Bab 9 kls xii

1. Pesawat ruang angkasa Starship Enterprise dalam serial televisi Star Trek seringkali berjalan dengan kecepatan cahaya. Bab 9 Teori Relativitas Khusus Teori Relativitas Khusus 229 Hasil yang harus Anda capai: menganalisis berbagai besaran fisis pada gejala kuantum dan batas-batas berlakunya relativitas Einstein dalam paradigma Fisika Modern. Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu: memformulasikan teori relativitas khusus untuk waktu, panjang, dan massa, serta kesetaraan massa dengan energi yang diterapkan dalam teknologi A. Semua Gerak Bersifat Relatif B. Teori Relativitas Einstein E6@6=C96 H6=IB:C6E6 B6CIG6 7:AIB 7G6B:C?:A6?6= EA6C:H 96C7CH6C9AI6FH6H6GIFM6.6A6=G6HI@:C96A6M6C9=696E6696A6= ?IBA6= 76=6C 76@6F M6C 97IHI=@6C G6C6H 76CM6@ @6F:C6 ?6F6@ H:BEI=CM6 7G6 7:FDF9: H6=IC6C 86=6M6 6A6B ;AB ;AB ;@G AB6= E:F?6A6C6C G:E:FH HI B:FIE6@6C =6A M6C 76G6 @6F:C6 E:G6K6H M6C 9IC6@6C B:BA@ @:8:E6H6C M6C G6C6H HC (G6ACM6 96A6B ;AB )'' E:G6K6HM6C7:FC6B6)'(% #)'%'(B6BEI7:F?6A6C9:C6C @:8:E6H6CDF9:86=6M6 /6=I@6=C966E6=I7IC6C6CH6F6?6F6@9:C6C @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 %@6 GI6HI 7:C96 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 H:DF F:A6HJH6G @=IGIG 6@6C 7:FA6@I .6A6=G6HI BEA@6G 96F E:C:F6E6C H:DF F:A6HJH6G @=IGIG 696A6= H:F?69CM6 @DCHF6@G E:CMIGIH6C E6C?6C G:=C6 ?6F6@ H:BEI=CM6 G:B6@C E:C9:@ .:A6C @DCHF6@G E6C?6C B6G= 76CM6@ A6 E:C6FI= M6C 96@76H@6C DA:= 7:C96 M6C 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C B:C9:@6H @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 6CM6@ =6A M6C H:F@:G6C H96@ B6GI@ 6@6A @6C H:H6E?@69HC?6I9:C6CB:CIC6@6CH:DFF:A6HJH6G@=IGIGH:FCM6H6 AB6= 96C 96E6H 97I@H@6C !:CDB:C6 ;:CDB:6 B:C6F@ H:FG:7IH 6@6C C96 E:A6?6F E696 767 C Sumber: Jendela IPTEK, Energi

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3. @B?6B@:6F6= 9:E6C996A6B@:F:H66EM6CG:96C7:F:F6@9:C6C Gambar 9.1 Menurut pengamat di luar kereta api, penumpang sedang bergerak dengan kecepatan yang sama dengan kecepatan kereta api. A. Semua Gerak Bersifat Relatif .:BI6 7:C96 9@6H6@6C 7:F:F6@ ?@6 @:9I9I@6C 7:C96 HI 7:FI76= H:F=696EHH@68I6C6H6I@:F6C@668I6CM6C9H:H6E@6C .:DF6CGGK6 M6C G:96C 9I9I@ 9 96A6B @:F:H6 6E M6C 7:F:F6@ 9@6H6@6C 96B H96@7:F:F6@?@6@:F6C@668I6CCM6@:F:H66E @6CH:H6EG:DF6C E:C6B6H 9 AI6F @:F:H6 6E B:C6H6@6C GGK6 H:FG:7IH 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C M6C G6B6 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C @:F:H6 6E .6B6 =6ACM6 :F6@ G:7I6=E:F6=IH:FG:7IH6AF6C6FGIC6 +:F6=I96C6FIGGIC67:F:F6@ H:F=696E IB DCHD= 9 6H6G B:CIC?I@@6C 76=K6 H96@ 696 7:C96 M6C 7:F:F6@ BIHA6@ M6C 696 =6CM6A6= :F6@ F:A6H; /:DF):KHDCH:A6=7:F=6GAB:C?:A6G@6CE:FGHK6G:7I6=7:C96M6C 7:F:F6@9:C6C@:8:E6H6CF:C96=G:E:FH8DCHD= 8DCHD=:F6@H:FG:7IH @6C H:H6E H:DFCM6 H96@ 7:F=6GA B:C?:A6G@6C E:FGHK6 7:C96 M6C 7:F:F6@ B:C9:@6H @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 G:E:FH G:?IBA6= :A:@HFDC M6C 9E:F8:E6H B:A6AI 7:96 EDH:CG6A

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6. (:1 :CM6H66C B:CIC?I@@6C76=K6@:8:E6H6C:A:@HFDCH:H6EG6?6G:7:G6F

7. %:A6GA6= B:@6C@6):KHDC H96@ 96E6H 9E6@6 ICHI@ 7:C96 7:C96 M6C 7:F:F6@ B:C9:@6H @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 1. Transformasi Galileo +FCGEF:A6HJH6G6AA:D9@:C6A?I6G:766EFCGEF:A6HJH6G@A6G@ @6F:C6 =6CM6 7:F@6H6C 9:C6C =I@IB =I@IB :F6@ ):KHDC DCHD=CM6 E:C6B6H6C H:F=696E G:DF6C GGK6 M6C G:96C 9I9I@ 9 96A6B @:F:H6 6E M6C 7:F:F6@ DA:= 9I6 DF6C E:C6B6H G:766 9I6 @:F6C@6 68I6C 7:F7:96 DCHD= H:FG:7IH 96E6H 96B76F@6C 9:C6C B:CIC6@6C GGH:B @DDF9C6H @:F6C@6 68I6C =6A H:FG:7IH 9AI@G@6C G:E:FH +! / 6A6B HF6CG;DFB6G M6C 6@6C 9HIFIC@6C C G:A6C K6@HI M6C 986H6H DA:= E:C6B6H 9 96C 96C6E G6B6 +! / B:BE:FA=6H@6C 9I6 @:F6C@6 68I6C 96C :F6C@6 68I6C H:F=696E 68I6C 7:F:F6@ @: @6C6C G:E6C?6C GIB7I - 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C H:H6E + +696 @:F6C@6 68I6C C:FG6A 7:FA6@I

8. * * !# ,)$# :F6C@6 68I6C C:FG6A H96@ B:C6A6B E:F8:E6H6C (G6A@6C9I6DF6CE:C6B6H96C B6GC B6GC7:F69696A6B @:F6C@6 68I6C . 96C +:C6B6H M6C 7:F696 9 GH6GIC 96C6E 7:F696 E696 @:F6C@6 68I6C M6C 96B 96EIC E:C6B6H 7:F696 Y O t = 0 v Y S O' t = 0 S' S' Y' P x X X O' X' = X Y' S x V t Z O Z' 6 Z 7 Z 8 230 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII @:8:E6H6C

9. @B?6B7:F6E6@:8:E6H6CHDH6AC96 B:CIFIHE:C6B6HM6C96B9ECFF:A@:F:H6 %@6 @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 9H:B76@@6C 96F E:G6K6H GIE:FGDC@ M6C B:BA@ @:8:E6H6C G6B6 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C 7ICM BIC@C@6= @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 H:FG:7IHA:7=96FP

10. BGE66A6G6CCM6 E6M6C9B6@GI99:C6C:H:F+:F8D766C6E6@6= M6CB:CIIF@6CH:DF696CM6:H:F Gambar 9.2 (a) Kerangka acuan S dalam keadaan diam; (b) Kerangka acuan S' dalam kecepatan konstan v; (c) Setelah selang waktu t, berada jauh vt dari titik koordinat S'.

11. Teori Relativitas Khusus 231 E696 @:F6C@6 68I6C M6C 7:F:F6@ (IA6 BIA6 96C 7:FBEH 96C G:H:A6= ) G:@DC GI96= B:C:BEI= ?6F6@ +) .:7I6= 7:C96 7:F:F6@ @: @6C6C 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C * +696 G66H ) G:@DC7:C96H:F=696E@:F6C@668I6CB:BA@@DDF9C6H- . /96C H:F=696E @:F6C@6 68I6C B:BA@ @DDF9C6H - ./ G:=C6 --0+)..// O :C6C6C6E6CK6@HIM6C96B6HDA:=E:C6B6HE696@:F6C@6 68I6CG6B69:C6CK6@HIM6C96B6HDA:=E:C6B6H96A6B@:F6C@6 68I6C M6C 7:F:F6@ )) O $/0 + , 7 96C 7 9@:C6A 9:C6C HF6CG;DFB6G 6AA:D /F6CG;DFB6G @:76A@6CCM6 696A6= --+)..//)) O *A:=@6F:C6))HIFIC6C-6H6I-H:F=696E)G6B69:C6CHIFIC6C -6H6I -H:F=696E ) %@6 $/0 + , 7 9HIFIC@6C H:F=696EK6@HI ) 6@6C 9E:FDA:= @:8:E6H6C - - +) +) - - ) ) ) ) ) - * ) %@6 - - * ) 696A6= @:8:E6H6C 7:C96 H:F=696E - 696A6= @:8:E6H6C 7:C96 H:F=696E 96C +) + ) 6@6C 9E:FDA:= G:7I6= 7:CHI@ E:FG6B66C *-*-0+ O +696 GIB7I . 7:FA6@I . . E696 GIB7I / 7:FA6@I / / . . / / ) ) ) ) *.*.*/*/ H6I *-*-O+*.*.*/*/ O HF6CG;DFB6G @:76A@6CCM6 696A6= *-*-+*.*.*/*/ O :H:F6C6C *- @:8:E6H6C 7:C96 G:?6?6F - *. @:8:E6H6C 7:C96 G:?6?6F . */ @:8:E6H6C 7:C96 G:?6?6F / :8:E6H6C 9HIFIC@6C H:F=696E K6@HI 6@6C B:C=6GA@6C E:F8:E6H6C - - * ) - * ) - . . * ) . * ) . O / / * ) / * ) / Tantangan untuk Anda Berilah contoh ilustrasi transformasi Galileo yang ada di sekitar Anda.

