The document discusses glucose regulation and diabetes. It explains that cells need glucose for energy production through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. The liver plays an important role in processing nutrients from the gut, temporarily storing glucose as glycogen, and regulating glucose levels between meals through glucagon and insulin. Diabetes occurs when there is insufficient insulin production, resulting in high blood sugar levels. Type I diabetes is caused by beta cell death leading to no insulin production, while Type II involves various factors and some reduced insulin production.
coordination between different metabolic pathways inside the body is called integration of metabolism. this presentation discuss about how metabolism can be regulated and integrated in liver, muscle and adipose tissue.
coordination between different metabolic pathways inside the body is called integration of metabolism. this presentation discuss about how metabolism can be regulated and integrated in liver, muscle and adipose tissue.
Details of integration of metabolism of three main food content - Carbs, fat and proteins in the form of flow chart - easy to understand and easy to remember.
Details of integration of metabolism of three main food content - Carbs, fat and proteins in the form of flow chart - easy to understand and easy to remember.
At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to:-
1. Differentiate simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrate
2. Describe the function of carbohydrates in the body
3. Demonstrate knowledge of health with carbohydrates
1. absorption: passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals
2. chemical digestion: enzymatic breakdown of food
3. chyme: soupy liquid created when food is mixed with
digestive juices
4. defecation: elimination of undigested substances from the
body in the form of feces
5. ingestion: taking food into the GI tract through the mouth
6. mastication: chewing
7. mechanical digestion: chewing, mixing, and segmentation
that prepares food for chemical digestion
8. peristalsis: muscular contractions and relaxations that propel
food through the GI tract
9. propulsion: voluntary process of swallowing and the
involuntary process of peristalsis that moves food through the
digestive tract
10. segmentation: alternating contractions and relaxations of
non-adjacent segments of the intestine that move food
forward and backward, breaking it apart and mixing it with
digestive juices
The Ultimate Guide to Understanding the Human Digestive SystemDeepanshuYadav2
Human Digestive System: Unraveling the Intricacies of our Inner Factory
Introduction
Welcome to this comprehensive guide on the human digestive system! In this article, we will embark on a fascinating journey through the intricacies of our inner factory, exploring the processes and functions that allow our bodies to break down and absorb nutrients from the food we consume. Join us as we unravel the secrets of digestion, absorption, and elimination, shedding light on the marvelous mechanism that keeps us nourished and energized.
The Human Digestive System: An Overview
The human digestive system is a complex network of organs and processes that work together to facilitate the digestion and absorption of food. From the moment we take a bite to the final elimination of waste, this remarkable system ensures that our bodies receive the vital nutrients needed for growth, repair, and maintenance.
The Mouth: Where It All Begins
The journey of digestion commences in the mouth. As food enters our oral cavity, it undergoes the first stage of mechanical digestion through the process of chewing. The teeth break down the food into smaller pieces, increasing its surface area for efficient chemical digestion. The saliva, secreted by the salivary glands, also plays a crucial role by moistening the food and initiating the breakdown of complex carbohydrates with the enzyme amylase.
The Esophagus: A Pathway to the Stomach
Once food is sufficiently chewed and mixed with saliva, it travels down the esophagus, a muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. Through rhythmic contractions known as peristalsis, the esophagus propels the food downward, allowing it to reach the stomach for further processing.
The Stomach: A Gastric Playground
The stomach serves as a temporary reservoir for food and facilitates both mechanical and chemical digestion. It churns and mixes the food with gastric juices, including hydrochloric acid and enzymes such as pepsin. This powerful combination breaks down proteins and kills harmful bacteria, preparing the food for the next phase of digestion.
The Small Intestine: The Hub of Absorption
The small intestine is where the magic of absorption truly takes place. Divided into three parts—the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum—it receives the partially digested food from the stomach. The walls of the small intestine are lined with finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. Here, the nutrients are broken down into their smallest forms and are transported into the bloodstream for distribution to the body's cells.
The Large Intestine: Processing Waste
As the now-depleted food mass enters the large intestine, the focus shifts from digestion to waste processing. The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining undigested material, forming solid waste known as feces. The feces are then stored in the rectum until elimination through the anus occurs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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