Post translational modification in plants.Amit Dhuri
This ppt describes all the post transcriptional modifications that take place in plants and its importance in plants functioning.
The modifications are phosphorylation, Ubiquitination, Lipidation, Methylation
Post translational modification in plants.Amit Dhuri
This ppt describes all the post transcriptional modifications that take place in plants and its importance in plants functioning.
The modifications are phosphorylation, Ubiquitination, Lipidation, Methylation
Loss of electrons by an atom, ions or molecule during a chemical reaction & increase its oxidation state.
Gain of electrons by an atom , ion or molecule during a chemical reaction & decrease in its oxidation state
The reactions which involves both reduction process & complementary oxidation process called redox reaction.
A detailed example of metal ion catalysis an enzymatic catalysts and water Ph catalysts morover the catalyst of about today's demand, and catalytical discoverises, catalyst in human body haemoglobin, a brief outline on catalyst demand and working, a most use of catalysts, catalysis, catalyst in haber process, catalyst meaning, a IT usage of catalysts
Loss of electrons by an atom, ions or molecule during a chemical reaction & increase its oxidation state.
Gain of electrons by an atom , ion or molecule during a chemical reaction & decrease in its oxidation state
The reactions which involves both reduction process & complementary oxidation process called redox reaction.
A detailed example of metal ion catalysis an enzymatic catalysts and water Ph catalysts morover the catalyst of about today's demand, and catalytical discoverises, catalyst in human body haemoglobin, a brief outline on catalyst demand and working, a most use of catalysts, catalysis, catalyst in haber process, catalyst meaning, a IT usage of catalysts
Are most abundantly distributed organic compounds.
70 kg man= protein weight constitute 12 kg
Skeleton and connective tissue contains half
Body protein and other half is intracellular.
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)Ashok Katta
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
Fate of Glucogenic and Ketogenic amino acid
Amino acid are the currency of of nitrogen and protein economy of the host, hence they are used in many pathways beyond protein synthesis, including energy production and neurotransmitter synthesis.
All amino acid are comprised of an amino group and a carbon skeleton. During metabolism these two parts are separated as they have different ‘fates’
Of the liberated amino acid approximately 75% are utilized while remainder serve as precursors for important biological compound and those not utilized are degraded to amphibolic intermediates
The pathway of amino acid catabolism is quite similar in most organism
Assimilation of ammonium ions is the ultimate aim of nitrogen metabolism in plants. this is the source of nitrogen for various organic compounds of structural and functional importance for the living world
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are particularly important in biochemistry, where the term usually refers to alpha-amino acids.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
2. AMINOACIDS
The first few amino acids were discovered in the early 19th century.
In 1806, French chemists Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet
isolated a compound in asparagus that was subsequently named asparagine, the
first amino acid to be discovered.
Amino acid,is a group of organic molecules that consist of a basic amino group
(―NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (―COOH), and an organic R group (or side chain)
that is unique to each amino acid.
Amino acids and proteins that are the building blocks of life. When proteins are
digested or broken down, amino acids are left. The human body uses amino acids to
make proteins to help the body food break down.
They are involved in almost every body function, including growth and
development, healing and repair, normal digestion, and providing energy for our
body.
3. TYPES OF AMINO ACID÷
Amino acids are classified into three groups:Essential amino
acids ,Nonessential amino acids and Conditional amino
acids.
Essential Amino acids÷Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a
result, they must come from food.The 9 essential amino acids are: histidine,
isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and
valine.
Non-essential Amino acids ÷Nonessential means that our bodies produce an amino
acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat. Nonessential amino acids include:
alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine,
glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.
Conditional Amino acids÷Conditional amino acids are usually not essential, except in
times of illness and stress.Conditional amino acids include: arginine, cysteine,
4. GLUTAMATE ÷
It is well known that glutamate (Glu), a neurotransmitter in human body, is
a protein amino acid.
It plays a very important role in plant growth and development.