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13. * *,)$# )#)# ' # %'(# ' (*)* # ))% ( ! (* '# *# #'(! Contoh 9.1 .:7I6= @:F:H6 6E 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C @B?6B .:DF6C E:CIBE6C 7:F?6A6C96A6B@:F:H69:C6C@:8:E6H6C@B?6BG:6F6=9:C6C@:F:H6 :F6E6 @:8:E6H6CE:CIBE6CH:FG:7IHH:F=696EDF6CM6C96B9H:EF:A 4 ! :C6CB:CIC6@6C$/0 + ,7*-*-0+ *F6CM6C96B9H:EF:AG:766@:F6C@668I6C :F:H66EM6C7:F:F6@ H:F=696EDF6CM6C96BG:766@:F6C@668I6C :8:E6H6CE:CIBE6CH:F=696E @:F6C@668I6C696A6=*-@B?6B :C6C9:B@6C@:8:E6H6CE:CIBE6C *-H:F=696EM6C96B696A6= *-*-+ @B?6B 2. Percobaan Michelson–Morley :?6A6 M6C H6BE6@ E696 :ADB76C H6A :ADB76C E:FBI@66C 6F 6H6I :ADB76C 7ICM B:CIC?I@@6C 76=K6 :ADB76C 96E6H B:F6B76H B:A6AI GI6HI B:9IB M6C B:C?6A6F@6C :H6F6C 96F GI6HI H:BE6H @: H:BE6H A6CCM6 *A:= @6F:C6 86=6M6 ?I6 96E6H 96C6E G:766 :ADB76C6E6@6=M6CB:BIC@C@6CB:F6B76HCM6:ADB76C86=6M6 96F(6H6=6F@:IBG:96C@6CG:766C7:G6F96:F6=6CH6F6(6H6=6F 96C IB 696A6= FI6C =6BE6 0CHI@ B:C?6K67 E:FH6CM66C C E696 6769 @: E6F6 6=A B:C6?I@6C GI6HI =EDH:GG M6C 9@:C6A 9:C6C %$)(( )' (:CIFIH =EDH:GG C :ADB76C 86=6M6 96F (6H6=6F @: IB 96E6H B:F6B76H B:A6AIGI6HIB:9IBM6C9C6B6@6C:H:F (:9IBCH:F96E6H9B6C6 B6C6 9 6A6B C H:FB6GI@ FI6C =6BE6 :C6C 696CM6 =EDH:GG C ICHI@ G:B:CH6F6 96E6H B:C=C96F@6C @:GI@6F6C H:CH6C B:9IB E:F6B76H6C :ADB76C 86=6M6 +696 '$*0-,96C-/*$5B:A6@I@6C:@GE:FB:C ICHI@ B:B7I@H@6C @:7:F6966C :H:F @GE:FB:C C 9A6@I@6C 9:C6C B:CI@IF G:AG= K6@HI 6CH6F6 @:A6?I6C 86=6M6 @:H@6 7:F:F6@ G:?6?6F 96CH:6@AIFIG:H:F 6FC9696E6HB:B6=6B:@GE:FB:C(8=:AGDC (DFA:MCE:F=6H@6CAIGHF6GH:CH6C:F6@E:F6=IM6C7:F:F6@G:6F6= 9:C6C 6AF6C GIC6 96C :F6@ E:F6=I M6C 7:F:F6@ B:CM:7:F6C GIC6 H:6@ AIFIG 9:C6C 6AF6C GIC6 +696 +! / E:F6=I 7:F:F6@EIA6CE:FB:CM:7:F6CGIC696FHH@(@:)96C@:B76A @: ( A6 9:C6C 6F6= H:6@ AIFIG 6AF6C GIC6 M6C 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C+ 0CHI@B:A6@I@6CE:CM:7:F6C6CC6F6=:F6@6CCM6=6FIG 9BFC@6C@:@FICHI@B:CB76C6FIGGIC6G:E:FH9E:FA=6H@6C E696 +! / :G6FF:GIAH6C96F@:8:E6H6CE:F6=I96C@:8:E6H6C 6AF6C GIC6 + 96E6H 9HIAG@6C G:766 7:F@IH aliran sungai Gambar 9.3 N v c M 2 2 v’ c v Gerak perahu bolak-balik yang tegak lurus aliran sungai. v N M Gambar 9.4 c Diagram arah kecepatan perahu dan aliran sungai. 232 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

14. v aliran sungai c + v c – v M O Gambar 9.5 Gerak perahu yang searah dan berlawanan dengan aliran sungai. Ingatlah Teori Relativitas Khusus 233 v’ c v 2 2 O %@6E6C?6CACH6G6C(@:)696A6=!K6@HIM6C9E:FAI@6CICHI@ B:CM:7:F6C GIC6 696A6= %69 ICHI@ EIA6C E:F B:CM:7:F6C + GIC6 97IHI=@6C K6@HI ) + + O .:@6F6C E:F=6H@6C +! /

15. +:F6=I 7:F:F6@ 7DA6@ 76A@ 96F HH@ ( @: * A6AI @:B76A @: ( A6 +6C?6C ACH6G6C 96F ( @: * G6B6 9:C6C E6C?6C ACH6G6C 96F ( @: ) M6HI ! +696 G:E6FI= E:F?6A6C6CCM6 M6C E:FH6B6 @:8:E6H6CCM6 976CHI DA:= 6AF6C GIC6 G:=C6 ICHI@ B:C:BEI= G:?6I= 9E:FAI@6C K6@HI + @6C H:H6EE696K6@HIG:E6FI=E:F?6A6C6CCM6ICHI@@:B76A:F6@CM6?IGHFI B:A6K6C 6FIG G:=C6 9E:FAI@6C K6@HI + ICHI@ B:C:BEI= ?6F6@ M6C G6B6 M6HI G:E6C?6C :C6C 9:B@6C G:AIFI= E:F?6A6C6C E:F6=I EIA6C E:F B:B:FAI@6C K6@HI ) + + :CHI@ H:FG:7IH 96E6H 9HIAG ?I6 9:C6C ) + + + + ) + + + + +:FG6B66C H:FG:7IH 96E6H ?I6 9HIAG@6C ) + ) + O

16. 0CHI@ @6GIG :F6@ IB 9 96A6B :H:F 9IC6@6C 6C6AD G:766 7:F@IH :A6?I6C GIC6 96C6AD@6C G:766 @:A6?I6C :H:F 96C @:A6?I6C E:F6=I 96C6AD@6C G:766 86=6M6 6A6B @DCH:@G C ) 7:F6FH K6@HI M6C9H:BEI=86=6M6@:H@6ACH6G6CCM6H:6@AIFIG9:C6C6F6=@:A6?I6C :H:F G:96C@6C ) 696A6= K6@HI M6C 9H:BEI= 86=6M6 @:H@6 ACH6G6CCM6 G:?6?6F H:F=696E 6F6= @:A6?I6C :H:F .:AG= K6@HI 6CH6F6 ) 96C ) 696A6= )O) O + + )O) + O + O a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)

17. 0CHI@B:CM:A:G6@6CE:FG6B66CH:FG:7IH9IC6@6C9:F:H7CDB6A M6HI -# perjalanan A sinar datang 234 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII # - # - # - # # -# 96C # ## # # O .I@I + E696 $/0 + , 7 96E6H 9HIAG@6C 96A6B 7:CHI@ 9:F:H 7CDBC6A 9:C6C B:C6C6AD@6C + G:766 - 96C E6C@6H O G:766 # B6@6 6@6C 996E6H@6C + #-##O - + + *A:=@6F:C6

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19. %69E:FG6B66C9:F:HCDBC6AH:FG:7IH96E6H9HIAG@6C + + :C6C 86F6 M6C G6B6 B6@6 + 96E6H 9HIAG@6C 96A6B 7:CHI@ 9:F:H CDBC6A G:766 7:F@IH + + B6@6 )O) + O + )O) + O + )O) + O +696 E:F8D766C (8=:AGDCO(DFA:M M6C G@:B6CM6 H:FA=6H E696 +! / E6C?6CACH6G6C M6C9IC6@6C696A6= B 96EIC @:A6?I6C :H:F + 696A6= @:A6?I6C FDH6G IB M6HI P

20. BG *A:= @6F:C6 HI G:AG= K6@HI 86=6M6 M6C G:?6?6F :H:F 96C H:6@ AIFIG :H:F 96E6H 9=HIC )O) B P

21. BG P

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23. BG P

24. O G Tantangan untuk Anda Agar Anda lebih memahami tentang deret binomial. Kerjakan contoh-contoh berikut. 1. (1 – x2)3 2. (1 + 2x)3 Gambar 9.6 Skema percobaan Michelson- Morley. cermin 2 cermin 1 aliran eter layar pengamat kaca setengah cermin

25. /:F6C@6C @:H:F@6H6C #I@IB ):KHDC 96C HF6CG;DFB6G6AA:D .:7IH@6C A6H6F 7:A6@6C E6F6 ;G@6K6C 6769 @: 96A6BB:M6@C696CM6:H:F /:F6C@6CB:HD9:E:F8D766C(DFA:M (8=:AGDC96C @:GBEIA6C6E6@6=M6C96E6H9E:FDA:=96FE:F8D766C (DFA:M (8=:AGDC Teori Relativitas Khusus 235 .:AG= K6@HI C G6C6H @:8A 96C H96@ BIC@C 96B6H G:86F6 B6CI6A )6BIC?@69IC6@6C86F6 86F6DEH@=6AC6@6CB:B7:F@6C @:H:AH6C M6C G6C6H HC .6A6= G6HICM6 B:A6AI EDA6 CH:F;:F:CG :F@6G 86=6M6 M6C 9E6CHIA@6C 96C 9H:FIG@6C DA:= @686 G:H:C6= 8:FBC H:CHI B:BA@ ;6G: M6C 7:F7:96 G:=C6 6@6C H:FA=6H GI6HI EDA6 CH:F;:F:CG %@6 96B6H B:A6AI A6M6F E:C6B6H 6@6C B:BE:FA=6H@6C E:F7:966C H:FG:7IH /:FCM6H6 E:F8D766C (8=:AGDC (DFA:M G6C6H B:C:?IH@6C @6F:C6 96F =6GA E:C6B6H6C H:F=696E EDA6 CH:F;:F:CG H96@ H:FA=6H E:F7:966C ;6G: #6A C 7:F6FH 76=K6 H96@ H:F96E6H E:F7:966C 6CH6F6 K6@HI M6C 9E:FAI@6C DA:= 86=6M6 ICHI@ EIA6C E:F 96A6B 6F6= G:?6?6F 9:C6C 6AF6C :H:F 96C 6F6= H:6@ AIFIG H:F=696E 6AF6C :H:F I6 =6A E:CHC M6C 96E6H 9GBEIA@6C 96F E:F8D766C(8=:AGDCO (DFA:M M6HI G:766 7:F@IH 6 #EDH:GG H:CH6C B:9IB M6C 9G:7IH :H:F H96@ 96E6H 97I@H@6C :C6C @6H6 A6C :H:F HI H96@ 696 7 :8:E6H6C 86=6M6 696A6= G6B6 ICHI@ G:6A6 6F6= H96@ 7:F6CHIC E696 :F6@ IB Tes Kompetensi Subbab A $/( ) ,* . # !2)2* 1' , 66B6C6@6=E6C96C6CB6CIG6H:F=696E?6A6CCM6 E:F6B76H6C:ADB76C86=6M696F(6H6=6FG6BE6 9 IB E696 6769 @: 66B6C6@6= EIA6 E:FB6G6A6=6CH:FG:7IH9G:A:G6@6CE6966K6A6769 @: (:C6E6G:BI6:F6@7:C9696E6H9@6H6@6C:F6@ F:A6H; 96C 766B6C6@6= @:9I9I@6C 6CH6F6 :F6@ F:A6H;M6CG6HI96CM6CA6CCM6%:A6G@6C B. Teori Relativitas Einstein #6GAE:F8D766C(8=:AGDC (DFA:MB:B7I@H@6C76=K6:H:FG:766 B:9IB F6B76H6C 86=6M6 HI H96@ 696 +696

