Glutamate production and regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors.pptx+ final
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Dr. Dariush Ghulami presented on glutamate production and ionotropic glutamate receptors. Some key points: - Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, acting on ionotropic glutamate receptors. - It is commercially produced primarily through fermentation and used in food/feed additives and pharmaceuticals. - Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that include NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors. The NMDA receptor requires binding of glutamate and glycine and is permeable to calcium. - NMDA receptor activation plays a role in long-term potentiation involved in learning and memory
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The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
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This document provides information about citric acid production. It discusses that citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is produced through a fermentation process using Aspergillus Niger fungus and beet molasses as the carbon source. The global demand for citric acid has been increasing around 3.5-4% annually due to its wide use in beverages, food, pharmaceuticals and other industries. The presentation outlines the key steps in citric acid production which include fermentation, biomass removal, liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization and final packaging.
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Biodegradation of Polystyrene foam by the Microorganism from Landfill
This document summarizes a research project on biodegrading polystyrene foam. The project aimed to identify microbes from a landfill that can use polystyrene as a sole carbon source. Microbes were sampled from styrofoam and soil in the landfill. Community analysis identified several bacterial species growing on polystyrene, including Caulobacter segnis, Massilia aerilata, and Herbaspirillum seropedicae. Scanning electron microscopy showed signs of polystyrene degradation by microbes from styrofoam and soil. The research suggests certain landfill microbes are capable of biodegrading polystyrene.
Disposal
This document discusses various aspects of municipal solid waste management including disposal methods, landfill criteria, and recycling. It provides details on:
- The four main methods for managing municipal solid waste: materials recovery, energy recovery, bioconversion, and landfilling.
- Key criteria for selecting and managing landfill sites, including accessibility, buffer zones, groundwater levels, and restricting public access.
- Standard processes for managing waste including incineration, composting, and landfilling as well as recycling programs for materials like newspapers.
- Benefits of reducing waste such as conserving resources, reducing energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions.
Cholinergic Agonists
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the autonomic nervous system. It describes the two divisions - sympathetic and parasympathetic. The sympathetic division is responsible for the fight or flight response while the parasympathetic division regulates rest and digestion. Key points include the locations where acetylcholine and norepinephrine are released, the different types of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, and the opposing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on various organs.
Citric acid production
Citric acid is commonly used as an acidulant in foods and beverages (75% of use) and also in pharmaceuticals (10%) and industrial applications like metal complexing (15%). It is produced through aerobic fermentation of carbohydrates like molasses by the mold Aspergillus niger under nutrient-limited conditions at 30°C and pH <2. High dissolved oxygen and sugar concentrations maximize yields of around 130 kg/m3 in 100m3 bioreactors using fed-batch fermentation to prolong production. Downstream processing involves filtration, calcium citrate precipitation, acid dissolution and crystallization to obtain the final citric acid product.
Neurotransmitter
Otto Loewi discovered acetylcholine as the first neurotransmitter in 1936. Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals across synapses. They can be small molecules like acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, catecholamines, amino acids, or large molecules like neuropeptides. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis. They act on receptors, which can be ligand-gated ion channels or G protein-coupled receptors. Reuptake and catabolism terminate neurotransmitter action. The major neurotransmitters, their locations, synthesis, release, receptors, and fate were described in detail.
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Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder including continuously progressive cognitive and functional deficits as well as behavioral changes and is related with amassing of amyloid and tau depositions in the brain. Subjective side effects of AD most ordinarily incorporate deficits in short-term memory, executive and visuospatial dysfunction, and praxis. Mammalian methionine sulfoxide reductase A is encoded by a single gene and is found in both cytosol and mitochondria. Biologically active compounds from different plants have been used to treat various ailments. In the present study, mitochondrial peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase protein sequence from Homo sapiens was retrieved from UniProt and selected structure of the peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli (Protein Data Bank [PDB] id: 1FF3) was used as template. The homology model was developed by using Modeller 9.20 version. Molecular docking studies were performed using Autodock4.2. 20 natural compounds were docked against modeled protein. All the compounds exhibited good binding energy. Campesterol showed with lesser energy of −9.0 Kcal/mol.Chemistry of protein
The document discusses several key topics regarding proteins and biochemistry:
1) The major objectives of biochemistry are to understand all chemical processes in living cells at the molecular level, and how this knowledge is essential for medicine to understand health, disease, and effective treatments.
2) Diseases can be caused by various physical, chemical, biological, genetic, immunological, nutritional, and endocrine factors that all influence cellular biochemical mechanisms.
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GANDHAM RAJEEV-BIOCHEMISTRY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS-RGUHS-2017
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This document provides an overview of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their role in cell signaling. It discusses the history and structure of GPCRs, how they interact with G-proteins and secondary messengers like cAMP and IP3 to activate intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways regulate key cellular processes and are targets for drug development to treat diseases. The document also categorizes different classes of GPCRs and summarizes the mechanisms and physiological roles of various secondary messenger systems like cAMP, IP3, and ion channels in signal transduction.
