Grain-Forming Operations
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Grain-forming operations are mechanical finishing processes that transform the leather surface and appearance. There are several methods described, including plating using heated plates or rollers to smooth and film the grain, graining using engraved rollers to emboss patterns, glazing using glass or agate rollers to add gloss, and boarding to create cracks in the grain's surface. The document provides details on the equipment and processes used for each grain-forming operation and how they influence the leather's final properties and appearance.
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The presentation discusses textile coating techniques. It begins with an introduction to how coating enhances textiles' functional properties. It then defines coating and discusses common coating formulations, polymers, and physical forms used. The document outlines various coating processes like direct coating, foamed coating, transfer coating, and others. It discusses parameters for uniform coating and factors in selecting fabrics for coating. The presentation concludes by covering applications of coated textiles and advanced coating technologies like plasma coating and phase change materials.
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The document discusses problems that can occur during granulation and compression in tablet manufacturing. It describes two key processes - granulation, which binds powder particles together, and compression, which forms tablets. Common problems include tablets sticking to punches, picking, capping, lamination, and non-uniform content. The causes and solutions for each problem are explained, such as ensuring proper granule drying and lubrication to prevent sticking, and adjusting punch sizes and binder levels to prevent capping and breaking. Managing factors like equipment settings, ingredient properties, and processing parameters is important to produce tablets of good quality and strength.
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Sewing is the oldest and most widely used method for joining fabrics, but alternative methods have been developed for special cases where sewing is not possible. These alternative methods include welding, adhesives, molding, and fusing. Welding involves applying heat and pressure to join thermoplastic fabrics. Fusing uses heat and pressure to bond fabrics using a fusible interlining. Adhesives can be used to join fabrics with an adhesive coating or thread. While alternative methods allow joining without sewing, they have limitations like lower speed, less comfortable seams, and inability to alter seams. Sewing generally produces stronger, softer seams and remains the most universal fabric joining method.
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Interlining is a fabric inserted between two layers of a garment to maintain shape and structure. It is made of materials like cotton, nylon, polyester, wool or viscose. Interlining supports the garment, controls shape and areas, and reinforces components. It is commonly used in collars, cuffs, waistbands, and outerwear. There are two main types: non-fusible and fusible.
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POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
Tempering of parboiled paddy involves storing it for periods of 8 hours between drying passes to allow the moisture content to equalize throughout the grains. This shortens total drying time and helps prevent breakage during milling by minimizing internal stresses from uneven shrinking. Modern rice milling processes involve cleaning, shelling with rubber rollers, polishing, grading, and separation stages to produce milled rice and byproducts like bran and husks while minimizing breakage. Proper equipment selection, maintenance, and quality control are important for success.
TEXTILE FINISHES
Textile finishes improve the appearance, feel, and functionality of fabrics. There are two main types of finishes - aesthetic finishes which improve visual qualities like texture or sheen, and functional finishes which provide benefits like stain resistance or crease resistance. Finishing processes include scouring to remove impurities, bleaching to produce a pure white color, dyeing or printing to add color patterns, and calendaring to produce a smooth texture. Properly finished fabrics have enhanced durability, comfort, and performance properties for long-lasting use.
Beetling & stiffening
This document discusses beetling and stiffening processes for linen and other fabrics. Beetling involves hammering linen with wooden blocks to flatten yarns and produce a smooth sheen. Stiffening involves applying polymeric coatings like starches, gums, or synthetic resins to fabrics to make them rigid. Natural agents for stiffening include starches, gums, and dextrins, while synthetic options are methyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, acrylates, and polystyrene. The document explains the methods and advantages of various stiffening techniques.
Calendering Finishing.pptx
This presentation summarizes the process of calendering finishing. It is presented to Mutasim Uddin, Lecturer at Green University of Bangladesh by 4 students. The presentation defines calendering as compressing fabric between rollers under controlled temperature and pressure. The objectives are to improve fabric hand, reduce thickness, improve opacity, reduce air permeability, and impart lustre. The document describes preparation, types of calendering machines including ordinary, swizzing, friction, schreiner, and embossing calenders. It provides examples and advantages of calendering fabrics.