26. *!$/1 ',01$', B:CIGIA@6CGI6HIH:DFH:CH6C@:8:E6H6C86=6M6 /:DFCB:CM6H6@6C 76=K6 (' %)# . ! ( *#)* (* ' # '! * *#)* (* )%) ) '. # ## ) '#)*# % ' (*' *%*# %#)#. /:DF C 9G:7IH )$' '!)+)( *(*( CGH:C B:C:BI@6@6C 9I6 EDGHIA6HCM6 M6HI G:766 7:F@IH :A6?I6C86=6M69FI6C=6BE6@:G:6A66F6=696A6=BIHA6@H96@ 7:F6CHIC E696 :F6@ GIB7:F 86=6M6 B6IEIC E:C6B6H #I@IB =I@IB ;G@6 B:@6C@6 ):KHDC B:BA@ 7:CHI@ M6C G6B6 E696 G:BI6 @:F6C@6 68I6C C:FG6A +DGHIA6H E:FH6B6 BIC8IA 6@76H BEA@6G 7:G6F6C 7:G6F6C ;GG M6C G6C6H AI6G 9 B6C6 #I@IB (:@6C@6 ):KHDC G:E:FH @:8:E6H6C H96@ 7:FA6@I ICHI@ 86=6M6 (:CIFIH ',01$', K6@HI ) H96@ G6B6 9:C6C ) G:=C6 F:A6HJH6G ):KHDC 96C HF6CG;DFB6G 6AA:D H96@ 96E6H 9IC6@6C :G6F6C @:8:E6H6C K6@HI E6C?6C 96C B6GG6 7:C96 G:BI6CM6 7:FG;6H F:A6H; Kata Kunci • transformasi Galileo • kerangka acuan • eter • kecepatan cahaya

27. Gambar 9.7 Dua kerangka acuan S dan S', dengan S' memiliki kecepatan (v) relatif terhadap S. 1. Transformasi Lorentz 6F IF66C G:7:AIBCM6 9@:H6=I 76=K6 HF6CG;DFB6G 6AA:D H96@ 96E6H 9IC6@6C ICHI@ B:C?:A6G@6C H:DF CGH:C 0CHI@ B:C?:A6G@6C H:DF CGH:C C 9IC6@6C HF6CG;DFB6G 'DF:CHN /F6CG;DFB6G M6C 9@:BI@6@6CDA:=-/$,167:FA6@IIBIB FHCM6HF6CG;DFB6GCH96@ =6CM6 7:FA6@I ICHI@ @:8:E6H6C @:8:E6H6C M6C B:C9:@6H @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 H:H6E ?I6 7:FA6@I ICHI@ @:8:E6H6C @:8:E6H6C M6C ?6I= A:7= @:8A 96F @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 +:F=6H@6C +! / (:CIFIH HF6CG;DFB6G 6AA:D 996E6H@6C --+)/H@96CB6GC B6GCB:FIE6@6CEIG6H@DDF9C6H96F G@I G@I -./ 96C - . / +696 )

28. @:9I6 GIB7I 7:FBEH .IB7I - . /7:F:G:F@:@6C6CG:E6C?6CGIB7I -9:C6C@:8:E6H6CH:H6E+ .:H:A6= ) G:@DC ?6F6@ 696A6= + ) 0CHI@ HH@ M6C H:FA:H6@ E696 GIB7I - ?@6 @DDF9C6HCM6 9CM6H6@6C 9:C6C - 96C - 6@6C B:B:CI= =I7IC6C 236 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII -- --+) O 6A6B =6A C E:C6B6H 9 96C B:CIC6@6C G:A6C K6@HI M6C 9BIA6 E696 G66H 7:FG6B66C .:6C96CM6 HH@ ?I6 7:F:F6@ @: @6C6C G:E6C?6C GIB7I - 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C H:H6E H:F=696E E:C6B6H @:9I6 9 G:7:G6F + @:9I9I@6C H:F=696E GIB7I - 96C - M6HI ICHI@)) - - +) ICHI@)) --+) O ICHI@)) --+) %69 76@ E:C6B6H E:FH6B6 B6IEIC E:C6B6H @:9I6 B:CIC6@6C K6@HI ) ) ) )C @6C H:H6E ?@6 G:A6C K6@HI E:C6B6HE:FH6B696CE:C6B6H@:9I697:96@6C9:C6C)96C) 0CHI@ E:C6B6HE:FH6B6696A6=) )) )C96CICHI@E:C6B6H@:9I6696A6= ) ) ) )# $/0 + , 7

29. E:FAI 9CM6H6@6C 96A6B ) =6A C 7:F6FH C96 96E6H B:C6A@6C 9:C6C GI6HI @DCGH6CH6 M6C 9G:7IH ))%# )'#($'( :C6C 9:B@6C ?@6 HF6CG;DFB6G C 96C6E AC:6F $/0 + , 7 B:C?69 - -+) O %@6 @:F6C@6 68I6C H:F=696E @:F6C@6 68I6C 7:F:F6@ @: @6C6C 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C H:H6E + @:F6C@6 68I6C H:F=696E 96E6H 96C6E 7:F:F6@ F:A6H; @: @F 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C + #I7IC6C - 96C - B:C?69 - -0+) O .I7GHHIG@6C $/0 + , 7 @: 96A6B $/0 + , 7 G:=C6 - 4 -0+)+)5 - -0+) +) ) ) - + O z z' P X vt X' y y' v x = x' S S'

30. Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998 Teori Relativitas Khusus 237 (G6A@6C @:8:E6H6C H:F=696E @:F6C@6 68I6C 96C 696A6= @:8:E6H6C86=6M6*-

31. (:CIFIH CGH:C@:8:E6H6C86=6M6H:F=696E @:F6C@668I6CE:C6B6HE:FH6B69G6B67:G6FCM6M6HI*- 6F GC996E6H=I7IC6C-)96C-)G:=C6$/0 + ,7 B:C?69 ) -0+) O :C6C B:C6CH ) E696 $/0 + , 7 9E:FDA:=

32. ) - - +) + 0CHI@ B:C?:A6G@6C E:FG6B66C H:FG:7IH @IH A6C@6= A6C@6= 7:F@IH C 6A@6C G:H6E GI@I G:GI6 9:C6C G;6H @DBIH6H; ) - + - +) IBEIA@6C GI@I GI@I M6C B:BA@ J6F67:A - 9 FI6G @F 96C M6C B:BA@ J6F67:A ) 9 FI6G @6C6C - + O - O ) O +) 6A@6C 9:C6C O - O- + ) +) :AI6F@6C J6F67:A - 9 FI6G @F

33. - + ) +) .IGIC E:FG6B66C G:=C6 9 FI6G @F =6CM6 696 J6F67:A - - ) +) + ) + + 6A@6C 9:C6C -) + + + ) + + .:E:FHH:A6=976=6GG:7:AIBCM6B:CIFIH CGH:C- ) *A:=@6F:C6 HI 96E6H 9HIAG@6C )) + + Tokoh H.A. Lorentz (1853–1928) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853– 1928) adalah seorang fisikawan Belanda yang kali pertama me-ngemukakan tentang pemantulan dan pembiasan cahaya, ditinjau dari teori bahwa cahaya termasuk gelombang elektromagnetik. Teori ini dikembangkan oleh James Clerk Maxwell yang menyatakan bahwa cahaya terdiri atas gelombang listrik dan gelombang magnetik dengan sudut yang berbeda. Lorentz juga memprediksi keberadaan elektron. Beliau menerima hadiah Nobel tahun 1902 dalam bidang fisika atas penelitiannya mengenai medan magnet. Dalam bab teori relativitas, Lorentz berjasa dalam teorinya mengenai Transformasi Lorentz.

34. B6@6 238 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII + + + + + + O + + O

35. @=FCM6 =6GA HF6CG;DFB6G 'DF:CHN 96E6H 9HIAG G:766 7:F@IH - -O+) + -O+) - +) + ..// O ) +- ) ) + ) +- ) +- + O $/0 + , 7 9@:BI@6@6C DA:= $,#/') ,1--, -/$,16 G:DF6C ;G@6K6C :A6C96 E696

36. +:FG6B66C H:FG:7IH 96E6H 9E6@6 ICHI@ B:C=HIC E6FH@:A E6FH@:A M6C 7:F:F6@ 8:E6H /F6CG;DFB6G 'DF:CHN C 6@6C H:F:9I@G B:C?69 HF6CG;DFB6G 6AA:D 6E67A6 @:A6?I6C + ?6I= A:7= @:8A 96F @:A6?I6C 86=6M6 + 2. Transformasi Kecepatan dari Lorentz +DGHIA6HF:A6HJH6G@=IGIGB:CM6H6@6C76=K6@:A6?I6C86=6M696A6B FI6C =6BE6 B:BA@ =6F6 M6C G6B6 ICHI@ G:BI6 E:C6B6H H96@ 7:F6CHIC E696 :F6@ F:A6H;CM6 .:7:F@6G 86=6M6 M6C 9E6C86F@6C 96A6B @:F6C@6 68I6C E696 6F6= :F6@CM6 9:C6C @:A6?I6C + F:A6H; H:F=696E @:F6C@6 6@6C B:BA@ @:A6?I6C + 9I@IF 96F .:@6F6C C96 HC?6I G:GI6HI M6C 7:F:F6@ F:A6H; H:F=696E @:9I6CM6 M6HI 96C +:C6B6H 9 B:CI@IF @:H6 @DBEDC:C @:8:E6H6C 96A6B M6HI Tantangan untuk Anda Dengan cara yang sama seperti pada Persamaan (9–21), turunkan persamaan transformasi kecepatan relativistik sehingga didapatkan hasil seperti Persamaan (9–22).

37. Teori Relativitas Khusus 239 - . / + + - . / ) ) ) 96EIC E:C6B6H 96A6B B:C96E6H - . / + + - ) . ) / ) :C6C B:C9;;:F:CG6A@6C $/0 + , 7 9E:FDA:= - + ) - . . / / + ) + - ) + G:=C6 - +) - - + - + - - +) + ) ) ) + - ) + - + - ) + + + + + - - + 6H6I + - - + + + + - - O :C6C 86F6 M6C G6B6 C96 ?I6 6@6C B:C96E6H@6C HF6CG;DFB6G @:8:E6H6C F:A6HJGH@ ICHI@ GIB7I . 96C GIB7I / +. + + + + . - +. + + . - + + O +/ + + + + / - +/ + + / - + + Tantangan untuk Anda Dengan menggunakan transformasi Lorentz, buktikan bahwa kecepatan cahaya untuk pengamat yang diam dan pengamat yang bergerak dengan kecepatan v adalah sama.

