The nture of biological blueprint and environmental conditioning.

1. B1- The Biological Blueprint and
Environmental Conditioning
Unpack- to deconstruct, to analyze the nature of… by examining
in detail
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

2. A. Biological Blueprint
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.
Classification
Level
Name
Characterized
by
Modern Humans Taxonomy

3. Important terms:
Heredity - transmission of traits from parent to
offspring.
Genotype - specific information imbedded within our
genes, can only be determined by blood testing.
Phenotype - physical expression of a particular trait,
can be directly observed.
Maturation - completion of growth of genetic
character within an organism or the unfolding of an
individual’s inherent traits or potential
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

4. Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within
the nucleus of almost every cell in our body. Humans have 23
pairs of chromosomes.
●In plant and animal cells, DNA is tightly packaged
into thread-like structures called chromosomes.
This is in contrast to bacteria where DNA floats
freely around the cell.
●A single length of DNA is wrapped many times
around lots of proteins called histones, to form
structures called nucleosomes.
●These nucleosomes then coil up tightly to create
chromatin loops.
●The chromatin loops are then wrapped around
each other to make a full chromosome.
●Each chromosome has two short arms (p arms),
two longer arms (q arms), and a centromere
holding it all together at the center. FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

5. Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the
nucleus of almost every cell in our body. Humans have 23 pairs of
chromosomes.
●Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total): one
set comes from your mother and one set comes from
your father.
●Of these 23 pairs, one pair are sex chromosomes so differ
depending on whether you are male or female (XX for
female or XY for male).
●The other 22 pairs are autosomes (non-sex chromosomes)
and look the same for both males and females.
●The DNA making up each of our chromosomes contains
thousands of genes.
●At the ends of each of our chromosomes are sections of
DNA called telomeres. Telomeres protect the ends of the
chromosomes during DNA replication by forming a cap,
much like the plastic tip on
a shoelace. FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

6. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. Like a recipe
book it holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies.
●Your genome is made of a chemical called
deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short.
●DNA contains four basic building blocks or ‘bases’:
adenine(A), cytosine (C), guanine(G) and thymine
(T).
●The order, or sequence, of these bases form the
instructions in the genome.
●DNA is a two-stranded molecule.
●DNA has a unique ‘double helix’ shape, like a
twisted ladder.
●Each strand is composed of long sequences of the
four bases, A, C, G and T.
●The bases on one strand of the DNA molecule pair
together with complementary bases on the opposite
strand of DNA to form the ‘rungs’ of the DNA
‘ladder’.
●The bases always pair together in the same way, A
with T, C with G. FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

7. FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.
●Each base pair is joined together by hydrogen
bonds.
●Each strand of DNA has a beginning and an end,
called 5’ (five prime) and 3’ (three prime)
respectively.
●The two strands run in the opposite direction
(antiparallel) to each other so that one runs 5’ to
3’ and one runs 3’ to 5’, they are called the sense
strand and the antisense strand, respectively.
●The strands are separated during DNA replication.
●This double helix structure was first
discovered by Francis Crick and James
Watson with the help of Rosalind Franklin
and Maurice Wilkins.
●The human genome is made of 3.2 billion
bases of DNA but other organisms have
different genome sizes.
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. Like a recipe
book it holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies.

8. Genes are small sections of DNA within the genome that code for proteins.
They contain the instructions for our individual characteristics – like eye and
hair color.
●A gene is a small section of DNA that
contains the instructions for a specific
molecule, usually a protein.
●The purpose of genes is to store
information.
●Each gene contains the information
required to build specific proteins needed in
an organism.
●The human genome contains 20,687
protein-coding genes.
●Genes come in different forms, called
alleles.
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

9. Genes are small sections of DNA within the genome that code for proteins.
They contain the instructions for our individual characteristics – like eye and
hair color.
●In humans, alleles of particular genes come in pairs,
one on each chromosome (we have 23 pairs of
chromosomes). If the alleles of a particular gene are
the same, the organism is described as homozygous
for that gene. If they are different the organism is
described as heterozygous for that gene.
●An individual’s phenotype is determined by the
combination of alleles they have.
●For example, for a gene that determines eye color
there may be several different alleles. One allele
may result in blue eyes, while another might result
in brown eyes. The final color of the individual’s eyes
will depend on which alleles they have and how they
interact.
●The characteristic associated with a certain allele
can sometimes be dominant or recessive.
Issues: Genetic Manipulation/Discrimination, Stem-
Cell Research, Cloning
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