Textile finishing bultan
This presentation can give you a brief idea about textile finishing...................................
Mercerization
The document discusses the process of mercerizing cotton fabrics. Mercerizing involves treating cotton yarns or fabrics with a cold or hot solution of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) under tension to improve properties like strength, luster, and dye affinity. Specifically, swelling the cotton fibers in the caustic soda solution changes their cross-sectional shape and increases luster when the tension is maintained during washing. There are different methods for mercerizing yarns, knits, and woven fabrics either as batches or continuously. The advantages of mercerizing include brighter dye colors, better color retention after washing, and increased strength, smoothness, and resistance to damage.
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Types of Machine Learning- Tanvir Siddike Moin
Machine learning can be broadly categorized into four main types based on how they learn from data:
Supervised Learning: Imagine a teacher showing you labeled examples (like classifying pictures of cats and dogs). Supervised learning algorithms learn from labeled data, where each data point has a corresponding answer or label. The algorithm analyzes the data and learns to map the inputs to the desired outputs. This is commonly used for tasks like spam filtering, image recognition, and weather prediction.
Unsupervised Learning: Unlike supervised learning, unsupervised learning deals with unlabeled data. It's like being given a pile of toys and asked to organize them however you see fit. The algorithm finds hidden patterns or structures within the data. This is useful for tasks like customer segmentation, anomaly detection, and recommendation systems.
Reinforcement Learning: This is inspired by how humans learn through trial and error. The algorithm interacts with its environment and receives rewards for good decisions and penalties for bad ones. Over time, it learns to take actions that maximize the rewards. This is used in applications like training self-driving cars and playing games like chess.
Semi-Supervised Learning: This combines aspects of supervised and unsupervised learning. It leverages a small amount of labeled data along with a larger amount of unlabeled data to improve the learning process. This is beneficial when labeled data is scarce or expensive to obtain.
Fundamentals of Wastewater Treatment Plant
Wastewater treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to convert wastewater into an environmentally safe outflow that can be reused or discharged into the environment.
Basic Principle of Electrochemical Sensor
Electrochemical sensors are the most versatile and highly developed chemical sensors. Electrochemical sensors are a type of chemical sensor that uses an electrode to detect the concentration of an analyte based on a chemical reaction. They are characterized by their low cost, ease of manufacture, rapid analysis, small size, and ability to detect multiple elements simultaneously. They are also powerful analytical tools because of their: Superior sensitivity and selectivity, Quick response period, Simplicity in operation, and Miniaturization.
Aerated Lagoons
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Aerated lagoons are a type of wastewater treatment system that uses artificial aeration to promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters. They are relatively simple and inexpensive to construct and operate, and they can be effective in removing a wide range of pollutants from wastewater, including organic matter, nutrients, and pathogens.
Assessing and predicting land use/land cover and land surface temperature usi...
To assess and predict land use/land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST) using Landsat imagery for the Padma Bridge construction area, the following steps can be taken:
Preprocess the Landsat imagery. This includes correcting for geometric distortions, atmospheric effects, and radiometric calibration.
Classify the LULC. This can be done using a variety of supervised and unsupervised classification methods.
Calculate the LST. This can be done using a variety of methods, such as the Mono-Window Algorithm and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
Analyze the LULC and LST data. This can be done using a variety of statistical and geospatial methods to identify trends and patterns.
Predict the future LULC and LST. This can be done using a variety of machine learning and time series forecasting methods.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Solid waste management (SWM) in the pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is a complex issue. The industry generates a wide range of solid waste, including:
Expired or unused pharmaceuticals: These wastes can contain hazardous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other chemicals.
Packaging waste: This includes glass, plastic, and metal packaging.
Laboratory waste: This includes chemicals, glassware, and other materials used in research and development.
Manufacturing waste: This includes scrap materials, filter cakes, and other wastes generated from the manufacturing process.
Wastewater Characteristics in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry is characterized by a wide range of pollutants, including:
Organic compounds: These include active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), solvents, and other organic chemicals.
Inorganic compounds: These include heavy metals, salts, and other inorganic chemicals.
