GLYCOPYRROLATE.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•1,483 views
Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic anticholinergic drug that is used to reduce salivary, tracheobronchial, and pharyngeal secretions and reduce gastric acid. It works by competitively blocking acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, resulting in a parasympatholytic effect. Glycopyrrolate is available as an injection, tablets, and oral solution. It has a rapid onset of action of 1 minute when given intravenously but lasts only 7 hours. Glycopyrrolate is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidneys and liver. Common side effects include dry mouth, difficulty urinating, tachycardia, and drowsiness.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Glycopyrrolate
- Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic anticholinergic drug used as a preoperative medication to reduce salivary secretions and gastric acid. It works by competitively blocking peripheral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
- Unlike other anticholinergics, glycopyrrolate does not cross the blood-brain barrier, so it does not have central nervous system effects. It is used for its antisialogogue and antisecretory properties in anesthesia and to treat conditions like peptic ulcers and hyperhidrosis.
- Common side effects include dry mouth, difficulty urinating, and blurred vision. It is not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding due to lack of safety data.
Vinayak atropine glyco
This document provides information about atropine and glycopyrrolate, including their structure, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and comparisons. Atropine is a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist derived from plants. It has central nervous system and cardiovascular effects. Glycopyrrolate is a quaternary ammonium anticholinergic that does not cross the blood brain barrier, so it has fewer central effects. Both drugs are used preoperatively and to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Glycopyrrolate is preferred to atropine for premedication due to its more stable hemodynamic profile and lack of cognitive effects.
Propofol
Propofol is an intravenous sedative used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain. Propofol is formulated as a 1% aqueous solution containing soybean oil, glycerol, and egg lecithin. It has a rapid onset of 15-30 seconds, short duration of 5-10 minutes, and is metabolized in the liver. Common uses include anesthesia induction, sedation, and ventilation in ICU patients. Side effects include nausea, cough, and confusion.
Muscle Relaxants DMR & NDMR
1. Depolarising Muscle Relaxants
Quaternary Amines
( Suxamethonium )
2. Non Depolarising Muscle Relaxants
Amino Steroids
( Pancuronium, Vecuronium, Rocuronium )
Benzylisoquinolium Diesters
( Atracurium, Cisatracurium, Mivacurium )
Vecuronium
Vecuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used for intubation and muscle relaxation during anesthesia. It works by competitively binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, blocking the effects of acetylcholine without any depolarizing effects. Vecuronium has an onset of action of about 1 minute after intravenous administration and a duration of action of 30-60 minutes, making it suitable for intubation and maintenance of paralysis. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in both urine and bile. Common side effects are rare but may include bronchospasm or changes in heart rate or blood pressure.
Facemask , oral and nasal airways
This document provides information on various types of face masks and oral/nasal airways used in anesthesia. It describes the parts and materials of face masks, including anatomical masks, transparent masks, and scented masks. It discusses techniques for proper face mask placement and complications. It also covers oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, describing specific types like the Guedel airway and their uses and insertion techniques. Overall, the document is an overview of common airway devices used in anesthesia and their characteristics.
Antiemetic's _ Ondansetron
Ondansetron
Class
• Seratonin ( 5-HT3) antagonist.
Uses
1. The management of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy and
radiotherapy .
2. In the prevention and treatment of PONV
Main action
• Antiemetic.
Thiopentone and propofol
Thiopentone (also known as thiopental sodium) is a short-acting barbiturate used for inducing anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, which increases chloride conductance and inhibits neuronal activity. Thiopentone is administered intravenously as a 2.5% solution for induction of anesthesia in adults and children. Common side effects include respiratory depression, hypotension, and pain or tissue damage if accidentally injected into an artery. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, weight, and medical history. Thiopentone is metabolized in the liver and redistributes rapidly from the brain after administration, which allows for quick awakening.
Recommended
Glycopyrrolate
- Glycopyrrolate is a synthetic anticholinergic drug used as a preoperative medication to reduce salivary secretions and gastric acid. It works by competitively blocking peripheral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
- Unlike other anticholinergics, glycopyrrolate does not cross the blood-brain barrier, so it does not have central nervous system effects. It is used for its antisialogogue and antisecretory properties in anesthesia and to treat conditions like peptic ulcers and hyperhidrosis.
- Common side effects include dry mouth, difficulty urinating, and blurred vision. It is not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding due to lack of safety data.
Vinayak atropine glyco
This document provides information about atropine and glycopyrrolate, including their structure, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and comparisons. Atropine is a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist derived from plants. It has central nervous system and cardiovascular effects. Glycopyrrolate is a quaternary ammonium anticholinergic that does not cross the blood brain barrier, so it has fewer central effects. Both drugs are used preoperatively and to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Glycopyrrolate is preferred to atropine for premedication due to its more stable hemodynamic profile and lack of cognitive effects.