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Unit 1 receptors as drug target
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHAT IS A RECEPTOR
3. HISTORY
4. CONCEPT OF CELL SIGNALLING
5. RECEPTOR SUPER FAMILIES
6. GPCRs- SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION & ITS SECOND MESSENGERS
Second Messenger Systems
The document discusses second messenger systems. It describes how second messengers relay signals from cell surface receptors to target molecules inside the cell. Some key points discussed include:
- Earl Sutherland discovered cyclic AMP (cAMP) as the second messenger for epinephrine and won the Nobel Prize for this work.
- Common second messenger systems include those using cAMP, cGMP, phosphatidylinositol, and tyrosine kinases as secondary messengers.
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Second messengers and classification of hormone
The document discusses several key points about hormones:
1) Hormones act by binding to receptors which can be intracellular or membrane-bound and activate second messenger systems like cAMP, cGMP, calcium or kinase cascades.
2) cAMP is generated from ATP by adenylate cyclase which can be stimulated or inhibited by G proteins coupled to hormone receptors.
3) cGMP is generated by guanylate cyclase which exists in soluble and membrane-bound forms and can be activated directly by hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and nitric oxide.
4) Increased second messengers activate protein kinases which phosphorylate target proteins and mediate the hormone's effects in the cell
Clopidogril as prodrug
Clopidogrel is a prodrug used to inhibit platelet aggregation. It requires hepatic metabolism to form its active metabolite. The metabolite binds irreversibly to the P2Y12 receptor on platelets to inhibit ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation. Pharmacokinetic studies have found challenges in measuring clopidogrel and its active metabolite due to their instability and low plasma concentrations. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP enzymes involved in clopidogrel metabolism can affect its activation and antiplatelet effects.
L-Glutamate Production by Corynebacterium glutamicum
L-Glutamaic acid is used as a seasoning because it imparts taste, umami. In addition, it is increasingly popular as a potential building block in the production of useful chemicals. Since 1957, glutamate has been industrially produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum.
The Effect of Curcumin on AMPA Receptors Pharmacokinetics
This document outlines a study examining the effect of curcumin derivatives on AMPA receptor kinetics. The objectives are to identify potent and selective curcumin derivatives that inhibit AMPA receptors and characterize their effects. HEK293 cells will be transfected with GluA2 receptors to study the effects of curcumin derivative A on whole cell current, desensitization, and deactivation. Preliminary results show that derivative A decreases peak current, increases desensitization rate and extent, and increases deactivation rate, indicating it inhibits AMPA receptors. The study aims to better understand how curcumin derivatives modify AMPA receptor properties to develop new natural drugs without side effects.
Receptor
Receptors are proteins located on cells that receive signals from outside the cell and trigger a response. There are four main types of receptor families: ligand gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, and nuclear receptors. Secondary messengers are intracellular molecules that transmit signals from receptors to trigger physiological changes in the cell. Common secondary messengers include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, calcium ions, IP3, DAG, and nitric oxide. They activate pathways that lead to processes like proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Final B.Sc. important questions biochemistry
According to Andhra University syllabus. The file is prepared based on the old papers for the students
16 a
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and hormone action. It discusses that the endocrine system influences cell activity through hormones secreted by endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals. Hormones can act through second messenger systems or by directly activating genes. Amino acid-based hormones often use cyclic AMP or phosphatidylinositol as second messengers, while steroid hormones directly influence gene transcription in the nucleus. Together, hormones allow for communication between tissues and regulation of metabolic processes throughout the body.
Endocri 16 a
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and hormone action. It discusses the major endocrine glands and tissues that produce hormones. Hormones influence target cells through two main mechanisms - by activating second messenger systems like cAMP or by directly activating gene expression like steroid hormones. Amino acid-based hormones typically work through the cAMP second messenger system, while some use the PIP-calcium second messenger system. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of these hormone signaling pathways.
Biochemistry of hormones
This document provides an overview of hormones and their biochemistry. It begins with definitions of hormones and the endocrine system. It then discusses the general functions of hormones and classifications of hormones based on their chemical composition and mechanisms of action. The document explores the mechanisms of action of different hormone groups, including those that act through intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors using various second messengers like cAMP, cGMP, calcium, and phospholipids. It also examines hormones with unknown second messengers that can act through pathways like tyrosine kinase, JAK/STAT, protein tyrosine phosphatases, and NF-kB. Insulin is highlighted as a major hormone with no known second messenger.
Lysine Production
This document discusses fermentative production of lysine using Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21799. It provides information on lysine applications, production methods, and C. glutamicum as a production organism. Specifically, it notes that C. glutamicum is a fast-growing, non-pathogenic soil bacterium well-suited for amino acid production. The pathways leading to amino acids in C. glutamicum are simpler to regulate than in E. coli. The document outlines objectives to optimize lysine fermentation, downstream processing, and a feasibility study for commercial production.
JPET: Empagliflozin
Empagliflozin, an SGLT2 Inhibitor, Reduced the Mortality Rate after Acute Myocardial Infarction with Modification of Cardiac Metabolomes and Antioxidants in Diabetic Rats.