38. Gambar 9.8 Sebuah meteran yang bergerak sebesar 87% dari kecepatan cahaya, panjangnya hanya terlihat setengahnya oleh pengamat yang diam. Contoh 9.2 .:7I6=E:G6K6H6C@6G67:F@:A6?I6C

39. H:F=696EIB %@6E:G6K6H6C@6G6 B:A:K6H9:C6C@:A6?I6CF:A6H;

40. H:F=696EE:G6K6H7:F6E6@6=@:A6?I6C E:G6K6HH:F=696EIB 4 ! :C6CB:CIC6@6C$/0 + ,7 9E:FDA:= + +

41. 3. Akibat Prinsip Relativitas Khusus a. Kontraksi Lorentz /:DF F:A6HJH6G B:B76K6 E:C6FI= H:F=696E E:CI@IF6C E6C?6C GI6HI 7:C96 M6C 7:F:F6@ H:F=696E G:DF6C E:C6B6H +:FI76=6C E6C?6C GI6HI 7:C96 6@76H :F6@6C F:A6H; E:C6B6H 6H6I 7:C96 9G:7IH $#)' ( $'#)/ 6H6I %#.*(*)# %## !#) $#)')$# +6C?6C 6H6I ?6F6@ 7I@6CA6= G:GI6HI M6C BIHA6@ H:H6E G:GI6HI M6C F:A6H; +696 96G6FCM6 ICHI@ B:CI@IF ?6F6@ C96 =6FIG B:A=6H @:9I9I@6C 9I6 HH@ G:86F6 G:F:CH6@ #I7IC6C ?6F6@ 6CH6F6 9I6 @:F6C@668I6C96E6H96B76F@6C9:C6C86F6G:9:F=6C6G:E:FH7:F@IH C .:7I6= GIB7:F 86=6M6 E696 @:F6C@6 68I6C 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C+H:F=696E@:F6C@668I6C .I6HI@:AE86=6M69E6C86F@6C 96FGIB7:FH:FG:7IH96C9E6CHIA@6CDA:=G:7I6=8:FBCM6C7:F?6F6@

42. 96F GIB7:F .:766 68I6C 9H:BE6H@6C G:7I6= BGH6F 96B M6C 9IC6@6C ICHI@ B:C6C96 ?6F6@ M6C 9H:BEI= DA:= 86=6M6 EIA6C 76A@ 96F GIB7:F @: 8:FBC 96C @:B76A @: GIB7:F 26@HI ) M6C 9E:FAI@6C ICHI@ EIA6C E:F 86=6M6 H:FG:7IH 696A6= G:766 7:F@IH 240 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

43. ) O C96@6C E6C?6C BGH6F M6C 96B6H 96F @:F6C@6 696A6= 96C K6@HI M6C 9E:FAI@6C DA:= @:AE 86=6M6 7:F:F6@ 96F GIB7:F @: 8:FBC 696A6= ) B6@6 E6C?6C ACH6G6C HDH6A 96F GIB7:F @: 8:FBC 7I@6C B:A6C@6C 696A6= + ) O *A:= @6F:C6 @:AE 86=6M6 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C B6@6 ) O - - - + + +

44. - + %69@:A6?I6CE:G6K6H F:A6H;H:F=696EIB

45. A:7=@:8A96F@:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 (:CIFIHB:@6C@6@:8:E6H6CE:G6K6H H:F=696EIB

46. C H96@BIC@C

47. v = 0 v = 0,995 c v = 0,87 c v = 0,999 c Teori Relativitas Khusus 241 %@6 @:9I6 $/0 + , 7 96C $/0 + , 7 967IC 9E:FDA:= ) J ) G:=C6 ) + O 0CHI@ @:B76A @: GIB7:F ?6F6@ M6C 9H:BEI= 86=6M6 A:7= E:C9:@ @6F:C6 9A=6H 96F @:F6C@6 GIB7:F 96C 8:FBC G6AC B:C9:@6H %@6 K6@HI M6C 9E:FAI@6C DA:= 86=6M6 ICHI@ @:B76A 696A6= ) B6@6 O+ ) O 96C ) O

48. 9:C6C 86F6 M6C G6B6 9E:FDA:= ) + O 26@HI HDH6A ) ) ) ICHI@ E:F?6A6C6C EIA6C E:F @:AE 86=6M6 9A=6H 96F 696A6= ) + + ) + O .6BE6 E696 H6=6E C C96 =6FIG B:CC6H @:B76A E:B76=6G6C H:CH6C HF6CG;DFB6G 'DF:CHN M6HI GI6HI @DCGH6CH6 9E:FAI@6C ICHI@ B:CM:H6F6@6C E:C6B6H6C E696 @:F6C@6 68I6C G 96C @:F6C@6 68I6C G ) ) ) ) ) ) + *A:=@6F:C6 )

49. 6@6C 996E6H@6C + +

50. + O 6H6I

51. + O Gambar 9.9 Semakin besar kecepatan bola, ukuran bola akan semakin mengecil. v = c Tantangan untuk Anda Perhatikan kembali Persamaan (9–26) dan Persamaan (9–29). Diskusikan dengan teman sekelas Anda tentang pengertian fisis persamaan-persamaan tersebut. Kemudian, carilah analogi tentang kejadian pada persamaan tersebut dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

52. Gambar 9.10 (a) Sebuah bangunan yang dilihat oleh pengamat yang diam; (b) Bangunan yang dilihat oleh pengamat yang bergerak sangat cepat; (c) Diagram yang memperlihatkan bagaimana bagian sisi dinding dapat terlihat. $/0 + , 7 B:CM6H6@6C 76=K6 7:C96 M6C E6C?6CCM6

53. ?@6 96B6H DA:= E:C6B6H M6C 7:F:F6@ G:?6?6F E6C?6CCM6 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C + 7:C96 6@6C H:FA=6H B:C6A6B E:FI76=6C E6C?6C +6C?6C M6C H:FA=6H DA:= E:C6B6H M6C 7:F:F6@ 696A6=

54. + @6F:C6 + B6@6 :H:F6C6C E6C?6C 7:C96 7:F:F6@ M6C 96B6H DA:= @:F6C@6 M6C 96B E6C?6C 7:C96 M6C 96B E696 GI6HI @:F6C@6 68I6C

55. + @:8:E6H6C 7:C96 H:F=696E @:F6C@6 96B @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 P

56. BG %69 E6C?6C 7:C96 G:DA6= DA6= B:CMIGIH :?6A6 C 9G:7IH @DCHF6@G E6C?6C #6A C 9@:BI@6@6C DA:= -/$,16 G:=C6 @DCHF6@GCM6 9G:7IH $#)' ( $'#)/ Contoh 9.3 .:7I6=7:C9696A6B@:6966C96BE6C?6CCM6

57. B:H:F :C96HI7:F:F6@9:C6C @:8:E6H6C

58. G:6F6=9:C6CE6C?6CCM6 #HICA6=E6C?6C7:C96G66H7:F:F6@ 4 ! @:H6=I

59. B:H:F+

60. :C6CB:CIC6@6C$/0 + ,7

62. %69E6C?6C7:C96G66H7:F:F6@696A6=B:H:F

66. B:H:F Contoh 9.4 .:7I6=76H6CH:F@6HE696G:7I6=FD@:HM6CG:96CB:AIC8IF9:C6C@:A6?I6C

67. B:H:F 242 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII (:CIFIH6K6@E:G6K6HE6C?6C76H6C696A6=B:H:F :F6E6@6=E6C?6C76H6CH:FG:7IH B:CIFIHE:C6B6HM6C96BH:F=696EIB 4 ! @:H6=I B+

68. + %69E6C?6C76H6CB:CIFIHE:C6B6HM6C96BH:F=696EIB696A6= B:H:F #6AC7:F6FH76=K6E6C?6C76H6CHIA:7=E:C9:@?@69E6C96C96FIB b. Dilatasi Waktu ',01$', B:CM6H6@6C 76=K6 K6@HI 696A6= G:GI6HI M6C F:A6H; #6A C 96E6H 9AIGHF6G@6C 9:C6C :F6@ 86=6M6 9 96A6B GI6HI @:F6C@6 68I6C M6C 7:F:F6@ :BI96C :F6@ 86=6M6 H:FG:7IH 96B6H 96F @:F6C@6 68I6C M6C 96B G:E:FH E696 +! / :F6C@668I6C7:F:F6@9:C6C@:8:E6H6CF:A6H;H:F=696E@:F6C@6 .:DF6C E:C6B6H E696 @:F6C@6 B:C6F6=@6C G:7I6= GIB7:F 86=6M6 @: G:7I6= 8:FBC M6C ?6F6@CM6 H:FA=6H G:E:FH +! / 6 7 8 B A C C’ C D v B’ B A O

69. cermin pengamat Dt0 d O = O' cermin c d O O' v Dt Dt

70. 6 7 waktu waktu waktu 1 waktu 2 Teori Relativitas Khusus 243 +696 6B76F H:FA=6H 76=K6 86=6M6 M6C 9E6C86F@6C 9 9E6CHIA@6C @:B76A G:E6C?6C 6FG M6C G6B6 G:E:FH M6C 96B6H 96A6B @:F6C@6 26@HI EIA6C E:F @:AE 86=6M6 9 96F @: 8:FBC 96C @:B76A @: 696A6=

71. ) )

72. 6H6I O :?696C 9 ?@6 9E6C96C DA:= E:C6B6H M6C 7:F696 E696 @:F6C@696E6H9A=6HE696 +! /!M6CB:BE:FA=6H@6C76=K6 ACH6G6C86=6M6K6@HIE:FH96@A6=G6B69:C6CK6@HIEIA6C %@6G:A6C K6@HI EIA6C E:FB:CIFIH E:C6B6H9 696A6= ) ?6F6@ 6CH6F6 96C696A6=+ ) 96EICACH6G6C86=6M6696A6= 6F6B76FH:FA=6H 76=K6 ) 9:C6C + ) ) + ) O %@6 $/0 + , 7

73. 967IC@6C @: 96A6B $/0 + , 7 9E:FDA:= ) )

74. + ) O %@6 $/0 + , 7 9@I69F6H@6C 9E:FDA:= ) + )

76. ) )

77. + ) ) O )

78. + ) ) O + )

79. .:A6C?IHCM6 9E:FDA:= =I7IC6C 6CH6F6 t 96C t M6C 96E6H 9FIBIG@6C G:766 7:F@IH

80. ) ) + O :H:F6C6C + @:8:E6H6CF:A6H;E:C6B6HM6C7:F:F6@H:F=696EE:C6B6HM6C 96B ) G:A6CK6@HI 9I@IF DA:= E:C6B6H M6C F:A6H; 7:F:F6@ )

81. G:A6C K6@HI 9I@IF DA:= E:C6B6H M6C F:A6H; 96B Gambar 9.11 (a) Kelip cahaya pulang balik dipancarkan di O dipandang oleh pengamat di S'; (b) Kelip cahaya di S' dipandang dari S.

