This document discusses different types of isomerism that can occur in natural products, specifically structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. It defines structural isomers as compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms, while stereoisomers have the same atomic structure but different three-dimensional orientations of atoms. There are several types of stereoisomers including enantiomers, which are non-superimposable mirror images, and diastereomers, which are not mirror images. The document provides examples of isomerism in propanol and in alkene double bond geometry.

1. Concept of
Stereoisomerism of
Natural Products

2. Isomers
Different compounds having the same molecular
formula but with a different chemical structure are
called isomers.
isomers contain the same number of atoms of each
element, but have different arrangements of their atoms.
 Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties,
unless they also have the same functional groups.
There are two main forms of isomerism :
1.structural isomerism (or constitutional isomerism) and
2.stereoisomerism(or spatial isomerism).

3. While structural isomers typically have different chemical
properties, stereoisomers behave identically in most
chemical reactions, except in their reaction with other
stereoisomers.
structural isomers, ( constitutional isomers, )-they have
same molecular formula but atoms and functional
groups are joined together in different ways.
Structural isomers have different IUPAC names and may or
may not belong to the same functional group
example of isomerism is given by propanol : It has the
formula C3H8O (or C3H7OH) and occurs as three
isomers: 1.propan-1-ol (n-propyl alcohol; I) and 2.propan-2-
ol (isopropyl alcohol; II), 3.methoxyethane(ethyl-methyl-
ether; III).

5. propadiene (or allene) and
propyne (or methylacetylene) are examples of
isomers containing different bond types.
Propadiene contains two double bonds, whereas
propyne contains one triple bond
propadiene propyne

6. stereoisomers
stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that
have the same molecular formula and
sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but
differ in the three-dimensional orientations of
their atoms in space.
molecules that are stereoisomers of each
other represent the same structural isomer.
 This class includes enantomers which are
non-superposable mirror-images of each
other, and diastereomers, which are not mirror
images.

8. Enantiomers always contain chiral centers and
diastereomers often do, but there are some
diastereomers that neither are chiral nor contain
chiral centers.
 confermational isomers(conformers), may be
rotamers, diastereomers, or enantiomers depending
on the exact compound.
E/Z isomers which have restricted rotation at a
double bond, are configurational isomers. It is an
extension of cis/trans notation (which only
describes relative stereochemistry) that can be used
to describe double bonds having two, three or four
substituents.

9. (E)-But-2-ene
(Z)-But-2-ene

10. cis–trans isomerism is "geometric isomerism.
cis–trans isomers are used to describe any molecules
with restricted rotation in the molecule. For alkenes with
more than two substituents, E-Z notation is used instead
of cis and trans

11. although conformers can be referred to as stereoisomers,
they are not stable isomers, since bonds in conformers can
easily rotate, thus converting one conformer to another,
which can be either diastereomeric or enantiomeric to the
original one.

12. Enantiomers
Enantiomers, also known as optical isomers,- stereoisomers that are
related to each other by a reflection: they are mirror images of each
other that are non- superimposable. Human hands are a
macroscopic analog of this .
Two compounds that are enantiomers of each other have the
same physical properties, except for the direction in which they
rotate polarized light.
 different enantiomers of a compound may have substantially
different biological effects