Propofol
Propofol is an intravenous sedative used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain. Propofol is formulated as a 1% aqueous solution containing soybean oil, glycerol, and egg lecithin. It has a rapid onset of 15-30 seconds, short duration of 5-10 minutes, and is metabolized in the liver. Common uses include anesthesia induction, sedation, and ventilation in ICU patients. Side effects include nausea, cough, and confusion.
Muscle Relaxants DMR & NDMR
1. Depolarising Muscle Relaxants
Quaternary Amines
( Suxamethonium )
2. Non Depolarising Muscle Relaxants
Amino Steroids
( Pancuronium, Vecuronium, Rocuronium )
Benzylisoquinolium Diesters
( Atracurium, Cisatracurium, Mivacurium )
Vecuronium
Vecuronium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used for intubation and muscle relaxation during anesthesia. It works by competitively binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, blocking the effects of acetylcholine without any depolarizing effects. Vecuronium has an onset of action of about 1 minute after intravenous administration and a duration of action of 30-60 minutes, making it suitable for intubation and maintenance of paralysis. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in both urine and bile. Common side effects are rare but may include bronchospasm or changes in heart rate or blood pressure.
Facemask , oral and nasal airways
This document provides information on various types of face masks and oral/nasal airways used in anesthesia. It describes the parts and materials of face masks, including anatomical masks, transparent masks, and scented masks. It discusses techniques for proper face mask placement and complications. It also covers oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, describing specific types like the Guedel airway and their uses and insertion techniques. Overall, the document is an overview of common airway devices used in anesthesia and their characteristics.
Antiemetic's _ Ondansetron
Ondansetron
Class
• Seratonin ( 5-HT3) antagonist.
Uses
1. The management of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy and
radiotherapy .
2. In the prevention and treatment of PONV
Main action
• Antiemetic.
Thiopentone and propofol
Thiopentone (also known as thiopental sodium) is a short-acting barbiturate used for inducing anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, which increases chloride conductance and inhibits neuronal activity. Thiopentone is administered intravenously as a 2.5% solution for induction of anesthesia in adults and children. Common side effects include respiratory depression, hypotension, and pain or tissue damage if accidentally injected into an artery. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, weight, and medical history. Thiopentone is metabolized in the liver and redistributes rapidly from the brain after administration, which allows for quick awakening.
Atracurium
Atracurium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used for intubation and muscle relaxation during surgery. It has a quaternary ammonium structure and acts by competitively binding to nicotinic receptors at the motor end plate. Atracurium has a moderately rapid onset and duration of action. It is metabolized rapidly by Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis in the liver and excreted in urine. Common side effects include hypotension, tachycardia, and potential allergic reactions.
Fentanyl
This document provides information on fentanyl and sufentanil, two synthetic opioids. It begins with an introduction to opioids in general and their classification. It then discusses opioid receptors and the mechanism of action of opioids like fentanyl and sufentanil. The pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, side effects and properties of fentanyl and sufentanil are described in detail. Fentanyl is noted to be 50-100 times more potent than morphine, while sufentanil is reported to be 10 times more potent than fentanyl. Both are useful for analgesia, anesthesia and managing acute or cancer pain.
Dobutamine
Dobutamine is a positive inotropic drug that acts directly on cardiac beta-1 receptors to increase myocardial contractility and enhance stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output and decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure within 1-2 minutes. Common adverse reactions include nausea, headache, respiratory distress, angina, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension and ventricular ectopic beats. Dobutamine is contraindicated in atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias and phaeochromocytoma.
Dexmedetomidine
Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist approved by the FDA for short-term sedation. It has sedative, anxiolytic, and analgesic properties. Dexmedetomidine has advantages over other sedatives in the ICU as it causes less respiratory depression, easier arousability, and lower incidence of delirium. Its pharmacokinetics are nonlinear and it undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. Dexmedetomidine is also used for sedation during procedures, as an adjuvant for anesthesia and analgesia, and for neurological protection during surgery.
Dexmedetomidine
This document provides an overview of dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for its sedative, analgesic, and sympatholytic properties. It discusses dexmedetomidine's mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, dosing, side effects and drug interactions. Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 receptor agonist that provides sedation and analgesia without respiratory depression. It has various uses for anesthesia, analgesia, and ICU sedation. Common side effects include hypertension, bradycardia and hypotension.