82. Contoh 9.5 .I6HIE6FH@:AB:BA@K6@HI=9IEP

83. OG:@DCM6HIK6@HIE6FH@:AHIBIA6 696=C6BIGC6=G6B6G:@6A :F6E6@6=K6@HI=9IEE6FH@:AHI?@667:F:F6@ 9:C6C@:A6?I6C

84. 4 ! @:H6=I)

86. OG:@DC+O

88. 9:H@

89. Mari Mencari Tahu .6A6=G6HI7I@H@:7:C6F6CH:DFF:A6HJH6G696A6=;6@H6@:7:F6966C*$#9IB 6FA6=C;DFB6GH:CH6C*$#C96F7:F766GIB7:F96C7I6HA6=F:GIB:96F C;DFB6GM6CC9696E6H@6C IBEIA@6CF:GIB:C96@:E696IFI -:GIB: H:F76@9EF:G:CH6G@6C96C99G@IG@6C99:E6C@:A6G 244 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII ) ) + 5. Momentum dan Massa Relativistik #I@IB ):KHDC H:CH6C :F6@ B:CM6H6@6C 76=K6 ?@6 E696 G:7I6= 7:C96 7:FB6GG6 7:@:F?6 G:7I6= 6M6 @DCGH6C 7:C96 H:FG:7IH 6@6C 7:F:F6@9E:F8:E6H7:F6HIF6C :G6FCM6@:8:E6H6C7:C966@6C7:FH6B76= H:FIG G:GI6 K6@HI 7:F96G6F@6C =I7IC6C + ) %@6 6M6 7:@:F?6 8I@IE A6B6 G:=C6 =6F6 ) G6C6H 7:G6F H96@A6= BIGH6=A A6?I 7:C96 B:C?69G6C6H7:G6F 6F=6GAE:F8D766C766B6C6EIC7:G6FCM6:C:F M6C9IC6@6C7:G6FCM6@:8:E6H6CG:7I6=7:C96H96@E:FC6=B:C86E6 @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 .:H6E 7:C96 M6C 7:FB6GG6 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C + B:BA@ BDB:CHIB AC:6F M6C B:CIFIH B:@6C@6 @A6G@ 9FIBIG@6C %+ O %@6 @:8:E6H6C 7:C96 + GI6HI G66H B:C9:@6H @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 B6GG67:C966@6C7:FI76= I76= +696G66HHIBDB:CHIB7:C969G:7IH BDB:CHIB F:A6HJGH@ 0CHI@ :F6@6C :F6@6C 7:C96 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C M6C F:A6H; @:8A H96@ H:F?69 E:FI76=6C B6GG6 +:FI76=6C HI 76FI H6BE6@ ?@6 @:8:E6H6CCM6 B:C9:@6H @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 *A:= #()# =I7IC6C B6GG6 96B 96C B6GG6 7:F:F6@ M6C 9HC?6I 96F GI6HI E:C6B6H 9FIBIG@6C G:766 7:F@IH

90. + O

91. :H:F6C6C B6GG6 7:C96 96A6B @:6966C 7:F:F6@ @

92. B6GG6 7:C96 96A6B @:6966C 96B @ + @:8:E6H6C 7:C96 BG @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 9 I96F6 BG

93. Teori Relativitas Khusus 245 %@6$/0 + ,79GI7GHHIG@6C@:96A6B$/0 + ,7 B6@6 +

94. % + O #I@IB :@:@6A6C (DB:CHIB 7:FA6@I 96A6B F:A6HJH6G @=IGIG G:E:FH 96A6B ;G@6 @A6G@ )6BIC #I@IB $$ ):KHDC B:C:C6 :F6@ 96A6B H:DF F:A6HJH6G 96E6H 9HIAG@6C G:766 7:F@IH % + +

95. ) ) ) + O +696 E:FG6B66C + + + =6F6 ) ) ) ) H96@ CDA ?@6 B6GG6 7:C96 7:FI76= H:F=696E K6@HI 6M6 F:GIAH6C E696 7:C96 G:A6AI G6B6 9:C6C A6?I E:FI76=6C BDB:CHIB H:F=696E K6@HI %@6B6GG696B7:C96@=HICA6=B6GG67:C967:F:F6@9:C6C@:8:E6H6C 4 ! :C6CB:CIC6@6C$/0 + ,79E:FDA:= @

96. + 96=6AB:C6F@M6C7:F@6H6C9:C6CB6GG6F:A6HJGH@C E6@6= C96 E:F86M6 696 E6FH@:A M6C H96@ B:BA@ B6GG6 H:H6E B:BA@ :C:F (:CIFIH ;G@6 @A6G@ =6A C H96@ BIC@C H:F?69 ?@6

99. @6C H:H6E ?@6 =6A C 9HC?6I B:CIFIH H:DF F:A6HJH6G 96E6H 97I@H @6C G:86F6 B6H:B6HG 76=K6 696 E6FH@:A M6C H96@ 7:FB6GG6 H:H6E B:BA@:C:F (G6A@6C696G:7I6=E6FH@:AM6C7:FB6GG6

100. 96C 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C +

101. +

102. +

104. +

105. +

107. Contoh 9.6

108. 6A6B B6H:B6H@6

109. 246 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

110. 696A6= 7:CHI@ H96@ H:CHI G:=C6 CA6CM6 G:B76F6C 7:F6E6 G6?6 :GBEIA6CCM6 696A6= 696 E6FH@:A M6C H96@ 7:FB6GG6 B6GG6 96B H:H6E B:BA@ :C:F 6A6B @:=9IE6C G:=6F =6F E6FH@:A M6C B:BA@ @6F6@H:FGH@ G:E:FH H:FG:7IH 696A6= ;DHDC 96C C:IHFCD 6. Kesetaraan Massa dan Energi #I7IC6C E6AC H:F@:C6A M6C 9E:FDA:= CGH:C 96F EDGHIA6H F:A6HJH6G@=IGIG696A6=B:C:C6B6GG696C:C:F #I7IC6CCM696E6H 9HIFIC@6C G:86F6 A6CGIC 96F 9:;CG :C:F @C:H@ 96F GI6HI 7:C96 M6C 7:F:F6@ ( (

111. 9:C6C B:CM6H6@6C @DBEDC:C 6M6 M6C 7:@:F?6 96A6B 6F6= E:FEC96=6C G:FH6 ( 96C ( B:CM6H6@6C ?6F6@ M6C 9H:BEI= :C6C B:B6@6 7:CHI@ F:A6HJGH@ =I@IB :F6@ @:9I6 9E:FDA:= + ) G:=C6 FIBIG6C :C:F @C:H@ B:C?69 ( + (

112. )

113. + +

115. + ++ + + :C6C B:CIC6@6C FIBIG6C CH:F6A E6FG6A 6@6C 9E:FDA:= 0

116. O #6GACB:CM6H6@6C76=K6:C:F@C:H@GI6HI7:C96G6B69:C6C E:FH6B76=6CB6GG6CM66@76H:F6@F:A6H;CM69@6A@6C9:C6C@I69F6H @:A6?I6C 86=6M6 +:FG6B66C 96E6H ?I6 9HIAG 0

117. O %@69BG6A@6CG:766:C:FHDH6A7:C967:C9696A6B@:6966C 96B

118. H:H6E7:C96H:H6EB:BA@:C:F

119. :C6C9:B@6C

120. 9G:7IH :C:F 96B

121. 96F 7:C96 M6C B6GG6 96BCM6

122. $/0 + , 7 B:C?69

123. O :H:F6C6C

124. :C:F 96B ?DIA: %@6 7:C96 7:F:F6@ :C:F HDH6ACM6 696A6=

125. + O Tantangan untuk Anda Dapatkah Anda menduga, apakah ada partikel yang bergerak dengan kecepatan 0,95 c dan memiliki energi sebesar E tetapi tidak memiliki massa?

126. Ingatlah c 1 1 1 v 1 1 1 v 1 1 1 v 2 2 1 v Teori Relativitas Khusus 247 *A:= @6F:C6 B6GG6 96C :C:F 7I@6C B:FIE6@6C @I6CHH6G M6C 7:76G #I@IB :@:@6A6C (6GG6 96C C:F G:7:C6FCM6 B:C?69 G6HI M6HI #I@IB :@:@6A6C (6GG6 C:F (6GG6 96E6H H:F8EH6@6C 96C H:FBIGC6=@6CH:H6E?@6=6ACH:F?69G:?IBA6=:C:FM6CG:H6F6=A6C 6H6I BIC8IA 96C G:76A@CM6 %69 B6GG6 96C :C:F B:FIE6@6C 6GE:@ M6C 7:F7:96 96F GI6HI @I6CHH6G :F6E6@6=:C:FHDH6A:C:F@C:H@96CBDB:CHIBG:7I6=EFDHDC

127. (:1M6C7:F:F6@9:C6C@:8:E6H6C+

128. 4 ! C:FHDH6A96E6H9=HIC9:C6CB:CIC6@6C$/0 + ,7 (:1 (:1

129. (:1

130. ?DIA:(:1

131. +

132. @

133. BG #6A M6C B:C6F@ ICHI@ 976=6G B:C:C6 :C:F F:A6HJGH@ 696A6= 766B6C6 B:C=HIC :C:F F:A6HJGH@ GI6HI E6FH@:A ?@6 B6GG6CM6 H96@ 9@:H6=I 6H6I ?@6 E6FH@:A H:FG:7IH H96@ 7:FB6GG6 +:F=6H@6C @:B76A E:B76=6G6C E696 GI7767 G:7:AIBCM6 B:C:C6 E6FH@:A M6C H96@ 7:FB6GG6 H:H6E B:BA@ :C:F +:FG6B66C :C:F 96C BDB:C HIB F:A6HJGH@ 96E6H 9HIAG@6C G:766 7:F@IH + %

