Negative Words
 Affirmative: algo(something), alguien(someone),
algun/alguno(a)(same), siempre(always), tambien(also)
 Negative: nada(nothing), nadie(noone),
ningun/ninguno(a)(none), nunca(never),
tampoco(neither)

10. Los Superlativos
 Equivalent to ‘very’ or ‘extremely’
 Suffix:
 Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas
 Malo>malisimo
 Muchas>muchisimas
 Dificil>dificilismo
 Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelkling to
qu, gu, and c respectively
 Rico>riquisimo
 Larga>larguisima
 Feliz>felicisimo
 Adjectives that end in ‘n’ ot ‘r’ form by adding ‘cisimo/a
 Joven>jovencisimo
 Trabajdor>trabajadorcisimo

11. Affirmative tu
commands/irregulars/pronoun
placement
 Drop the ‘s’
 Example:
 Hablo>habla.
 You can attach the pronoun to the command.
 Example:
 Play the guitar: tocala (since guitar is guitara, you add the ‘la’ to the end of the command.)
 Sing the song/to me: cantala/cantamela(the pronoun goes before the en==ending of whatever
you are talking about.)
 Irregulars:
 Dar/decir : no des/digas
 ir: no vayas
 Ser: no seas
 Hacer: no hagas
 Estar: no estes
 Saber: no sepas
 Tener: no tengas
 Venir: no vengas

12. Negative tu commands
 Put in the yo form
 Change to opposite vowel (ar>er/ir, er/ir>ar)
 Add ‘s’
 Example:
 Habla
 Hables (you change it to the yo form, and since it is an ar verb
you change it to e, and then add an ‘s’)

13. Reflexives
 What you are doing to yourself…it reflects back onto you.
 I wash my teeth-I am washing myself so it’s reflexive
because I am doing it to myself.
 Me, te, le, nos, os, se.
 Me duermo
 Se duermen
 Nos dormimos
 Os dormimis
 Le duerme
 te duermes

14. Sequencing events
 Primer-first
 Entonces- then
 Despues- after
 Luego- later
 Por fin- finally
 Por la manana/tarde/noche- in the…/during the…