This document summarizes anticholinergic/antimuscarinic drugs. It discusses their pharmacological actions, classifications, examples like atropine, and therapeutic uses. Atropine is obtained from belladonna plants and acts as a muscarinic receptor antagonist. It has effects in the CNS, CVS, eyes, smooth muscles and exocrine glands. Atropine is used to treat conditions like peptic ulcer, intestinal spasms, asthma, Parkinson's disease, motion sickness and as a antidote for poisoning. Ganglionic stimulants and blockers are also discussed.
introduction ,classification of cholinergic receptor ,and its function ,anti cholinergic agents -atropine and its pharmacology ,semi synthetic and synthetic atropine substitutes
introduction ,classification of cholinergic receptor ,and its function ,anti cholinergic agents -atropine and its pharmacology ,semi synthetic and synthetic atropine substitutes
Cholinergic antagonists and blockers-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,LecturerDr. Jibachha Sah
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
A good read for undergraduate students in Pharmacy studying at the University of Mumbai. I will highly recommend Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi. All copyright to the original authors and publishers.
Cholinergic antagonists and blockers-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,LecturerDr. Jibachha Sah
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
A good read for undergraduate students in Pharmacy studying at the University of Mumbai. I will highly recommend Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi. All copyright to the original authors and publishers.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
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Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Anti cholinergic drugs- AIMS PARA.pptx
1. Dr. Ravi Mundugaru
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Pharmacology
ADICHUNCHANGIRI INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCINCES, B.G. Nagar
Anti Cholinergic Drugs/
Antimuscarinic drugs
5. 3. Synthetic Compounds
a) Mydriatics : Cyclopentolate, Tropicamide
b) Anti Secretory – Anti spasmodics :
- Quarternary compounds – Propantheline, Oxyphenonium,
Glycopyrrolate, Clindinium
- Tertiary amines : Dicyclomine, Pirenzapine.
c) Vesicoselective: Oxybutynin, Flavoxate, Toltirodine
c) Anti parkinsonian :Trihexyphenidyl (Benzhexol)
Procyclidine, Biperidine
4. Others : Tricyclic antidepressants, Phenothiazines, Anti
histaminics
6. ATROPINE
Obtained from plant Atropa belladona.
Atropine & hyoscine (scopalamine) are belladone
alkaloids.
Same actions except – Atropine is CNS stimulant &
hyoscine is CNS depressant.
Blocks Muscarinic Receptors & Prevents action of Ach
on these receptors
Muscarinic Blocker.
7. Pharmacological actions
CNS
Atropine is a CNS stimulant at high dose
Hyoscine is CNS depressant even at low doses.
Stimulate many medullary centers – Vagal, Resp, Vasomotor
Blocks cholinergic overactivity is basal ganglia & supress
tremors and rigidity of parkinsonism.
High doses – Cortical excitation, Restlesness, disorientation,
hallucination, delirium – Resp depression, Coma
Depress Vestibular Excitation & has anti-motion sickness
property (because of cholinergic link in vestibular pathway)
8. CVS
↑ HR because of M2 receptors on SA Node through
which vagal tone ↓ H.R (tone more in young adults)
Has vasodilator action at high dose & lowers B.P (also
because of histamine release)
EYES
Mydriasis, abolish light reflex, Cycloplegia 7-10 days,
photo phobia, blurring of vision, ↑ IOT, Glaucoma
(narrow angle)
9.
10.
11. SMOOTH MUSCLES (M3 blockade)
G.I.T – tone, amplitude of contraction of stomach and intestine are
reduced → ↓peristalsis → relieves spasm
Biliary tract : Sm muscles relaxed → Biliary spasm relieved
Bronchi: Bronchodilatation → ↓airway resistance.(asthma & COPD)
Genito urinary tract : Relaxant effect on ureter & urinary bladder
Urinary retention (used esp in elderly with prostatic hypertrophy)
Exocrine GLANDS
Reduces all secretions except milk.
Lacrimation ------------- Dry eyes
Salivary ------------------ difficulty in
Nasopharyngeal -------- swallowing ↓ Reduced
Tracheobronchial
Sweat -------------------- Dry skin ↑ temp.
12. Gastric secretion ↓ Volume & quantity of acid pepsin &
mucous in stomach.
Intestinal & pancreatic secretions not significantly reduced.
BODY TEMPERATURE
↑ At high doses because of ↓sweating
Stimulation of temp regulating
center in hypothalamus
LOCALANAESTHETIC
Mild on cornea
13. PHARMACO KINETICS
o Well absorbed orally
o Crosses BBB (Atropine 50%, Hyocine easily cross
BBB)
o Partly Metabolized in liver, T ½ 3-4 hours.
o Excreted in Urine
14. ADVERSE EFFECTS
o Common but not serious
o Blurring of vision
o Dryness of mouth
o Difficulty in swallowing & speech
o Fever
o Constipation
o Urinary retention
o Skin rashes, flushing
o Restlesness, hallucinations , delerium
o Convulsions & coma
o Poisoning treated with physostigmine I.V
15. Rx → Atropine poisoning
If ingested, gastric lavage with tannic acid (KmNO4 not effective
in oxidizing31 atropine)
Patient kept in dark & quiet room.
Cold sponging / ice bags.
Physostigmine 1-3mg S.C/I.V repeated every 4-6 min.
Maintain BP.
Artificial respiration.
Diazepam IV to control convulsions.
C/I – Individuals with narrow iridocorneal angle – may
precipitate Acute Congestive glaucoma
-- Elderly male with prostatic hypertrophy.
16. Drug interactions
Slow absorption of other drugs Eg: Levodopa
Antacids interferes with absorption of anticholinergics.
Anti-histamines
Tri cyclic antidepressants Have anticholinergic property
Phenothiazines additive effects
MAO inhibitors interfere with anticholinergic antiparkinsonian
drugs – delirium.
21. As Cardiac Vagolytic
Marked reflex vagal discharge – pain of M.I
↓
Bradycardia, heart block.
Atropine is useful in preventing bradycardia.
22. As a Antiparkinson :
Tremor & rigidity → relative excess of cholinergic
activity because of deficiency of dopaminergic
activity in the basal ganglia – striatum system.
Combination of anti cholinergic with a dopamine
precursor provide more effective therapy than
either drug alone.
- drug induced extrapyramidal symptoms.
23. 2. Motion sickness
Scopolamine IM/Mouth/Transdermal patch
Useful dose → sedation, dry mouth. 48-72 hours.
Hyoscine is used to produce sedation & amnesia during labour.
To antagonise muscarinic effects of drugs & poisons.
Antidote for Anticholinesterase poisoning
Mushroom poisoning
Used to block muscarinic effect of neostigmine when used for
- Myasthenia gravis
- decurarisation
- Cobra envenomation.
24. Ganglionic Stimulants
Selective Nicotinic Agonist Non selective nicotinic agonist
Nicotine Acetyl choline
Lobeline Carbachol
Dimethyl phenyl piperazinium
(DMPP)
Pilocarpine
Tetramethyl ammonium
Varenicline
Anti cholinesterase
Nicotine
From : Nicotiana tobaccum
Nicotine transdermal patch → an aid to smoking
cessation.
NICOTINELL-TTS, 10, 20, 30 cm2 → 7, 14, 21 mg / 24
hours.