Importance of mechanical operation in leather processing (final)
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The document discusses various mechanical operations used in leather processing, including desalting machines, soaking paddles, drums, fleshing machines, and more. Each machine is described, outlining its objectives such as removing hair, adjusting thickness, or drying. Key specifications of the machines like material, size, temperature controls are also provided. The presentation aims to explain the importance of these various mechanical processes in leather production.
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The document describes a cylinder dryer machine used for drying fabrics. It uses indirect drying through heated stainless steel cylinders. The fabric moves over several heated drums where it is dried at temperatures of 120-130°C using steam at pressures of 1-3 atm. This is an efficient and low-cost drying method suitable for intermediate drying of flat fabrics that cannot withstand high tension. The main components of the cylinder dryer are the hollow cylinders, guide rollers, free rollers and pin rollers. Proper maintenance such as checking motor RPM, even heating of cylinders, and ensuring smooth roller movement is important.
POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
Tempering of parboiled paddy involves storing it for periods of 8 hours between drying passes to allow the moisture content to equalize throughout the grains. This shortens total drying time and helps prevent breakage during milling by minimizing internal stresses from uneven shrinking. Modern rice milling processes involve cleaning, shelling with rubber rollers, polishing, grading, and separation stages to produce milled rice and byproducts like bran and husks while minimizing breakage. Proper equipment selection, maintenance, and quality control are important for success.
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This document provides training notes for Mohamed Abd El Moniem Mahmoud on various manufacturing, maintenance, quality control, and packaging processes at LORD. It outlines 14 steps in the manufacturing of razor blades, including importing stainless steel coils, punching, heat treatment, grinding, coating, and packaging. Notes are provided on specifications, equipment used, common defects, and CNC machining. The document covers topics like grinding wheel properties, heat treatment zones, coating materials, and quality inspection tools and standards.
Super calendar
A super calendar is a type of calender machine that provides a high gloss finish to paper. It consists of alternating steel and softer rolls that compress the paper to increase density, smoothness and gloss. The hard steel roll is pressed heavily against the soft roll to compress the material passing through. A super calendar provides additional calendaring beyond the main papermaking machine and the extent of supercalendaring determines the level of gloss.
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The document discusses finishing processes for knit fabrics and provides details about common faults, causes, and remedies. It covers processes like dewatering, slitting, drying, stentering, and compacting. For each process, controlling points are identified and typical faults like crease marks, softener spots, and GSM variations are summarized along with likely causes such as improper speed control or softener mixing. Remedies for the faults including proper ballooning, cleaning equipment, and maintaining consistent process parameters are also outlined. The document aims to improve understanding of finishing for knit fabrics.Padder
The document discusses a squeezer machine used in textile wet processing to extract water from fabrics after dyeing. It describes the machine's components and functions, which include removing water, controlling fabric width, length, spirality, and applying softening chemicals. It provides specifications of a particular machine, operating parameters for different fabric types, and discusses best practices and potential limitations.
Compactor
The document provides information about a compactor machine used to control fabric shrinkage. It summarizes the machine's functions, operating parameters, and components. Key points include:
1. The compactor machine compacts fabric in the lengthwise direction and provides overfeed to control shrinkage during processing with steam.
2. It lists the machine's functions such as improving hand feel, reducing thickness, and controlling shrinkage.
3. It describes the machine components and operating parameters like temperature, speed, and overfeed percentage for different fabric types.
4. Diagrams show the mechanism and fabric path through a blanket and tube compactor machine.
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- 1. Shafi Reso-Chem Innovate to win Continue Technical Education (CTE)
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- 4. Desalting Machines 4 Objective: 1. Eliminate or at least reduce the concentration of chloride residues. Specification Steel net drums Different Size or capacity. Controlled RPM
- 5. Soaking Paddles Objective: 1. Rehydrated. 2. removal of curing agents 3. Non-structural proteins and fats. Specification Available in Different Size or capacity. Create agitation in water Not directly move the skins
- 6. Drums Objective: 1. Liming , 2. Deliming, 3. Bating, 4. Degreasing, 5. Tanning, Specification Wood or steel Different size available Inside pegs & shelves
- 7. Turbo Mixture for Liming Objective: 1. Liming , 2. Partial deliming 3. Less mechanical action required on sheep 4. To get flat and fine grain Specification Fiber or Steel Drums Vertical shape
- 8. Fleshing Objective: 1. Tissue, flesh and fat remnants are removed by a roller mounted knife Specification Sharp Knife Cylinder Support Roller Backing roll Transport rolls
- 9. Scudding Objective: 1. To remove Hair Roots Specification Knife curved Slab
- 10. Splitting Objective: 1. A band knife is used to split the pelt horizontally into a grain split and a flesh split. Specification Sharp Knife Controlled Roller Feed Roller Transport roll Section roll Rubber roll Backing roll
- 11. Sammying/Setting Objective: 1. press out a part of the water under high pressure 2. To get flat grain 3. Increase area 4. Reduced Wrinkles Specification Felt sleeves for taking up water Pressure Roller Swiveling pressure roll Flattening knife cylinder Rubber roll
- 12. Vacuum Dryer Objective: 1. To remove moisture 2. To get flat grain. 3. Specially for upper and lining 4. Fiber are fixed Specification High vacuum Pressure Temperature Time
- 13. Tumble Machine Objective: 1. To get tumble effect. 2. To specially for veg tanned leather. Specification 1. Steam or electrical heated type. 2. Temperature controlled. 3. Time controlled.
- 14. Objective: 1. To soften the leather after drying. Molissa Specification Conveyor Pressure Nobs move up down 2 to 3
- 15. Stake Machine Objective: 1. To open or soften the leather after Drying. Specification Feed Roller Pressure Roller Bend Knife Roller Supporting Roller
- 16. Shaving Machine Objective: 1. To make even thickness of leather. Specification Feed Roller Pressure Roller Knife Roller Supporting Roller Grinding Disk Transport Roll
- 17. Dry Shaving Machine Objective: 1. To make thickness even. Specification Feed Roller Pressure Roller Sharp Knife Roller Supporting Roller
- 18. Leather Buffing Machine Objective: 1. To remove flesh 2. To make flesh side smooth 3. To make Nap Specification through-feed Roller Buffing Roller Brush Rolls Paper Size = 180,220,400,600,800,1000.
- 19. Milling Drums Objective: 1. is used in last stage of leather tanning operation to make soft leather soft. 2. More drumming more softness Specification Wooden drums Heating system Dust sucking system Humidifying operations can be don
- 20. Toggle Machine Objective: 1. To Flat leather pieces 2. To get maximum Area 3. To remove wrinkle Specification Heat controller 10, Net slide Also available Automatic Toggle