Ropivacaine
Ropivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic similar to bupivacaine that provides both anesthesia and analgesia. It has decreased cardiotoxicity compared to bupivacaine. Ropivacaine is metabolized in the liver and excreted renally. It works by reversibly blocking sodium ion influx in nerve fibers, inhibiting impulse conduction. It can be used for epidural, spinal, infiltration, and peripheral nerve blocks for surgical anesthesia, C-sections, and postoperative or chronic pain management. Side effects include central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity at high doses.
Atracurium Vecuronium Pancuronium
This document summarizes three non-depolarizing muscle relaxants: atracurium, vecuronium, and pancuronium. It describes the chemical nature, mechanism of action, kinetics including metabolism and excretion, effects, problems/toxicity, and special considerations for each drug. Atracurium is metabolized primarily through Hofmann elimination and NSE hydrolysis. Vecuronium undergoes deacetylation in the liver to active metabolites. Pancuronium undergoes up to 45% hepatic metabolism with subsequent biliary excretion. All three drugs act as competitive antagonists at nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction.
Midazolam in er 1
This document discusses the use of midazolam for conscious sedation in emergency department procedures. It outlines midazolam's pharmacology, indications, administration techniques, monitoring equipment, and interactions. The key points are that midazolam provides rapid onset sedation and amnesia, has a short duration of action, and can be reversed with flumazenil. Proper administration via titration and monitoring are emphasized to safely sedate patients in the emergency department.
ANAESTHESIA-INTRAVENOUS
This document discusses various drugs used for anesthesia induction and maintenance. It describes common inducing agents like thiopentone sodium, methohexitone sodium, propofol, and etomidate. Slower acting drugs include benzodiazepines and ketamine. These drugs work by targeting GABA or NMDA receptors. Complications during and after anesthesia can include respiratory depression, arrhythmias, awareness, and organ toxicity.
Noradrenaline
Noradrenaline acts as a neurotransmitter between sympathetic postganglionic nerves and the organs they innervate. When an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, noradrenaline is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to alpha adrenoreceptors on nearby cells. This causes vasoconstriction and increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, raising mean arterial pressure. Noradrenaline interacts with various other drugs and medications and can cause side effects like anxiety, dizziness, and tremors. It should be used cautiously in patients with certain medical conditions.
LAYNGEAL MASK AIRWAY
This document discusses the laryngeal mask airway (LMA), including its history, design, indications, contraindications, side effects, necessary equipment, proper preparation and placement technique, verification of correct placement, securing, and potential problems. It also describes different types of LMAs such as the flexible, intubating, C-Trach, ProSeal, and classic LMAs.
High pressure system- Anaesthesia Machine
The document discusses the components and functioning of an anaesthesia work station's high pressure system. It describes the key components including gas cylinders, hanger yokes, cylinder pressure indicators, and pressure regulators. Gas cylinders contain medical gases at high pressure and have valves, handles, pressure relief devices, and markings. Hanger yokes orient and secure cylinders, providing a gas-tight seal. Cylinder pressure indicators display the pressure level in cylinders. Pressure regulators reduce the high cylinder pressure to a lower, constant pressure suitable for use in the anaesthesia machine.
Safety features in anesthesia machine
The 2000 ASTM F1850-00 standard states that anesthesia gas supply devices must be designed so that whenever oxygen supply pressure is reduced below the manufacturer's minimum specification, the delivered oxygen concentration does not decrease below 19% at the common gas outlet. The standard also requires alarms to sound within 5 seconds if oxygen supply pressure falls below approximately 200 kPa. Safety features of anesthesia machines include oxygen/nitrous oxide proportioning systems, oxygen failure safety devices, oxygen supply failure alarms, and vaporizer interlocks.
Midazolam
Midazolam is a benzodiazepine used for sedation during medical procedures. It works by binding to GABA receptors in the central nervous system to produce sedative effects. Midazolam can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, orally, nasally, or rectally. It has a fast onset of action of 1-5 minutes when given intravenously. Midazolam is metabolized in the liver and has a short elimination half-life of 1-4 hours. It is used for pre-operative sedation, intravenous sedation during procedures, and for inducing anesthesia. Nursing considerations include monitoring for respiratory depression and adjusting the dose based on the individual patient.
Premedication
This document discusses premedication, which is the administration of drugs before anesthesia induction. It has psychological and pharmacological components. Pharmacological premedication aims to provide anxiolysis, analgesia, amnesia and other effects. Common drugs used include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids, NSAIDs, antacids and anticholinergics. Factors like a patient's physical status, surgery type and risk of aspiration are considered. The goals of premedication are to minimize anxiety and discomfort from surgery and anesthesia, while facilitating recovery.
