This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar topics covered across 10 pages, including: 1. Present tense conjugations of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. 2. Stem-changing verbs and irregular yo forms such as saber and conocer. 3. Uses of reflexive verbs and the impersonal "se". 4. Spelling changes in verbs like -ger/gir, -uir/guir, and -cer/cir. 5. Uses of the imperfect tense to describe past actions, states, and settings.

1. Grammar Book Linares 7 th Period By: Marcelo Poggio

2. Table Of Contents Page 1-Present(ar,er,ir) Page 2-Stem Changers Page 3-Irregular “yo” Page 4-Saber vs. Conocer Page 5-Reflexives Page 6-“se” Impersonal Page 7-Dipthongs Page 8-Verbs like-ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir Page 9-hace + _ + que + _ Page 10-Imperfecto

3. Present(ar,er,ir) Ar: O As A Amos Áis An 1 Er: o es e emos éis en Ir: o es e imos ís en

4. Stem Changers Combine verbs in the root A. “e”  “ie” B. “e”  “I” C. “o”  “ue” D. “u”  “ue” Do not combine nosotros nor vosotros

5. Irregular “yo” “go” verbs- Caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener, traer, venir. “zco” verbs- conocer, producir, conducir, y los demás- ser, estar, ir, ver, saber, dar

6. Saber vs. Conocer Saber- To know a fact or to know how to do something. yo sé nosotros sabemos tu sabes vosotros sabéis él sabe ellos saben Conocer- To know someone or to be familiar with someone . yo conozco nosotros conocemos tu conoces vosotros conocéis él conoce ellos conocen

7. Reflexives A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same. For Example: I hurt myself When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."

8. “se” Impersonal The Impersonal se is used with a third person singular verb. (one, you, people, or they). Used to indicate people in general, not one person. For Example: ¿Cómo se dice rojo en español? How does one say red in Spanish?

9. Dipthongs The strong or weak vowels in the word next to each other A, e, o are the strong vowel sounds I, u, y are the weak vowel sounds

10. Verbs like-ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir Ger or Gir change G-J in the “yo” form. For Example: Exigir (to demand) Exi j o Exiges Exige Exigimos Exig ís Exigen Cer/cir If the verb ends in a vowel add z before the c in the yo form only. If the verd ends in a consonant change the c to a z in the yo form only

11. hace + _ + que + _ Hago-The only irregular Haces Hace Hacemos Hacen The yo form is the only irregular

12. Imperfecto 1. What was happening, happened, used to happen. 2. To describe people or things in the past. 3. To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling in the past. 4. To express the time of day in the past. 5. When describing an action that was in the process of happening. 6. To set the stage, describe, a situation or setting.

13. Preterite Tense e i aste iste o o amos imos aron ieron

14. Spock Hacer- hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron Ir- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Ser- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron Dar- I, iste, io, imos, ieron Ver- I, iste, io, imos, ieron

15. Cucaracha Andar anduve e Estar estuv iste Poder pud io Poner pus imos Querrer quis ieron Saber sup Tener tuv Venir vin Conducir conduj Producir produj Traducir traduj Traer traj Decir dij

16. Snake/Snakey Stem changers & Y changers Snake: dormir Dormi’ dormimos Dormiste Durmio’ durmieron Snakeys Leer Lei’ leimos Leiste Leyo’ leyeron

17. Trigger Words Ayer Anoche Anteayer La semana pasada

18. El Futuro Infinitive & e’, a’s, a’, emos, a’n Add it on end. Vivir -> vivire’ Ir + a + infinitive

19. Irregular Futoro Decir-dir-to say haber-habr-there to be [impersonal]; to have [helping verb] Hacer-har-to make,do Poder-podr-to put, place, set