Nowadays , glutamate has been found to emerge as signaling role.
Under normal conditions, glutamate takes part in seed germination, root
architecture, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth.
Under stress condition, glutamate participates in wound response, pathogen
resistance, response and adaptation to abiotic stress.
- such as: salt, cold, heat and drought
And local stimulation (abiotic or biotic stress)- triggered long distance
signaling transduction.
7. STEPS Glutamate is derived from the intermediate of glycolysis And citric acid cycle/krebs cycle.
In plants, glutamate can be principally synthesized via glutamate synthetase (GS)/
glutamate synthase also known as glutamate-alpha-ketoglutarate amino transferase
(GOGAT) cycle in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic tissue or non-photosynthetic tissue
plastids and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in mitochondria or cytoplasm.
Alpha-ketoglutarate is an intermediate of krebs cycle which is involved in the process of
biosynthesis of many amino acid involving glutamate,glutamine.
In krebs cycle acetylcoa is converted into citrate via the enzyme citrate synthase.
And again conversion of citrate into isocitrate is done by the enzyme aconitase.
Isocitrate is then converted into alpha ketoglutarate via the enzyme isocitrate
dehydrogenase
Glutamate dehydrogenase converts α-ketoglutarate to glutamate and is dependent on
NAD+/NADH or NADP+/NADPH.
The glutamate branched and synthesizes the glutamine through glutamine synthetase.
Glutamate is the precursor of other various amino acid involving arginine (through the
amino acid orithine) and Prolin.
9. GLUTAMATE
METABOLISMS
glutamate is a central molecule in amino acid metabolism in higher plants. The
α-amino group of glutamate is directly involved in both the assimilation and
dissimilation of ammonia and is transferred to all other amino acids.
In addition, both the carbon skeleton and α-amino group form the basis for the
synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), arginine, and proline. It should also be
noted that glutamate is the precursor for chlorophyll synthesis in developing
leaves).
Finally, glutamate may be deaminated by glutamate dehydrogenase to form
ammonia and 2-oxoglutarate.
10. ENZYME INVOLVED
Glutamine synthetase–glutamate synthase
The key enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of glutamate is
glutamate synthase, also known as glutamine:2-oxoglutarate
aminotransferase (GOGAT).
The reaction is a reductant-driven transfer of the amide amino group of
glutamine to 2-oxoglutarate to yield two molecules of glutamate.
The enzyme in plants is present in two distinct forms, one that uses
reduced ferredoxin as the electron donor and one that uses NADH as the
electron donor.
11. Glutamate dehydrogenase ÷
Two enzymes involved in glutamate synthesis discussed previously
catalyse irreversible reactions.
A third enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase catalyse a reversible
amination/deamination reaction, which could lead to either the synthesis
or the catabolism of glutamate.
During the last 33 years, the role of GDH in glutamate metabolism in
plants has been the subject of continued controversy .
However, following recent investigations into the regulation of the genes
encoding the enzyme protein, the presence of overexpressing and antisense
lines and the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, the role is
becoming clear.
12. IDENTIFYING AND
QUANTIFYING
1 .Methods for identifying and quantifying amino acids have
improved dramatically over the last 50 years, from paper
chromatography to ion exchange chromatography
2.HPLC
3.NMR
It should be remembered that the plant extracts used will have
been derived from a range of intracellular organelles as well as
extracellular material although the differences in amino acid
concentrations between these organelles may not be very large
13. Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry by Nirali Prakashan.
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002222.htm
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17578865/#:~:text=Glutamate%20o
ccupies%20a%20central%20position,utilizing%20glutamine%20and
%202%2Doxoglutarate.&text=Evidence%20that%20the%20well%2D
known,the%20plant%20kingdom%20is%20reviewed
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-
professions/glutamate-
dehydrogenase#:~:text=Glutamate%20dehydrogenase%20incorporat
es%20free%20ammonium,and%20OAA%20to%20make%20aspartate