134. + %@6 @:9I6 E:FG6B66C H:FG:7IH 9@I69F6H@6C 6@6C 996E6H@6C O %

135. + + O Contoh 9.7 6

136. + HDH P

137. :1

138. P

139. O ?DIA::1 P

140. O

141. ?DIA: 7 C:F@C:H@CM6 O

142. O(:1(:1 8 (DB:CHIBCM6

143. BG P

144. O@ G:=C6

145. % +

146. @BG

147. % %69BDB:CHIBCM6696A6=P

148. O @BG Perumusan integral parsial adalah: x dy xy y dx Pembahasan Soal 4 c Agar energi kinetik benda bernilai 25% dari energi diamnya dan c adalah kelajuan cahaya ruang hampa, benda harus bergerak dengan kelajuan .... a. d. 3 4 b. 2 c e. 4 5 c c. 3 5 c UMPTN 1998 Pembahasan: Energi kinetik relativitas adalah Ek = m0c2 2 c 2 Dengan menggunakan Ek = 1 4 m0c2 = m0c2 2 c 2 Jadi, 2 c 2 = 1 4 ; atau 2 2 1 1 v c = 5 4 c = 16 25 v2 = 9 25 c2 v = 35 c Jawaban: c

149. 248 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII + + + + +

150. + % % O m01 m02 v2 v1 m0 + 6 7 Gambar 9.12 (a) Sebuah benda yang memiliki massa diam m0; (b) Benda tersebut pecah menjadi dua bagian. 6A@6C $/0 + , 7 9:C6C 9E:FDA:= %

151. IF6C@6C $/0 + , 7 9:C6C $/0 + , 7 G:=C6 O%O

152. *A:= @6F:C6

153. B6@6

155. % + +

156. + O%

157. :C6C B:CIC6@6C $/0 + , 7 C96 96E6H B:C=HIC 7:F6E6 :C:F F:A6HJGH@ GI6HI E6FH@:A M6C H96@ 7:FB6GG6 M6HI %8 % O

158. 7. Hukum Kekekalan Energi dan Momentum Relativistik :A6G 3$ C96 H:A6= B:BE:A6?6F H:CH6C #I@IB :@:@6A6C C:F 96C #I@IB :@:@6A6C (DB:CHIB #I@IB :@:@6A6C C:F B:CM6H6@6C 76=K6 :C:F H96@ 96E6H 98EH6@6C 6H6I 9BIGC6=@6C H:H6E :C:F 96E6H 7:FI76= 7:CHI@ B:C?69 :C:F A6C :C6C @6H6 A6C E696 GI6HI GGH:B :C:F 6K6ACM6 G6B6 9:C6C :C:F 6@=FCM6 :HI ?I6 #I@IB :@:@6A6C (DB:CHIB ?@6 E696 GI6HI GGH:B H96@ 7:@:F?6 6M6 AI6F BDB:CHIB 6K6A G6B6 9:C6C BDB:CHIB 6@=F :9I6 =I@IB C 7:FA6@I ?I6 E696 GI6HI GGH:B F:A6HJGH@ C:F 6K6A F:A6HJGH@ G6B6 9:C6C :C:F 6@=F F:A6HJGH@ 96C BDB:CHIB 6K6AF:A6HJGH@G6B69:C6CBDB:CHIB6@=FF:A6HJGH@ .IE6M6C96 96E6H A:7= B:B6=6B #I@IB :@:@6A6C C:F 96C (DB:CHIB -:A6HJGH@ E:F=6H@6C +! / 7:F@IH

159. Teori Relativitas Khusus 249 +! / B:CIC?I@@6CG:7I6=7:C96M6CB:BA@B6GG696B

160. G:86F6GEDCH6CE:86=B:C?699I6766C

161. 96C

162. :9I6E686=6C C 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C M6C 7:F7:96 M6HI + 96C + 0CHI@ B:C6B76F@6C @DCG:E C 9:C6C A:7= ?:A6G 7:G6F6C 7:G6F6C

163. + 96C + 6@6C 97:F CA6 M6HI B6GG6

164. @ 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C +

165. 96C B6GG6

166. @ 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C +

167. :F96G6F@6C #I@IB :@:@6A6C C:F 7:FA6@I C:F 6K6A C:F 6@=F

168. + O

169. + O %@6 $/0 + , 7

170. 976 9:C6C 9E:FDA:=

171. + O

172. + O %69 96F $/0 + , 7

173. C96 96E6H B:C:H6=I B6GG6 96B 96F 7:C96 G:7:AIB E:86=

174. c

175. @ 6F =6GA E:F=HIC6C H:FG:7IH 6E6@6= C96 B:C:BI@6C G:GI6HI M6C B:C6F@ #6GA E:F=HIC6C B:CIC?I@@6C B6GG6 96B E696 @:6966C 6K6A

176. @ 7:F7:96 9:C6C B6GG6 96B E696 @:6966C 6@=F

177. @ #6A C G:?6A6C 9:C6C BEA@6G H:DF F:A6HJH6G @=IGIG M6C B:CM:767@6C E:BI66C B6GG6 E696 7:C96 M6C 7:F:F6@ B:C9:@6H @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 :BI96C 766B6C6 9:C6C BDB:CHIBCM6 .:A6B6 H96@ 696 E:C6FI= 6M6 AI6F 6@6C 7:FA6@I #I@IB :@:@6A6C (DB:CHIB (DB:CHIB 6K6A BDB:CHIB 6@=F +

178. + +

179. + +

180. + O 8. Aplikasi Kesetaraan Massa dan Energi pada Reaksi Fisi dan Fusi Nuklir E6 M6C 96E6H C96 GBEIA@6C 96F E:B76=6G6C H:CH6C #I@IB :@:@6A6C C:F 96C (DB:CHIB -:A6HJGH@ :GBEIA6C 96F #I@IB :@:@6A6C C:F -:A6HJGH@ 696A6= B6GG6 96B H96@ @:@6A

181. @

182. @

183. O

184. O

185. @@ +:CIF6C6C B6GG6 C :@J6A:C 9:C6C :C:F

186. :BI96C 766B6C6 9:C6C :C:F @C:H@CM6 C:F @C:H@ E696 @:6966C 6K6A 96C @:6966C 6@=F 96E6H 9HIAG@6C G:766 7:F@IH 6K6A

187. 6@=F Ingatlah Menurut Planck, energi pada foton adalah E = hf. Jadi, hf = pc foton dengan , p 6 7 foton terhambur ', p' elektron pe v 250 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII

188. + O

189. + Gambar 9.13 Tumbukan foton dan elektron (a) sebelum tumbukan; (b) sesudah tumbukan. P = hf c = h

190. 8

191. +

192. 8 %69 6@=F G:=C6 6@=F O 6K6A E6M6C96E6HC96GBEIA@6C96FE:F=HIC6CG:AG=B6GG696B 96C G:AG= :C:F @C:H@ H:FG:7IH /:FCM6H6 G:AG= :C:F @C:H@ M6C 9=6GA@6C G6B6 9:C6C :C:F 96B 6@76H G:AG= B6GG6 96B H:FG:7IH $C 7:F6FH 696 @DCJ:FG :C:F 96B 6@76H E:CIF6C6C B6GG6 96B B:C?69:C:F@C:H@M6C97:76G@6C6H6IE:CIF6C6C:C:F@C:H@ 6@6C B:C6@76H@6C E:C6B76=6C B6GG6 96B .:86F6 B6H:B6HG =6A C 96E6H 9HIAG@6C G:766 7:F@IH O DCG:E @:G:H6F66C B6GG6 96C :C:F C H:F?69 E696 F:6@G ;G 96C ;IG 6@=F +696 F:6@G ;G CI@AF G:7I6= CH 7:F6H 9HIB7I@ DA:= G:7I6= E6FH@:AG:=C6B:B7:A6=B:C?699I67I6=CH :9I6CHCB:BA@ B6GG6 96B A:7= FC6C 96F B6GG6 96B CH C9I@CM6 @6F:C6 G:766C B6GG6 96BCM6 7:FI76= B:C?69 :C:F @C:H@ 96EIC E696 F:6@G ;IG CI@AF9I67I6=CHFC6C7:F67ICB:B7:CHI@G:7I6=CHM6CA:7= 7:F6H (6GG6 96B 9I6 CH E:B7:CHI@CM6 A:7= 7:F6H 96FE696 B6GG6 CH=6GAE:C67IC6C@6F:C6G:766CB6GG6CM67:FI76=B:C?69:C:F @C:H@ 9. Penerapan Prinsip Relativitas dalam Efek Compton +69667C96H:A6=7:A6?6FH:CH6C86=6M6M6C96C6EG:766 E6FH@:AM6HI86=6M6B:FIE6@6CE:CM:76F6CE6@:H E6@:H:C:FM6C9G:7IH ;DHDC .6A6= G6HI =6A M6C B:C9I@IC @DCG:E C 696A6= :;:@ DBEHDC :H@6G:7I6=;DHDCB:CIB7I@G:7I6=:A:@HFDC96BB6@6;DHDCH:FG:7IH 6@6CH:F=6B7IF9:C6CB:B7:CHI@GI9IHH:FH:CHI 0CHI@B:CC6H@6C C96 H:CH6C :;:@ DBEHDC E:F=6H@6C +! / 7:F@IH +! / B:CIC?I@@6CG:7I6=;DHDC9:C6CE6C?6C:ADB76C B:CIB7I@ G:7I6= :A:@HFDC 96B 9:C6C B6GG6

193. @76H HIB7I@6C H:FG:7IH ;DHDC H:F=6B7IF 9:C6C GI9IH H:F=696E =DFNDCH6A .:H:A6= HIB7I@6CE6C?6C:ADB76C;DHDC7:FI76= 0CHI@B:C:H6=IE6C?6C elektron diam

194. Ingatlah Teori Relativitas Khusus 251 :ADB76C;DHDCG:GI96=HIB7I@6C6H6IGI9IH=6B7IF6C;DHDCCM696E6H 9@:H6=I 96F #I@IB :@:@6A6C (DB:CHIB E696 E:FGHK6 HIB7I@6C H:FG:7IH (DB:CHIB 6K6A (DB:CHIB 6@=F +696 GIB7I - 996E6H@6C

195. 8DG %8DG O +696 GIB7I . 996E6H@6C

196. GC %GC GC %GC O 6A@6C $/0 + , 7

198. 96C 7

199. 9:C6C 8 G:=C6 9E:FDA:= O8DG %8DG O GC %GC O I69F6H@6C $/0 + , 7

200. 96C 7

201. G:=C6 9E:FDA:= 8DG O8DG %8DG O GC %GC O

202. ABC6G@6C $/0 + , 7

203. 96C 7 G:=C6 996E6H@6C 8DG GC O 8DG % 8DG GC O 8DG % +696 GI7767 B:C:C6 @:G:H6F66C B6GG6 96C :C:F C96 H:A6= 7:A6?6F 76=K6

204. 96C % O

205. 6F @:9I6 E:FG6B66C H:CH6C :C:F F:A6HJH6G H:FG:7IH 996E6H@6C %

206. %

207. O % .:E:FH H:A6= 976=6G G:7:AIBCM6 :A:@HFDC E696 BIA6CM6 96B G:H:A6= 9HIB7I@ DA:= ;DHDC :A:@HFDC 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C :C:F @C:H@ H:FH:CHI :C6C @6H6 A6C G:766C :C:F ;DHDC H:A6= 7:FI76= B:C?69 :C:F @C:H@ :A:@HFDC O (6@6 $/0 + , 7 96E6H 9HIAG@6C B:C?69 % O O