Adrenalin
Adrenaline is used to treat anaphylaxis, hypotension, bronchospasm, cardiac arrest, and asystole. It works by causing smooth muscle relaxation in the airways, contraction in the arterioles, and increasing contractability of cardiac muscles. Common side effects include hypertension, tachycardia, anxiety, dysrhythmias, dizziness, pallor, tremor, insomnia, headache, nausea, and palpitations. When administering adrenaline, nurses must follow ten rights, monitor for adverse effects, use an inotropic infusion or syringe, and observe standard dilution procedures.
CIRCLE SYSTEM.pptx
The breathing system delivers gases from the anesthesia machine to the patient's airway. It starts from the fresh gas inlet and ends where gases escape. The circle system uses a circular pathway where exhaled CO2 is removed by an absorbent in the CO2 absorber. Key components include the absorber, unidirectional valves, inspiratory and expiratory ports, fresh gas inlet, Y-piece, APL valve, and breathing tubes. The absorbent, usually sodalime, neutralizes CO2 through an exothermic reaction in the canister. Placement of components and fresh gas flow influences gas flows and absorbent desiccation. The circle system reduces agent use and waste gas exposure while increasing tracheal warmth and
Nitroglycerine drug. ppt
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator used to treat angina pectoris, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. It works by relaxing blood vessels, reducing the workload on the heart. It is rapidly absorbed through the skin or oral mucosa and has a quick onset of action within 1-3 minutes. Nitroglycerin is administered sublingually for acute angina attacks or before exertion. It can also be given intravenously to treat heart attacks or control blood pressure during surgery. Common side effects include headaches, dizziness, and hypotension.
Breathing circuits
This document discusses different types of breathing circuits used in anesthesia. It begins by introducing open, semi-closed, and closed breathing circuits. Open circuits are now obsolete and involved pouring anesthetic agents over a mask. Semi-closed circuits include Mapelson circuits A-F, with Type D (Bain) most commonly used for controlled ventilation. Closed circuits involve rebreathing of exhaled gases after carbon dioxide absorption by soda lime, making them very economical. Key components and properties of soda lime and factors affecting its carbon dioxide absorption are described.
Thiopentone upendra
Thiopentone is an ultra short-acting barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, causing sedation, hypnosis and general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of 10-20 seconds when given intravenously and is redistributed and metabolized quickly, typically causing awakening within 5-15 minutes. Common uses include induction of anesthesia and treatment of increased intracranial pressure. Side effects are generally mild and related to its cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects.
Indomethacin,tolmetin,kitorolac
The document discusses three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): indomethacin, tolmetin, and ketorolac. It provides information on their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic effects, adverse effects, contraindications, and available formulations. The NSAIDs act by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and reducing prostaglandin biosynthesis. They are effective in relieving pain and inflammation but can cause adverse gastrointestinal effects.
Anticholinesterases & Anticholinergics
This document discusses anticholinesterases and anticholinergics. Anticholinesterases such as neostigmine prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, increasing its effects. They are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Anticholinergics like atropine and glycopyrrolate block acetylcholine's effects to counteract anticholinesterases' side effects. Atropine is a general anticholinergic while glycopyrrolate's effects are more peripheral. Both have anticholinergic effects on the CNS, CVS, GI and GU tracts. They are given before surgery to dry secretions or treat bradycardia.
More Related Content
What's hot
Atracurium
Atracurium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used for intubation and muscle relaxation during surgery. It has a quaternary ammonium structure and acts by competitively binding to nicotinic receptors at the motor end plate. Atracurium has a moderately rapid onset and duration of action. It is metabolized rapidly by Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis in the liver and excreted in urine. Common side effects include hypotension, tachycardia, and potential allergic reactions.
Fentanyl
This document provides information on fentanyl and sufentanil, two synthetic opioids. It begins with an introduction to opioids in general and their classification. It then discusses opioid receptors and the mechanism of action of opioids like fentanyl and sufentanil. The pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, side effects and properties of fentanyl and sufentanil are described in detail. Fentanyl is noted to be 50-100 times more potent than morphine, while sufentanil is reported to be 10 times more potent than fentanyl. Both are useful for analgesia, anesthesia and managing acute or cancer pain.
Dobutamine
Dobutamine is a positive inotropic drug that acts directly on cardiac beta-1 receptors to increase myocardial contractility and enhance stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output and decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure within 1-2 minutes. Common adverse reactions include nausea, headache, respiratory distress, angina, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension and ventricular ectopic beats. Dobutamine is contraindicated in atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias and phaeochromocytoma.