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Glutamate production and regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors.pptx+ final
- 1. Glutamate production and Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors presented by: Dr. Dariush Ghulami 2015 university of Tehran, Iran 1
- 2. 1908, Japanese chemist Kikunae Ikeda in 1909 the first monosodium glutamate was produced commercially 2
- 3. Amino Acids (2000-2010) – Global Market Analysis (Historic, Current & Future) in US$ Billion 3
- 4. 4
- 5. 5
- 6. 6
- 7. 7
- 8. 8
- 9. Global market amino acids, 2004 9 Global market amino acids, 2014 Food industry: 65% Feed Additives: 30% Pharmaceutical: 5%
- 10. Commercial production of MSG is the largest and biggest industries world over. Commercial Production: Glutamic acid > lysine > methionine > threonine > Aspartic acid 10
- 11. Methods of Commercial Production of Amino Acids extraction from natural sources, chemical synthesis, fermentation, enzymatic catalysis 11
- 12. Chemical Synthesis The advantage and disadvantage of a chemical synthesis 12
- 13. Glutamic Acid by Chemical Synthesis 13 Resolution of Racemic Glutamic Acid
- 14. Fermentation Methods Have been developed only for the preparation of (S )-lysine and (S )-glutamic acid The carbon sources for these syntheses are cane or beet molasses, or a starch hydrolysate. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen, oxygen is provided by passing compressed air into the fermenting mixture. 14
- 16. Important applications of glutamate Amino acid fertilizer production Reduce high blood pressure Amino Acids in Cosmetology Amino Acids and Environment Amino Acid Supplements 16
- 17. 17 Glutamate as a CNS neurotransmitter
- 18. Glutamate Neurotransmitter at 75-80% of CNS synapses Synthesized within the brain from Glucose (via KREBS cycle/α-ketoglutarate) Glutamine (from glial cells) Actions terminated by uptake through excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) in neurons and astrocytes 18
- 19. 19 NH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 - COOH COOH Glutamate Synthesis Glutamate α-ketoglutarate Glutamine (from glia) transaminases
- 20. 20
- 23. 23 Ionotropic glutamate receptors: ligand gated channels
- 24. 24 Pharmacology of NMDA receptors
- 25. NMDA receptor 25
- 26. NMDA receptor channel is blocked by phencyclidine (PCP) 26
- 27. 27Calcium (Ca++) permeability of AMPA vs NMDA receptors RNA editing of GluR subunits
- 28. Properties of NMDA Receptor Blocked at resting membrane potential (coincidence detector) Requires glycine binding Permeable to Ca++ as well as Na 28
- 29. 29 NMDA receptors in long term potentiation
- 30. 30
- 31. 31
- 32. NMDA receptors involvement in disease seizure disorders Alzheimer's disease schizophrenia disease Brain ischemia 32
- 35. References: 1. Maria S., Elena K., and Herman W. 2005. D-Serine Is the Dominant Endogenous Coagonist for NMDA Receptor Neurotoxicity in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2. Wim V., Wim R. and James R. 2000. AMPA Receptor Calcium Permeability, GluR2 Expression, and Selective Motoneuron Vulnerability. The Journal of Neuroscience. 3. Brian S. Meldrum. 2012. Glutamate as a Neurotransmitter in the Brain: Review of Physiology and Pathology. The Journal of Neuroscience. 4. Stephen F., Lonnie P., Chris J., Frank S., Katie M., Kevin K., Kasper B., Hongjie Y., Scott J., and Ray D. 2010. Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels: Structure, Regulation, and Function. Pharmacol. Rev. 5. Derek B. Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors & CNS Disorders. 2009. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 6. Christian L. and Robert C. 2012. NMDA Receptor -Dependent Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression (LTP /LTD). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 7. Susumu T. 2010. Regulation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors by Their Auxiliary Subunits. Physiology. 8. Addison A. 2012. The Monosodium Glutamate Story: The Commercial Production of MSG and Other Amino Acids 9. http://web.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2011/06/about-glutamate-toxicity/ 10. K. Huthmacher., Wolfgang Leuchtenberger., K. Drauz,. 2005. Biotechnological production of amino acids and derivatives: current status and prospects, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 11. A. Burkovski, 2003. Ammonium assimilation and nitrogen control in Corynebacterium glutamicum and its relatives: An example for new regulatory mechanisms in actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 35
- 36. Thanks for your attention 36
- 37. Strecker aminoacid synthesis 37
- 38. 38
- 39. 39
- 40. 40
- 42. 42
- 43. NMDA receptor uses glycine as a co-agonist 43
- 44. APP and LTP in Alzheimer disease 44
- 45. 45
- 46. 46
- 47. 47
- 48. 48
- 49. 49
- 50. 50
- 51. 51
- 52. Regulation Of AMPAR Trafficking 52
- 53. 53
- 54. 54
- 55. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca2%2B/calmodulin- dependent_protein_kinase http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_potentiation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPA_receptor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor 55