10. Use of DNA in the Fields of Science
Biology (Genetics)-DNA as unique
identifying part of every individual.
Forensics-crucial for evidence in the
resolution of crime.
Medicine-determine maternity and
paternity of an individual as well as
interventions and treatment of
diseases.
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

11. Human Genome Project (1990-2003) –was created for mapping
functions of the genes from physical and functional viewpoints and
was seen to explore specific interactions of nucleotides and how they
affected biological processes.
-beneficial to medicine and advanced the evolutionary study of how
we develop biological reflex, cognition, affect and other functions of
the human body.
Neurophilosophy- dependent on the findings of
neuroscience/neurology to explain free will, common sense,
conscientiousness as they are distinctly connected to our brain
physiology and functioning.
Psychoneuroimmunology-studies DNA in the context of our
immune system, as our bodies reject foreign matter that can harm
our bodies and build up on the existing molecules. However, there
are times that foreign matter that enters our system can be helpful to
our bodily maintenance and thus, become a permanent fixture within
the body. Analogous to this structure is the self’s imbibing those
which are helpful to us or rejecting those that we do not like or those
we do not derive pleasure from.
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.
Use of DNA in the Fields of Science

12. Chemistry of the Self
(H. A., V. W. Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry,
16th ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977.)
1. Oxygen (O) - 65% - Oxygen together with hydrogen form water,
which is the primary solvent found in the body and is used to regulate
temperature and osmotic pressure. Oxygen is found in many key
organic compounds.
2. Carbon (C) - 18% - Carbon has four bonding sites for other atoms,
which makes it the key atom for organic chemistry. Carbon chains are
used to build carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and proteins. Breaking
bonds with carbon are an energy source.
3. Hydrogen (H) - 10% - Hydrogen is found in water and in all organic
molecules.
4. Nitrogen (N) - 3% - Nitrogen is found in proteins and in the nucleic
acids that make up the genetic code.
5. Calcium (Ca) - 1.5% - Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the
body. It's used as a structural material in bones, but it is essential for
protein regulation and muscle contraction.
6. Phosphorus (P) - 1.0% - Phosphorus is found in the molecule ATP,
which is the primary energy carrier in cells. It's also found in bone.
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

13. 7. Potassium (K) - 0.35% - Potassium is an important electrolyte.
It's used to transmit nerve impulses and heartbeat regulation.
8. Sulfur (S) - 0.25% - Two amino acids include sulfur. The bonds
sulfur forms help gives proteins the shape they need to perform
their
functions.
9. Sodium (Na) - 0.15% - Sodium is an important electrolyte. Like
potassium, it is used for nerve signaling. Sodium is one of the
electrolytes that helps regulate the amount of water in the body.
10. Chlorine (Cl)- 0.15% - Chlorine is an important negatively-
charged ion (anion) used to maintain fluid balance.
11. Magnesium (Mg) - 0.05% - Magnesium is involved in over 300
metabolic reactions. It's used to build the structure of muscles and
bones and is an important cofactor in enzymatic reactions.
12. Iron (Fe) - 0.006% - Iron is found in hemoglobin, the molecule
responsible for oxygen transport in red blood cells.
13. Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Molybdenum (Mo),
Fluorine (F), Iodine (I), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co) - total less
than 0.70%
14. Lithium (Li), Strontium (Sr), Aluminum (Al), Silicon (Si), Lead
(Pb),
Vanadium (V), Arsenic (As), Bromine (Br) - present in trace
amounts
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.
Chemistry of the Self

14. The Human Body-Elemental Composition
1. Water 62 %
2. Protein 16 %
3. Fat 16 %
4. Minerals 6 %
5.Carbohydrates 1%
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

15. b. Environmental Conditioning
1. Social Network
2. Societal Expectations
3. Cultural Practices
-how we take care of our bodies
-nutrition and sustenance
-hygienic practices
-standard of beauty and
attractiveness
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

16. Issues: Meeting Society’s Standard of
Physical Beauty, Body Type
Consciousness, Eating Disorders-
bulimia & anorexia nervosa, Cosmetic
Surgery
“Physical beauty is only skin-deep;
what matters is feeling good about
ourselves and embracing a healthy
perception of our physical worth.”
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.
b. Environmental Conditioning

17. The impact of culture on body image and self
Esteem: The importance of beauty.
Achieving Physical Well-Being
1. Healthy Eating
2. Embracing a Healthy Lifestyle
3. Having the Right Hygiene
4. Confidence ourselves is our best
makeup
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.

18. Task:
Examine the meaning of this article:
“Physical beauty is only skin-deep; what matters
is feeling good about ourselves and embracing a
healthy perception of our physical worth.”
FATIMA MYNABELLE DILLERA BELDIA, Ph.D.