Dexmedetomidine
Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist approved by the FDA for short-term sedation. It has sedative, anxiolytic, and analgesic properties. Dexmedetomidine has advantages over other sedatives in the ICU as it causes less respiratory depression, easier arousability, and lower incidence of delirium. Its pharmacokinetics are nonlinear and it undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. Dexmedetomidine is also used for sedation during procedures, as an adjuvant for anesthesia and analgesia, and for neurological protection during surgery.
Dexmedetomidine
This document provides an overview of dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for its sedative, analgesic, and sympatholytic properties. It discusses dexmedetomidine's mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, dosing, side effects and drug interactions. Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 receptor agonist that provides sedation and analgesia without respiratory depression. It has various uses for anesthesia, analgesia, and ICU sedation. Common side effects include hypertension, bradycardia and hypotension.
Ropivacaine
Ropivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic similar to bupivacaine that provides both anesthesia and analgesia. It has decreased cardiotoxicity compared to bupivacaine. Ropivacaine is metabolized in the liver and excreted renally. It works by reversibly blocking sodium ion influx in nerve fibers, inhibiting impulse conduction. It can be used for epidural, spinal, infiltration, and peripheral nerve blocks for surgical anesthesia, C-sections, and postoperative or chronic pain management. Side effects include central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity at high doses.
Atracurium Vecuronium Pancuronium
This document summarizes three non-depolarizing muscle relaxants: atracurium, vecuronium, and pancuronium. It describes the chemical nature, mechanism of action, kinetics including metabolism and excretion, effects, problems/toxicity, and special considerations for each drug. Atracurium is metabolized primarily through Hofmann elimination and NSE hydrolysis. Vecuronium undergoes deacetylation in the liver to active metabolites. Pancuronium undergoes up to 45% hepatic metabolism with subsequent biliary excretion. All three drugs act as competitive antagonists at nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction.
Midazolam in er 1
This document discusses the use of midazolam for conscious sedation in emergency department procedures. It outlines midazolam's pharmacology, indications, administration techniques, monitoring equipment, and interactions. The key points are that midazolam provides rapid onset sedation and amnesia, has a short duration of action, and can be reversed with flumazenil. Proper administration via titration and monitoring are emphasized to safely sedate patients in the emergency department.
ANAESTHESIA-INTRAVENOUS
This document discusses various drugs used for anesthesia induction and maintenance. It describes common inducing agents like thiopentone sodium, methohexitone sodium, propofol, and etomidate. Slower acting drugs include benzodiazepines and ketamine. These drugs work by targeting GABA or NMDA receptors. Complications during and after anesthesia can include respiratory depression, arrhythmias, awareness, and organ toxicity.
Noradrenaline
Noradrenaline acts as a neurotransmitter between sympathetic postganglionic nerves and the organs they innervate. When an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, noradrenaline is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to alpha adrenoreceptors on nearby cells. This causes vasoconstriction and increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, raising mean arterial pressure. Noradrenaline interacts with various other drugs and medications and can cause side effects like anxiety, dizziness, and tremors. It should be used cautiously in patients with certain medical conditions.
LAYNGEAL MASK AIRWAY
This document discusses the laryngeal mask airway (LMA), including its history, design, indications, contraindications, side effects, necessary equipment, proper preparation and placement technique, verification of correct placement, securing, and potential problems. It also describes different types of LMAs such as the flexible, intubating, C-Trach, ProSeal, and classic LMAs.
High pressure system- Anaesthesia Machine
The document discusses the components and functioning of an anaesthesia work station's high pressure system. It describes the key components including gas cylinders, hanger yokes, cylinder pressure indicators, and pressure regulators. Gas cylinders contain medical gases at high pressure and have valves, handles, pressure relief devices, and markings. Hanger yokes orient and secure cylinders, providing a gas-tight seal. Cylinder pressure indicators display the pressure level in cylinders. Pressure regulators reduce the high cylinder pressure to a lower, constant pressure suitable for use in the anaesthesia machine.
Safety features in anesthesia machine
The 2000 ASTM F1850-00 standard states that anesthesia gas supply devices must be designed so that whenever oxygen supply pressure is reduced below the manufacturer's minimum specification, the delivered oxygen concentration does not decrease below 19% at the common gas outlet. The standard also requires alarms to sound within 5 seconds if oxygen supply pressure falls below approximately 200 kPa. Safety features of anesthesia machines include oxygen/nitrous oxide proportioning systems, oxygen failure safety devices, oxygen supply failure alarms, and vaporizer interlocks.