Microorganisms: These include bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
The concentration of these pollutants can vary greatly depending on the type of pharmaceutical products being produced. For example, wastewater from the production of antibiotics will contain high levels of antibiotics, while wastewater from the production of other types of pharmaceuticals may contain lower levels of antibiotics but higher levels of other pollutants.
Pharmaceuticals Industry
The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is one of the most developed sectors in the country and has emerged as a major exporter of medicines. It has been growing at a rapid pace over the past few decades, and now meets nearly 98% of the domestic demand for pharmaceutical products. The industry is also a significant contributor to the Bangladeshi economy, generating approximately $3 billion in revenue annually.
UNACCOUNTED FOR WATER IN URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR DHAKA CITY
The document discusses using Fluidit software to analyze unaccounted for water (UFW) in Dhaka City's urban water supply system. Key points:
- Fluidit is a hydraulic modeling software that can simulate water distribution networks and calculate parameters like pressure, flow, and water quality.
- The study will collect spatial, infrastructure, consumption and non-revenue water data on Dhaka's system to build a model in Fluidit.
- The model will be calibrated using measured field data then used to calculate UFW percentage and identify real and apparent losses.
- Scenario analysis using Fluidit can provide recommendations to reduce UFW and improve water supply by optimizing operations
Overview of Computer Vision For Footwear Industry
Computer vision is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on enabling computers to interpret and analyze visual data from the world around us. It involves the development of algorithms and techniques that allow machines to understand images and videos, just as humans do.
The main goal of computer vision is to create machines that can "see" and understand the world around them, and then use that information to make decisions or take actions. This can involve tasks such as object recognition, scene reconstruction, facial recognition, and image segmentation.
Computer vision has a wide range of applications in various fields, such as healthcare, entertainment, transportation, robotics, and security. Some examples include medical image analysis, autonomous vehicles, augmented reality, and surveillance systems.
In recent years, the development of deep learning techniques, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), has greatly advanced the field of computer vision, allowing machines to achieve state-of-the-art performance on various visual recognition tasks.
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Fabric Manufacturing Technology for Shoe Upper
Fabric is a plain sheet of cloth, which is made from natural or man-made fibres by weaving or knitting process. Most fabrics are knitted or woven, but some are produced by non-woven processes such as braiding, felting, twisting, etc. Fabric considers a major raw material in the footwear manufacturing process.
YARN MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY FOR SHOE UPPER
Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, or ropemaking. It can be made of a number of natural or synthetic materials and comes in various colours and thicknesses (referred to as "weights").
DISPOSAL OF NUCLEAR WASTE
A major environmental concern related to nuclear power is the creation of radioactive wastes such as uranium mill tailings, spent (used) reactor fuel, and other radioactive wastes. These materials can remain radioactive and dangerous to human health for thousands of years.
An Overview of Machine Learning
Machine learning is important because it gives enterprises a view of trends in customer behaviour and business operational patterns, as well as supports the development of new products. Many of today's leading companies, such as Facebook, Google and Uber, make machine learning a central part of their operations.
Artificial Neural Networks for footwear industry
The document discusses the history and concepts of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Some key points:
- ANNs were inspired by biological neural systems and are composed of interconnected neurons that can learn from examples.
- Early work in the 1940s-1950s involved modeling simple neural functions, but interest declined after researchers showed perceptrons could not solve XOR problems.
- The backpropagation learning method from 1974 allowed multi-layer networks to be trained and regain interest in the 1980s for applications in domains like medicine and marketing.
- ANNs are now used widely in industries like footwear manufacturing for tasks like predicting process outcomes, classifying materials, and identifying production parameters.
Shoes & Shoegear
The document discusses various types of shoes and shoe anatomy. It outlines 7 basic shoe styles: sandals, moccasins, clogs, pumps, mules, oxfords, and boots. The anatomy of shoes is described including the upper, vamp, tongue, collar, eyelets, counter, quarter, and sole components. Guidelines are provided for proper shoe fitting and determining when shoes need replacement. Minimalist and diabetic shoe styles are also summarized.
Fabric Structure
Almost all fibres are some form of chemical polymer. Polymers are chemical molecules with repeating units of the structure.
