The Golgi apparatus packages and labels items in the cell before sending them to other parts of the cell. Ribosomes are composed of a small and large subunit and are the sites of protein synthesis, translating RNA into protein. Both are implicated in diseases like Alzheimer's, where impaired protein synthesis is thought to contribute to pathogenesis. Medications can help treat Alzheimer's symptoms but there is currently no cure.

1. Golgi Apparatus and
Ribosomes

2. Golgi Apparatus
 Structure:
 It is found within the cytoplasm of both plant and animal cells.
 The Golgi is composed of stacks of membrane-bound structures.
In plant cells, an individual stack is sometimes called a
dictyosome.
 Function:
 The creation of lysosomes.
 Transports lipids around the cell.
 Packages and labels items and then sends to different parts of
the cell.

3. Ribosome
 Structure:
 A ribosome is made up of a small subunit and a large one and
they come together when the ribosome attaches to messenger
RNA to produce a protein in the cytoplasm. The ribosomal
subunits of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are quite similar.
 Ribosomes exist in the cytosol and bound to the endoplasmic
reticulum.
 Ribosomes are called either free ribosomes and bound
ribosomes, depending on the presence of an ER-targeting signal
sequence on the protein being synthesized, so an individual
ribosome might be membrane-bound when it is making one
protein, but free in the cytosol when it makes another protein.

4. Ribosome
 Function:
 Ribosomes are need to make large numbers of proteins for the
cells and are the sites of protein synthesis where RNA is
translated into protein.
 Protein synthesis are much needed in the cell and very important
so that’s why there’s hundreds or thousands of ribosomes.
 In eukaryote cells, 3 of the 4 ribosomal RNA strands are
synthesized in the nucleolus. The 4th ribosomal RNA strand is
synthesized outside of the nucleolus and then transported into
the nucleolus. Ribosomal proteins enter the nucleolus and
combine with the 4 ribosomal RNA strands to create the large
and small subunits which are the 2 ribosomal structures. The 2
subunits unite outside before the ribosome begins to
manufacture proteins.
 Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus or nucleolus which is why
ribosomal synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm, without the
ribosomes the message would not be read and proteins could
not be produced.

5. Ribosome
A B
 In Model A, the proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA
strands in orange and yellow. The small patch of green in
the center of the subunit is the active site.
 Model B, proteins are shown in blue and the single RNA
strand in orange.

6. Compare & Contrast
 Compare:
 Ribosomes make proteins that travel through the
Golgi bodies to the ER which exports them.
 Contrast:
 Golgi Apparatus are only found in most eukaryotic
cells which ribosomes are both in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.

7. Diseases
 Golgi Apparatus:
 Alzheimer’s disease
 Inclusion-cell (I-cell) disease
 Ribosome:
 Alzheimer’s disease
 Gastric cancer
 Diamond-Blackfan anemia (a ribosomal protein disease)
 Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
 Dyskeratosis Congenita

8. Alzheimer’s disease
 Alzheimer's is a progressive disease that attacks the brain, a type of
dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior
(Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time,
becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks).
 Scientists from the University of Kentucky observed that impairment
of the function of ribosomes was correlated with a decreased rate of
protein synthesis and decreased levels of ribosomal RNA and
transfer RNA, the researchers believe that this could be a clear
indication that mechanisms that affect protein synthesis are
instrumental to the onset and development of Alzheimer's disease.
 Studies have indicate that the neuronal Golgi apparatus is a reliable
index of activity or degeneration. The results of this study suggest
that in AD the Golgi apparatus of a population of neurons without
NFTs (neurofibrillary tangles) is involved in the pathogenesis of the
disease.

9. Alzheimer’s disease
 Symptoms:
 Confusion
 Irritability
 Aggression
 Mood swings
 Trouble with language
 Long-term memory loss
 Behavioral problems
 Forgetting events in your own life history, losing awareness of
who you are
 Difficulty reading or writing
 Poor judgment and loss of ability to recognize danger
 Using the wrong word, mispronouncing words, speaking in
confusing sentences

10. Alzheimer’s disease
 There is no cure for this disease, but there are treatments and drugs.
 Two types of medicine are available:
 Donepezil (Aricept), Rivastigmine (Exelon), and Galantamine (Razadyne,
formerly called Reminyl) affect the level of a chemical in the brain called
acetylcholine. Side effects include indigestion, diarrhea, loss of appetite,
nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, and fatigue.
 Memantine (Namenda) is another type of drug approved for treating AD.
Possible side effects include agitation or anxiety.
 A growing number of herbal remedies, dietary supplements and
"medical foods" are promoted as memory enhancers or treatments to
delay or prevent Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders:
 Caprylic acid and coconut oil
 Coenzyme Q10
 Coral calcium
 Omega-3 fatty acids
 Phosphatidylserine
 Tramiprosate
 Other medicines may be needed to control aggressive, agitated, or
dangerous behaviors. These are usually given in very low doses.