Midazolam
Midazolam is a benzodiazepine used for sedation during medical procedures. It works by binding to GABA receptors in the central nervous system to produce sedative effects. Midazolam can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, orally, nasally, or rectally. It has a fast onset of action of 1-5 minutes when given intravenously. Midazolam is metabolized in the liver and has a short elimination half-life of 1-4 hours. It is used for pre-operative sedation, intravenous sedation during procedures, and for inducing anesthesia. Nursing considerations include monitoring for respiratory depression and adjusting the dose based on the individual patient.
Premedication
This document discusses premedication, which is the administration of drugs before anesthesia induction. It has psychological and pharmacological components. Pharmacological premedication aims to provide anxiolysis, analgesia, amnesia and other effects. Common drugs used include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids, NSAIDs, antacids and anticholinergics. Factors like a patient's physical status, surgery type and risk of aspiration are considered. The goals of premedication are to minimize anxiety and discomfort from surgery and anesthesia, while facilitating recovery.
Adrenalin
Adrenaline is used to treat anaphylaxis, hypotension, bronchospasm, cardiac arrest, and asystole. It works by causing smooth muscle relaxation in the airways, contraction in the arterioles, and increasing contractability of cardiac muscles. Common side effects include hypertension, tachycardia, anxiety, dysrhythmias, dizziness, pallor, tremor, insomnia, headache, nausea, and palpitations. When administering adrenaline, nurses must follow ten rights, monitor for adverse effects, use an inotropic infusion or syringe, and observe standard dilution procedures.
CIRCLE SYSTEM.pptx
The breathing system delivers gases from the anesthesia machine to the patient's airway. It starts from the fresh gas inlet and ends where gases escape. The circle system uses a circular pathway where exhaled CO2 is removed by an absorbent in the CO2 absorber. Key components include the absorber, unidirectional valves, inspiratory and expiratory ports, fresh gas inlet, Y-piece, APL valve, and breathing tubes. The absorbent, usually sodalime, neutralizes CO2 through an exothermic reaction in the canister. Placement of components and fresh gas flow influences gas flows and absorbent desiccation. The circle system reduces agent use and waste gas exposure while increasing tracheal warmth and
Nitroglycerine drug. ppt
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator used to treat angina pectoris, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. It works by relaxing blood vessels, reducing the workload on the heart. It is rapidly absorbed through the skin or oral mucosa and has a quick onset of action within 1-3 minutes. Nitroglycerin is administered sublingually for acute angina attacks or before exertion. It can also be given intravenously to treat heart attacks or control blood pressure during surgery. Common side effects include headaches, dizziness, and hypotension.
Breathing circuits
This document discusses different types of breathing circuits used in anesthesia. It begins by introducing open, semi-closed, and closed breathing circuits. Open circuits are now obsolete and involved pouring anesthetic agents over a mask. Semi-closed circuits include Mapelson circuits A-F, with Type D (Bain) most commonly used for controlled ventilation. Closed circuits involve rebreathing of exhaled gases after carbon dioxide absorption by soda lime, making them very economical. Key components and properties of soda lime and factors affecting its carbon dioxide absorption are described.
Thiopentone upendra
Thiopentone is an ultra short-acting barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, causing sedation, hypnosis and general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of 10-20 seconds when given intravenously and is redistributed and metabolized quickly, typically causing awakening within 5-15 minutes. Common uses include induction of anesthesia and treatment of increased intracranial pressure. Side effects are generally mild and related to its cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects.
What's hot (20)
Similar to GLYCOPYRROLATE.pptx
Indomethacin,tolmetin,kitorolac
The document discusses three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): indomethacin, tolmetin, and ketorolac. It provides information on their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic effects, adverse effects, contraindications, and available formulations. The NSAIDs act by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and reducing prostaglandin biosynthesis. They are effective in relieving pain and inflammation but can cause adverse gastrointestinal effects.
Anticholinesterases & Anticholinergics
This document discusses anticholinesterases and anticholinergics. Anticholinesterases such as neostigmine prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, increasing its effects. They are used to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Anticholinergics like atropine and glycopyrrolate block acetylcholine's effects to counteract anticholinesterases' side effects. Atropine is a general anticholinergic while glycopyrrolate's effects are more peripheral. Both have anticholinergic effects on the CNS, CVS, GI and GU tracts. They are given before surgery to dry secretions or treat bradycardia.
Antimuscarinic Agents 2 Power Point Presentation
This document compares and contrasts the properties and clinical uses of various anticholinergic and antimuscarinic drugs. It discusses how atropine and hyoscine differ in their effects on various organ systems. It also outlines the properties and indications of various quaternary ammonium compounds, tertiary amines, and mydriatic drugs used in ophthalmology.