208. O O .I7GHHIG@6C $/0 + , 7 @: $/0 + , 7 O

209. O O sin2 + cos 2 = 1

210. I6 E:G6K6H 6A;6 96C 7:H6 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C 6F6= 7:FA6K6C6C :A6?I6CE:G6K6H6A;6G:7:G6F

211. 96C @:A6?I6C E:G6K6H 7:H6 696A6=

212. /:CHI@6CA6= @:A6?I6CE:G6K6H6A;6F:A6H;H:F=696EE:G6K6H7:H6 .:7I6= E:G6K6H FI6C 6C@6G6 7:F:F6@ B:C?6I= IB 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C

213. +:G6K6H H:FG:7IH B:C:B76@@6C G:7I6= E:AIFI M6C 6F6=CM6 G6B6 9:C6C:F6@CM6 %@6@:8:E6H6CE:AIFI

214. F:A6H; H:F=696EE:G6K6HHIH:CHI@6CA6=@:8:E6H6CF:A6H; E:AIFIHIH:F=696EIB .:DF6C E:C6B6H 9 IA6C B:A=6H 9I6 E:G6K6H 6C@6G6AI6F96CB:C9:@6HIA6C96A6B6F6= M6C7:FA6K6C6CB6GC B6GC9:C6C@:A6?I6C

215. 96C

216. 6 :F6E6@6=@:A6?I6CIA6CB:C9:@6HE:G6K6H B:CIFIHE:C6B6H96A6BE:G6K6H 7 :F6E6@6= @:A6?I6C H:F=696E B:CIFIH E:C6B6H96A6BE:G6K6H 8 :F6E6@6=@:A6?I6CIA6CB:C9:@6HE:G6K6H B:CIFIHE:C6B6H96A6BE:G6K6H 9 :F6E6@6= @:A6?I6C H:F=696E B:CIFIH E:C6B6H96A6BE:G6K6H 252 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII :F6E6 @:8:E6H6C FD@:H E696 G66H E6C?6CCM6 B:B:C9:@

217. .:7I6=E:G6K6H6CH6F@G6B:A:K6HIB9:C6C@:A6?I6C +

218. .:7I6=HDC@6HM6CE6C?6CCM6B9I@IF9 IB7:F69696A6BE:G6K6H9:C6CEDGGG:?6?6F9:C6C 6F6=:F6@E:G6K6H /:CHI@6CE6C?6CHDC@6H 6 B:CIFIHE:CIBE6C96A6BE:G6K6H 7 B:CIFIHE:C6B6HM6C96B9IB .:7I6=E:G6K6HH:F76C7:F:F6@9:C6C@:8:E6H6C

219. BG .:H:A6=7:F6E6=6F@6=B:CIFIH?6B9IB @:9I6 ?6B 9 IB 96C 9 E:G6K6H 7:F7:96

220. O G:@DCIC6@6CE:C9:@6H6C O-# O#- I6DF6C@:B76F96C7:FIBIFH6=IC9IB 7:F6C@6H@:7CH6CA;6:CH6IFM6C?6I=CM6 @6A H6=IC 86=6M6 H6=IC 86=6M6 ?6F6@ M6C 9H:BEI=86=6M6G:A6B6 H6=IC9:C6C@:8:E6H6C

221. .:H:A6=HI@:B76A@:IB :F6E6@6=IBIF @:9I6DF6CHIG:H:A6=B:F:@67:FH:BI .I6HI:A:@HFDC9E:F8:E6H9:C6C7:96EDH:CG6A (:1 :F6E6@6= @:8:E6H6C M6C 9E:FDA:=CM6 BI6H6C:A:@HFDC P

222. O 8DIADB796CB6GG6 :A:@HFDC P

223. O @ Tes Kompetensi Subbab B $/( ) ,* . # !2)2* 1' , 8DG

224. O O 8DG O 6 $/0 + , 7 9:C6C G:=C6 9E:FDA:=

225. O O 8DG *A:= @6F:C6 B6@6

226. O 8DG 6H6I

227. O8DG O %69E:FGHK6:;:@DBEHDCB:FIE6@6CG6A6=G6HI7I@HH:CH6C@DCG:E 9I6AGB: :ADB76C E6FH@:A 96C H:DF F:A6HJH6G @=IGIG Kata Kunci • relativitas khusus • transformasi Lorentz • kontraksi Lorentz • dilatasi Lorentz • dilatasi waktu • momentum relativitas • massa diam • kesetaraan massa dan energi • reaksi fusi • reaksi fisi Rangkuman +FCGEF:A6HJH6G6AA:D7:F96G6F@6C9I6EDGHIA6H G:7667:F@IH 6 26@HI696A6=7:G6F6CBIHA6@ 7 =I@IB :F6@ ):KHDC H96@ 7:FI76= 7:CHI@ CJ6F6C +FCGEF:A6HJH6G CGH:C7:F96G6F@6C9I6EDGHIA6H 7:F@IH 6 @:A6?I6C996A6BFI6C=6BE6696A6=GI6HI 7:G6F6CBIHA6@ 7 =I@IB B:@6C@6 ):KHDC 96C :A:@HFD B6C:H@ (6LK:AA CJ6F6C 96A6B 7:F766 @:F6C@6C:FG6A +:F8D766C(8=:AGDC (DFA:MB:B7I@H@6C76=K6 6 :H:FH96@696 7 @:8:E6H6C86=6M6H96@7:F6CHICE6966F6= 96CH:BE6H /F6CG;DFB6G @:8:E6H6C F:A6H; @=IGIG B:CIFIH B:@6C@6F:A6HJGH@9FIBIG@6CG:7667:F@IH + + + + + + + + + + - - - - 6H6I - - /F6CG;DFB6G'DF:CHN9FIBIG@6C9:C6C - - +) + - . . / / ) ) + +

228. Teori Relativitas Khusus 253 DCHF6@G'DF:CHN9FIBIG@6C9:C6C

229. + A6H6GK6@HI9FIBIG@6C9:C6C

230. ) ) + 9B6C6

231. ) ) (6GG6F:A6HJGH@9FIBIG@6C9:C6C

232. + (DB:CHIB96CB6GG6F:A6HJGH@9FIBIG@6C9:C6C +

233. % +

234. C:F@C:H@9FIBIG@6C9:C6C

236. + B:B76=6G B:B76=6G M6HI Peta Konsep $-/'$* 1'3'1 02020 +DGHIA6H-:A6HJH6G CGH:C /F6CG;DFB6G6AA:D /F6CG;DFB6G 'DF:CHN /F6CG;DFB6G:8:E6H6C -:A6HJH6G=IGIG +FCGE -:A6HJH6G=IGIG B:C6@76H@6C DCHF6@G+6C?6C A6H6G26@HI @GE:FB:C (8=:AGDC (DFA:M @:GBEIA6CCM6 H:FH96@696 96A6BC (DB:CHIB-:A6HJGH@ (6GG6-:A6HJGH@ C:F6B

237. C:F/DH6A C:FC:H@:C96 O

238. Refleksi Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda telah memahami bahwa gerak bersifat relatif. Anda juga tentu telah memahami teori relativitas Einstein dan pengaruh-nya terhadap besaran panjang, waktu, kecepatan dan massa benda. Dari keseluruhan materi yang ada pada bab ini, bagian manakah yang menurut Anda sulit dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan bersama teman atau guru Fisika Anda. Selain Anda mengetahui teori relativitas khusus, coba Anda cari manfaat lain mempelajari materi bab ini. Kemudian, diskusikan hasilnya bersama teman Anda.

239. Tes Kompetensi Bab 9 '*'* 0 * 0 12( 4 ! ,5 ,%. *',%!$, / 6F7:G6F6C 7:G6F6C7:F@IHCM6C=6F6CM6G:A6AI G6B6ICHI@G:BI6@:F6C@668I6CE:C6B6H6C696A6= 6 @:8:E6H6C7:C96 7 @:A6?I6C7:C96 8 @:8:E6H6C86=6M6 9 E6C?6C7:C96 : B6GG67:C96 .6A6=G6HIEDGHIA6H CGH:C96A6BH:DFF:A6HJH6G696A6= 6 =I@IB =I@IB ):KHDC H:H6E 7:FA6@I ICHI@ 7:C96 M6C B:BA@ @:8:E6H6C B:C9:@6H @:8:E6H6C86=6M6 7 @:8:E6H6C7:C9696E6HA:7=7:G6F96F@:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 8 @:8:E6H6C 7:C96 7:G6FCM6 BIHA6@ H96@ 7:F6CHICE696E:C6B6HCM6 9 @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 7:G6FCM6 BIHA6@ H96@ 7:F6CHICE696E:C6B6HCM6 : @:8:E6H6C7:C96B:C:CHI@6C7:G6FCM6B6GG6 7:C96 %@6 A6?I E6FH@:A

240. E:F76C9C6C F:A6HJGH@ H:F=696EB6GG696BCM6696A6= 6 9 7 : 8 :8:E6H6CE:G6K6H

241. BG96C@:8:E6H6CE:G6K6H

242. BG 7:F:F6@G:6F6=9:C6C :8:E6H6C H:F=696E@:8:E6H6CB:CIFIH):KHDC96CB:CIFIH CGH:C696A6= BG 6

243. 96C

244. 9 96C 7

245. 96C : 96C 8 96C

246. I6 E:G6K6H 96C 7:FE6E6G6C B6GC B6GC 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 :8:E6H6CE:G6K6HH:F=696EE:G6K6H696A6= 6

247. 9 7

248. : 8

249. .:7I6=FD@:H@:H@696B9IBB:BA@E6C?6C

251. B :BI96C FD@:H H:FG:7IH 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C

252. @:8:E6H6C86=6M696A6BFI6C =6BE6 (:CIFIHDF6C9IBE6C?6CFD@:HH:FG:7IH G:A6B67:F:F6@696A6= 6

253. B 7

254. B 8

255. B 9

256. B :

258. B 254 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII +:G6K6H 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C

259. H:F=696E IB *F6C9IBB:A=6HCM6A6A6BEIG:A6B6 G:@DC96FE:G6K6HHI )M6A6A6BEIB:CIFIHDF6C M6C7:F696996A6BE:G6K6H696A6= 6 G 9 G 7 G :

260. G 8 G .:7I6= FD@:H M6C B:BA@ E6C?6C

261. B:H:F 96C B6GG6HDC7:F:F6@9:C6C@:8:E6H6C

262. (:CIFIH E:C6B6H9IB 6 B6GG6FD@:HHDCE6C?6CFD@:H

263. B 7 B6GG6FD@:HHDCE6C?6CFD@:H

266. B : B6GG6FD@:HHDCE6C?6CFD@:H

267. B .:7I6=:A:@HFDCM6CB:BA@B6GG696B

268. 7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C

269. B6@6 :C:F @C:H@CM6 696A6= 6

270. 7

271. 8

272. 9

273. :