Nanomaterial Synthesis Method
Nanotechnology is used in the characteristics imported to leather and textiles in the footwear industry, which include self-cleaning fabrics, dye capability enhancement, flame retardation, UV and anti-static protection, anti-bacteria, wrinkle resistance, soil resistance, and water repellence
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
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哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION for seminar ppt.pdf
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Grain-Forming Operations
- 1. Grain-Forming Operations Name: Tanvir Siddike Moin University: University of Dhaka Department: Leather Engineering
- 2. Grain-forming operations The described methods are "gain-forming" operations carried out mechanically during finishing. They transform the finish layer into a film, give more or less gloss, smooth the grain, reduce or conceal grain defects and change the grain appearance by the application of an artificial pore grain of the desired kind of animal or of fancy grains which are available on the market in a great variety of designs.
- 3. Grain-forming operations Plating: Plating was formerly done by hand by means of a flat iron weighing 10-20 kg, sometimes this method is still used now, but in general plating is performed by means of 1.Spindle plating machines (Altera Type): The individual leather webs are pressed towards the hot plate by means of rollers 2. Hydraulic plating press: The individual leather webs are pressed towards the hot plating contact surface in a stationary pressing process 3. Cylinder plating machines (calender type): Used for continuous through-feed operation by means of conveyor belts
- 4. Grain-forming operations Plating: 4. Running out cylinder plating machines (finiflex type): The cylinder diameter is smaller than on calender machines, however it has a scouring effect and higher temperature range. On all machines the desired plating effect and film formation are influenced by the temperature and time of contact with the plating surface as well as by the pressure
- 5. Grain-forming operations Graining: The same machines of group 2 and group 3 as used for plating are used. A steel plate engraved with the desired grain is used instead of the ironing plate. During the pressing operation it is important that each web! constantly follows the preceding one to prevent blanks or double graining. As with plating, the leathers must be placed on the operating table without creases. The durability of the graining on the leather is influenced by the temperature, pressure and time of embossing. Vagetably-sunthetically tanned leathers keep the embossed grain much better than chrome-tanned leathers. In these leathers the graining effect may be improved by a more intensive vegetable-synthetic re-tanning or by wetting the leathers.
- 6. Grain-forming operations Glazing: Carried out on oscillating glazing machines by means of a glass or agate roller which is pushed with frictional pressure over the leather in narrow widths and rapid sequence. Vegetably tanned leathers or leathers which have been finished with a non- thermoplastic top coat are given an intense high gloss which accentuates (prominent) the natural appearance of grain. The leathers should be of uniform thickness to obtain a perfect appearance of grain. They should not be over fatliquored in the outer zones to avoid blind sections caused by smearing. Glazing is used especially for high-quality chevreaux (French leather), calf and box side leathers.
- 7. a variation of the described glazing machine is the plating-glazing machine (Drees type). This machine has a heatable pointed iron instead of the glass or agate roller It provides a higher gloss than the plating machines, but not the same gloss effect as gluing machines The advantage of this machine is that it has a somewhat broader glazing width and gives a more gentle surface handle because compressing of the leather is less severe by this treatment.
- 8. Grain-forming operations Boarding: Unlike plating and glazing, boarding causes a typical cracking of crease in the grain surface. Traditional boarding was a very hard manual work using a boarding board. The leathers were placed on a working table with the grain side on the inside and were squeezed by powerful rolling movements of the boarding board in longitudinal, transverse and diagonal direction, Depending on how often the direction is changed, this method produces a grain with crossing lines up to a pointed grain-the typical characteristic of so-called saffian leathers which are used for fancy leather products.
- 9. Boarding machines are meanwhile available for this operation. Two contra-rotating cork rollers move the leather over a steel sheet tongue so that it is grained Besides imparting a characteristic grain, the softness of the leathers is improved at the same time.
- 10. Grain-forming operations Rubbing off polishing: This operation is a variant of normal polishing. A hard brush cylinder or a so-called buffing wheel cylinder (cloth disks arranged close to each other, which are some times impregnated with hard wax to achieve the desired effect) is used instead of the stone polishing cylinder. This method is used to give the leathers a two-tone effect, an antique effect or a semimatt waxy gloss.