Atropine substitutes Pharmacology ppt
Many semisynthetic derivatives of belladonna
alkaloids and a large number of synthetic compounds have been introduced with the aim of
producing more selective action on certain
functions. Most of these differ only marginally
from the natural alkaloids, but some recent ones
appear promising.
Glycine Neurotransmitter
This document summarizes information about glycine, the smallest amino acid. It discusses glycine's structure and functions, which include involvement in motor control, pain perception, and enhancing antioxidants. Glycine acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is synthesized through various pathways in the body. It is stored in synaptic vesicles and binds to both alpha and beta receptor subtypes. The document outlines glycine's metabolism, reuptake, and interactions with agonists and antagonists. It concludes by discussing metabolic disorders related to glycine like hyperekplexia and glycinuria.
Pharmaceutical Marketing Case Study
The document discusses various pharmaceutical products available in the Sri Lankan market, including anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, pain management, and dry eye products. It provides details on the main drugs in each category, their manufacturers, packaging, and mode of action. The document also identifies the key doctors to target for each therapeutic area and highlights advantages and potential side effects of the drugs.
Emergency drugs used in anaesthesia
This document provides information on various emergency drugs including atropine, adrenaline, mephentermine, ephedrine, and xylocard. It describes the class, mechanism of action, indications, dosing, administration, and side effects of each drug. Atropine is an anticholinergic that acts as a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. Adrenaline is a direct-acting sympathomimetic that interacts with both alpha and beta receptors to increase heart rate, contractility and blood pressure. Mephentermine and ephedrine are both sympathomimetic amines that cause increased cardiac output through alpha and beta receptor stimulation. Xylocard is a class IB antiarrhythmic sodium channel block
Pediatric intubation pharmacology
This document discusses medications used for pediatric resuscitation and rapid sequence intubation (RSI). It reviews sedatives like etomidate, midazolam, thiopental and ketamine, analgesics like fentanyl, paralytics like succinylcholine, rocuronium and vecuronium, and pre-medications like atropine and lidocaine. For each drug, it provides information on pharmacology, dosing, indications, side effects and special considerations in pediatrics. The goal is to discuss best practices for medication selection and administration during pediatric resuscitations and RSI.
Anti cholinergic drugs- AIMS PARA.pptx
This document summarizes anticholinergic/antimuscarinic drugs. It discusses their pharmacological actions, classifications, examples like atropine, and therapeutic uses. Atropine is obtained from belladonna plants and acts as a muscarinic receptor antagonist. It has effects in the CNS, CVS, eyes, smooth muscles and exocrine glands. Atropine is used to treat conditions like peptic ulcer, intestinal spasms, asthma, Parkinson's disease, motion sickness and as a antidote for poisoning. Ganglionic stimulants and blockers are also discussed.
Agopose tablets
Agomelatine tablets are used to treat depression and improve sleep. It works by improving the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and melatonin. It binds to melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 and the 5-HT2C serotonin receptor. This helps normalize circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles. It is effective for treating major depressive disorder, especially in those who do not respond to SSRIs, as well as generalized anxiety disorder, bipolar depression, sleep disturbances, and migraines. Common side effects include headache, nausea, dizziness, and dry mouth.
Methyldopa
Methyldopa is a centrally acting antihypertensive that works by reducing sympathetic nervous system activity. Its metabolite has alpha-2 agonist effects in the cardiovascular control centers of the brain, which decreases sympathetic outflow and peripheral effects of norepinephrine. Methyldopa is well absorbed orally and has an onset of action within 3-6 hours, though its effects last for about 24 hours. Its half-life is 75-80 minutes and it is mostly eliminated through urine within 24 hours. Significant side effects can include sedation, depression, dry mouth, and rarely hepatotoxicity or hemolytic anemia.
Antiplatelet drugs pharmacology.pdf
This document discusses antiplatelet drugs, including their indications, mechanisms of action, administration, adverse effects, and limitations. Antiplatelet drugs are classified as oral or parenteral agents and can include aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel, cilostazol, dipyridamole, tirofiban, and eptifibatide. They work by various mechanisms including inhibiting platelet aggregation and receptor antagonism. Common indications are acute coronary syndrome, stenting and other cardiovascular procedures. Adverse effects include bleeding risks, while limitations include variable patient responses, administration methods, and side effect profiles.