274. .:7I6= HDC@6H M6C E6C?6CCM6 B B:B7:CHI@ GI9IHG:7:G6F H6C H:F=696E6F6=HBIF %@6 HDC@6H7:F:F6@@:HBIF9:C6C@:8:E6H6C E6C?6CHDC@6HG66H7:F:F6@696A6= 6 B 9 B 7

275. B :

276. B 8 B +696IA6CH6=IC9I6DF6C@:B76F96C M6C @:

277. B:C:B76F6@:6C@6G6AI6F9:C6CE:G6K6H M6C7:F@:8:E6H6C G:96C@6C H:H6E9IB (:CIFIH@6A:C9:F9IB@:B76AG:H:A6=H6=IC G:=C6IBIFB6GC B6GCE696G66HHIB:CIFIH 696A6= H6=IC 6 96C 7 96C 8 96C 9 96C

278. : 96C

279. .:7I6=E:FG:E6C?6C9:C6CGG

280. B:H:F96C B:H:F7:F:F6@G:6F6=E6C?6CCM69:C6C@:8:E6H6C

281. 'I6G796CH:FG:7IH696A6= 6

282. B 9 B 7 B :

283. B 8

284. B

285. .:7I6= 7:C96 96A6B @:6966C 96B E6C?6CCM6 -

286. +:FCM6H66CM6C7:C6F696A6= 6 96C 7 96C 8 96C 9 =6CM6 : G:BI6CM67:C6F +:FCM6H66CM6C7:C6FB:CIFIHH:DFF:A6HJH6G CGH:C 696A6= 6 B6GG6 7:C96 96B A:7= @:8A 96FE696 B6GG6 7:C967:F:F6@ 7 E6C?6C 7:C96 96B A:7= E6C?6C 96FE696 E6C?6C7:C967:F:F6@ 8 :F6@ E:C6B6H 96C :F6@ GIB7ICM6 H96@ B:B:C6FI=8:E6HF6B76H86=6M6 9 G:A6C K6@HI 9I6 @:6966C M6C 96B6H E:C6B6H 7:F:F6@ A:7= 7:G6F 96F E:C6B6H 96B : K6@HIB:FIE6@6C7:G6F6CM6C7:FG;6HBIHA6@ .:7I6=E:G6K6HB:BA@E6C?6C' :H@6E:G6K6H H:FG:7IH7:F:F6@9:C6C@:8:E6H6CJE6C?6CE:G6K6H Teori Relativitas Khusus 255 B:C?69 :G6F+696A6= 6 9 7 : 8

287. 6F:C:F@C:H@7:C967:FCA6:C:F96BCM6 96C 696A6= @:A6I6C 86=6M6 96A6B FI6C =6BE6 B6@67:C96AIFIG7:F:F6@9:C6C@:A6?I6C 6 9 7 : 8 .:7I6=E:G6K6HIAHF6BD9:FC7:F:F6@B:C9:@6HIB 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C

288. 96C B:B6C86F@6C :ADB76CF69D (:CIFIHDF6C9IB@:8:E6H6C :ADB76CF69DH:FG:7IH696A6= 6 7 8 9 : :BI96C 9:F6@@6C 9:C6C @:8:E6H6C + B:C9:@6H @:8:E6H6C 86=6M6 G:=C6 E6C?6C 7:C96B:CIFIH E:C6B6H 96B M6C 7:F696 G:?6?6F 6F6=E6C?6C7:C96696A6= 6

289. - - + 7

290. - - + 8 - - +

291. 9

292. - - + :

293. - - + %@6B6GG696BG:7I6=E6FH@:A96CB6GG6HI7:F:F6@ 9:C6C @:A6?I6C

294. E:F76C9C6C B6GG6 96B H:F=696EB6G67:F:F6@CM6696A6= 6 9 7 : 8 %6F6@9I6EIC86@ICIC696A6=

295. @B %@696B6H DA:=DF6CM6C7:F69696A6BE:G6K6HM6CB:ACH6G 96H6G@:9I6EIC86@HI9:C6C@:8:E6H6C

296. @6A @:8:E6H6C86=6M6?6F6@@:9I6ICICHI696A6= 6 @B 9 @B 7 @B :

297. @B 8 @B 969I6DF6C@:B76F96C :BI96CC6@ E:G6K6H #)'%'( 9:C6C @:A6?I6C

298. 96C @:BI96C 7:FH:BI E696 GI6HI 686F6 @:AI6F6 (:CIFIHB:F:@6H:A6=7:FEG6=G:A6B6 H6=IC G:B:CH6F6H96@E:F86M6 '6B6E:F?6A6C6CH:FG:7IH B:CIFIH696A6= H6=IC 6 9 7

299. :

300. 8 (:CIFIH CGH:CG:7I6=7:C969:C6CB6GG696B

301. G:H6F6 9:C6C :C:F

302. 9:C6C 696A6= @:8:E6H6CF6B76H86=6M6996A6BFI6C=6BE6 %@6 7:C967:F:F6@9:C6C@:8:E6H6C+:C:FHDH6A7:C96 G:H6F69:C6C

303. +

304. +

305. +

306. :F6E6@6= :C:F HDH6A GI6HI E6FH@:A M6C B6GG6 96BCM67:F:F6@9:C6C@:A6?I6C

307. 6 9 7 : 8 #6GAE:F8D766C(DFA:M96C(8=:AGDCB:CIC?I@@6C 76=K6 6 :H:F7:F6969G:BI6H:BE6H 7 @:8:E6H6C:H:FP

308. BG 8 :H:FG:766B:96F6B76H6C86=6M6 9 :H:FB:FIE6@6C7:C966G : :H:FH96@696 .6A6= G6HI @:GBEIA6C E:F8D766C (DFA:M 96C (8=:AGDC696A6= 6 K6@HI7:F:F6@A:7=8:E6H 7 @:8:E6H6C86=6M6G6B6ICHI@G:BI6E:C6B6H 9?66HF6M6 4 !* .$/1 ,5 ,!$/')21#$,% ,1$. 1 256 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII 8 @:8:E6H6C86=6M67:F6CHIC:F6@IB 9 @:8:E6H6C86=6M6H96@7:F6CHIC:F6@IB : B6GG67:F:F6@A:7=8:E6H .:7I6= IIG6C 7CH6C ?@6 9H:BEI= 9:C6C G:7I6= E:G6K6H 96F IB B:B:FAI@6C K6@HI

309. H6=IC %@6@:A6?I6CE:G6K6HHI

310. ?6F6@ G:7:C6FCM66CH6F6IIG6C7CH6CHI@:IB696A6= B:C9:@6H 6

311. H6=IC86=6M6 7

312. H6=IC86=6M6 8

314. H6=IC86=6M6 9

317. H6=IC86=6M6 :

321. H6=IC86=6M6 :H:F6C6C %6F6@ G6HI H6=IC 86=6M6 696A6= GI6HI ?6F6@ ?@6 9H:BEI= DA:= 86=6M6 B:B7IHI=@6C K6@HI G6HI H6=IC6H6I?6F6@ H6=IC86=6M6P

322. BGP H6=ICP

323. BG

324. PP

326. 9:H@ P

327. BP

328. @B I6E:G6K6H6CH6F@G6+96C,7:F:F6@7:FA6K6C6C 6F6= .:DF6CE:C6B6H9IBB:CI@IF@:A6?I6C E:G6K6H+G:7:G6F

329. 896C@:A6?I6CE:G6K6H,G:7:G6F

330. 8 /:CHI@6CA6=@:A6?I6CE:G6K6H+F:A6H;H:F=696E E:G6K6H, /:CHI@6CA6=@:A6?I6CG:7I6=E6FH@:AG:=C6:C:F @C:H@CM6G6B69:C6C:C:F96BCM6 .:7I6=EFDHDCB6GG696BCM6 P

331. O@7:F:F6@ G:=C6B6GG6F:A6HJGH@CM6B:C?69 @6AB6GG6 96BCM6 :F6E6@6=:C:F@C:H@EFDHDCH:FG:7IH :F6E6@DCHF6@GE:B:C9:@6C'DF:CHN96F96B :H:FIBM6C9I@IFDA:=G:DF6CE:C6B6HM6C96B H:F=696E(6H6=6F?@6@:8:E6H6CDF7HP

332. BG 96C96B:H:FIB @B +:HIC?I@IC6@6CE:C9:@6H6C -# #- #HICA6=BDB:CHIB7:C96M6CB6GG6CM6@96C 7:F:F6@9:C6C@:8:E6H6CP

333. BG #HIC@:8:E6H6C:A:@HFDC?@6:C:F@C:H@CM6 (:1 P

334. O @ .:7:F@6G86=6M69E6C86F@6C96FG:7I6=E:G6K6HM6C 7:F:F6@9:C6C@:A6?I6CH:H6E

335. 8G:6F6=9:C6C 6F6= :F6@ E:G6K6H :F6E6@6= @:A6?I6C 86=6M6 HI 96B6H96FIB 6 B:CIFIH=I@IB):KHDC96C 7 B:CIFIHH:DFF:A6HJH6G CGH:C %6F6@9I67I6=H:BE6H+96C,96C@6G6AI6F696A6= ' .:7I6=E:G6K6H6CH6F@G696E6HB:C:BEI=?6F6@ HI9:C6C@:A6?I6CH:H6E

336. 96A6BK6@HI

337. G:@DC 6 /:CHI@6CA6= ?6F6@ + 96C , H:FG:7IH M6C G:7:C6FCM696A6BG6HI6C@B 7 %@6E:G6K6HA6CM6C7:F:F6@9:C6C@:A6?I6C

338. 96A6BK6@HI7:F6E69:H@9H:BEI=?6F6@ 6CH6F6+96C,H:FG:7IH 8 (:CIFIHE:G6K6HE:FH6B67:F6E6@6=?6F6@6CH6F6 +96C,H:FG:7IH96A6B@B 969I6DF6C6C6@@:B76F96C /:E6HE696G66H 7:FIG6

339. H6=ICE:FB:CC6A@6CIB9:C6C G:7I6=E:G6K6HM6CB:BA@@:A6?I6C

340. B:CI?I G:7I6= EA6C:H 9 AI6F H6H6 GIFM6 C :BI96C @:B76A A6 @: IB +696 G66H HI G:96C B:F6M6@6CIA6CH6=ICM6C@:

341. (:CIFIHIG6 B:F:@67I@6C

342. H6=IC :F6E6H6=ICIG6B:F:@6 B:CIFIH

343. +6C?6CG:7I6=HDC@6H9IB696A6=B :F6E6 E6C?6CHDC@6HH:FG:7IH?@69I@IFDA:=E:C6B6H M6C 7:F696 96A6B E:G6K6H 6CH6F@G6 M6C G:96C 7:F:F6@9:C6C@:A6?I6C 6

344. 7

345. 8

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