Ecbolics
This document discusses ecbolics, which are drugs that stimulate uterine contractions. It describes three main classifications of ecbolics: posterior pituitary hormones like oxytocin; ergot alkaloids like ergometrine; and prostaglandins like PGF2α. Oxytocin is used to induce labor and treat postpartum hemorrhage. Ergometrine is used for uterine involution and hemorrhage. Prostaglandins cause luteolysis and strong uterine contractions, and are used for estrus synchronization and abortion. Ecbolics have various clinical uses but also risks, so proper administration is important.
classification pharmacology KD Tripathi Author
This document provides information on drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular system. It includes preparations for nicotine replacement therapy drugs to aid smoking cessation, as well as eye drop preparations for glaucoma including timolol, betaxolol, and brimonidine. It also lists preparations for common haematinic medications to treat iron deficiency anemia, including ferrous salts combined with folic acid and vitamin B12 in various formulations.
Antimuscarinic Agents
This document provides information about antimuscarinic agents. It discusses their classification, sources, examples like atropine and scopolamine, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Antimuscarinic agents work by blocking the effects of acetylcholine, especially at muscarinic receptors. They have various applications like as antisecretory agents, to treat peptic ulcer, asthma, and Parkinson's disease. However, common side effects include constipation, blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention and confusion in elderly.
Labdhi pharmaceuticals
Labdhi Pharmaceuticals is marking its footprints on canvas of global pharmaceutical / Life science sector, rapidly.
Labdhi pharmaceuticals
Labdhi Pharmaceuticals is marking its footprints on canvas of global pharmaceutical / Life science sector, rapidly.
estrogen
This document discusses estrogens, which are female sex hormones. It describes their isolation, structures, natural and synthetic forms, effects in the body, uses in hormone replacement therapy and contraception, and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen. Key points are that estrogens regulate female development and metabolism, synthetic estrogens are used in HRT, and SERMs can act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues.
TOCOLYTIC AGENT.pptx
The document discusses tocolytic agents, which are medications used to suppress premature labor. It defines tocolytics as medications that can inhibit, slow down, or halt contractions of the uterus. The document then covers various classes of tocolytics including beta-adrenergic agonists, magnesium sulfate, calcium channel blockers, oxytocin receptor antagonists, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, and nitric oxide donors. For each class, it discusses examples of medications, mechanisms of action, dosages, side effects, and contraindications. The purpose is to explain how tocolytics work to suppress premature labor and allow time for fetal lung maturity.
examples of Drug metabolism
Few examples of specific drug metabolism. useful for undergraduate and post graduate students of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and medicinal chemistry
Similar to GLYCOPYRROLATE.pptx (20)
Recently uploaded
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Learn about body grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Our aim is to organise conscious gatherings and retreats for open and inquisitive minds and souls, with and without the assistance of sacred plants.
The Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India
Treat the symptoms of indigestion, heartburn and stomach reflux with the 10 Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptxMGM SCHOOL/COLLEGE OF NURSING
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
we have mentioned the best 10 ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups. You can check all these products and choose the best one for yourself.
Recently uploaded (20)
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
GLYCOPYRROLATE.pptx
- 2. So Whats Used For? It is synthetic anticholinergic drug. Used to reduce Salivary, tracheobronchial and pharyngeal secretions & reduce the volume of free gastric acid. In GA: Conjunction with neostigmine, (a neuromuscular blocking reversal agent, to prevent neostigmine’s muscarinic effects).
- 3. Mechanism Of Action Glycopyrrolate competitively blocks acetylcholine, at muscarinic receptors M1, M2, & M3 Resulting in Parasympatholytic effect and allows for dominant Sympathetic activity. It does not cross the BBB, (unlike Atropine) therefore does not exert CNS effects .
- 5. Available Forms..! Inj. Pyrolate IV (0.2mg/1ml)Available Form in Pakistan Tabs: 1, 1.5, 2 mg Oral Solution (Cuvposa) :1mg/5ml
- 6. Dosage…! IV/IM: ADULT: 0.1-0.2mg/dose TID-QID MAX. DOSE: 0.2mg/dose OR 0.8mg/24hr ORAL: ADULT: 1-2mg/dose BID-TID
- 7. OnsetOfAction & Durationofeffect Onset Of Action: IV: 1 min. IM/SC: 15-30 min. Oral: 1 hr Duration of antisialagogue effect; IV/IM/SC: 7 hr Oral: 8-12 hr
- 8. Metabolism Undergoes little metabolism 80% excreted unchanged via kidney and liver.
- 9. Use with Caution In hepatic and renal disease Ulcerative colitis Asthma Glaucoma Urinary Retention
- 10. Side Effects Atropine Like Side effects Reduces the body’s sweating ability It can cause fever, flushing and heat stroke in hot environment. Tachycardia Dry Mouth……40% & Difficulty in urinating Headaches & Constipation It induces drowsiness or blurred vision an effect exacerbated by the consumption of alcohol.
- 11. ThankYou …..!