This document contains a glossary of terms used in digital image processing compiled by Upendra. It includes definitions for over 80 terms ranging from basic concepts like pixels, color models, and image formats to more advanced image processing techniques like morphological operations, filtering, and geometric transformations. Each term includes a brief 1-2 sentence definition. The glossary is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of commonly used vocabulary in the field of digital image processing.
Brief introduction to Digital Image Processing
Some common terminology such as Analog Image, Digital Image, Image Enhancement, Image Restoration, Segmentation
Brief introduction to Digital Image Processing
Some common terminology such as Analog Image, Digital Image, Image Enhancement, Image Restoration, Segmentation
Fundamental steps in Digital Image ProcessingShubham Jain
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing: Image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, etc. For written notes and pdf visit: https://buzztech.in/fundamental-steps-in-digital-image-processing
A (very brief) Introduction to Image Processing and 3D Printing with ImageJPaul Mignone, Ph.D
Using ImageJ to extract 3D models from material image data-sets for 3D printing purposes. Participants will have an opportunity to 3D print a small model using the Objet Connex500 3D printer.
Current scientific imaging (and image processing) technologies allow researchers and professionals to visualize the morphology of complex composite materials at very fine length scales. Combined with the advances and accessibility of additive manufacturing technologies, researches are able to produce tangible assets of these composite morphologies for further research and analysis. The following workshop will briefly introduce image processing theory, as well as an open source tool chain to produce 3D models of a material data-set for 3D printing purposes.
Fundamental steps in Digital Image ProcessingShubham Jain
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing: Image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, etc. For written notes and pdf visit: https://buzztech.in/fundamental-steps-in-digital-image-processing
A (very brief) Introduction to Image Processing and 3D Printing with ImageJPaul Mignone, Ph.D
Using ImageJ to extract 3D models from material image data-sets for 3D printing purposes. Participants will have an opportunity to 3D print a small model using the Objet Connex500 3D printer.
Current scientific imaging (and image processing) technologies allow researchers and professionals to visualize the morphology of complex composite materials at very fine length scales. Combined with the advances and accessibility of additive manufacturing technologies, researches are able to produce tangible assets of these composite morphologies for further research and analysis. The following workshop will briefly introduce image processing theory, as well as an open source tool chain to produce 3D models of a material data-set for 3D printing purposes.
Digital image is a Cartesian coordinate system of discrete rows and columns.
Often the improvement is to make the image better looking, by
increasing the intensity or contrast.
WEBINAR ON FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING DURING COVID LOCK DOWN by by K.Vijay Anand , Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering , R.M.K Engineering College, Tamil Nadu , India
A binarization technique for extraction of devanagari text from camera based ...sipij
This paper presents a binarization method for camera based natural scene (NS) images based on edge
analysis and morphological dilation. Image is converted to grey scale image and edge detection is carried
out using canny edge detection. The edge image is dilated using morphological dilation and analyzed to
remove edges corresponding to non-text regions. The image is binarized using mean and standard
deviation of edge pixels. Post processing of resulting images is done to fill gaps and to smooth text strokes.
The algorithm is tested on a variety of NS images captured using a digital camera under variable
resolutions, lightening conditions having text of different fonts, styles and backgrounds. The results are
compared with other standard techniques. The method is fast and works well for camera based natural
scene images.
Image Resolution Enhancement using DWT and Spatial Domain Interpolation Techn...IJERA Editor
Image Resolution is one of the important quality metrics of images. Images with high resolution are required in
many fields. In this paper, a new resolution enhancement technique is proposed based on the interpolation of
four sub band images generated by Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the original Low Resolution (LR)
input image. In this technique, the four sub band images generated by DWT and the input LR image are
interpolated with scaling factor, α and then performed inverse DWT to obtain the intermediate High Resolution
(HR) Image. The difference between the intermediate HR image and the interpolated LR input image is added
to the intermediate HR image to obtain final output HR Image. Lanczos interpolation is used in this technique.
The proposed technique is tested on well known bench mark images. The quantitative and visual results shows
the superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional and state of art image resolution enhancement
techniques in wavelet domain using haar wavelet filter.
Wavelet-Based Warping Technique for Mobile Devicescsandit
The role of digital images is increasing rapidly in
mobile devices. They are used in many
applications including virtual tours, virtual reali
ty, e-commerce etc. Such applications
synthesize realistic looking novel views of the ref
erence images on mobile devices using the
techniques like image-based rendering (IBR). Howeve
r, with this increasing role of digital
images comes the serious issue of processing large
images which requires considerable time.
Hence, methods to compress these large images are v
ery important. Wavelets are excellent data
compression tools that can be used with IBR algorit
hms to generate the novel views of
compressed image data. This paper proposes a framew
ork that uses wavelet-based warping
technique to render novel views of compressed image
s on mobile/ handheld devices. The
experiments are performed using Android Development
Tools (ADT) which shows the proposed
framework gives better results for large images in
terms of rendering time.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
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Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Glossary dip
1. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
Upendra
A Glossary of terms used in Digital Image
Processing
Upendra
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad
January 20, 2017
2. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
Upendra
Glossary
Addition
A point process that blends the values of corresponding
pixels in two input images. A single parameter controls
which input image dominates the output image
3. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
Upendra
Glossary
Area Processes
A category of image-processing techniques that calculate the
value of each output-image pixel from the corresponding
input-image pixel and its neighbours. Examples include
halftoning, sharpening and median litering
4. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Aspect Ratio
The ratio of the width of an image to its height. Examples
include 4:3, the aspect ratio of a standard TV, and 16:9, the
aspect ratio of a widescreen TV
5. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Average Greyscale
The shade of grey produced by adding the brightnesses of
the RGB components of a colour pixel and dividing by three
6. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Backward Mapping
The technique geometric processes use to calculate
output-image pixel values from input-image pixel values.
Backward-mapping processes start with a pixel in the output
image, nd the corresponding pixel in the input image,
calculate a new pixel value, and assign the new value to the
output-image pixel
7. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Bayer Filter
Enables a CCD to capture colour by covering 2x2 blocks of
CCD-sensor elements with one red, one blue and two green
lters, which makes colour CCDs more sensitive to the green
wavelengths of light, just like our eyes
8. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Bi-Linear Interpolation
A method of calculating the value of a pixel with fractional
co-ordinates that lies in between a 2 by 2 neighbourhood of
pixels
9. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Bitmap Image
An image composed of black and white pixels
10. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Blurring
An area process that produces an e ect similar to an
out-of-focus photograph. Blurring removes the detail in an
image by making each pixel more like its neighbours
11. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Bounding Box
The smallest rectangle that encloses a shape so that each of
the four sides touches an extremity of the shape
12. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Brightness
Determines the intensity of the colour presented by a pixel in
a colour image, or the shade of grey presented by a pixel in a
greyscale image
13. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Brightness Transformation
A point process that maps input brightnesses onto output
brightnesses with a linear or non-linear mathematical
function
14. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Capture
The process of measuring and visualising physical
phenomena such as visible and non-visible electromagnetic
radiation. Examples include taking a photograph and
scanning a document
15. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
CCD
A charge-couple device is an imaging sensor that contains a
rectangular grid of light-sensitive capacitors. Each capacitor
accumulates a charge proportional to the brightness of the
light it detects; the brighter the light, the higher the charge
16. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Closing
A morphological operation produced by following a dilation
by an erosion. Often used for lling holes in bitmap images
17. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Colour Model
Determines how the colour in a digital image is represented
numerically. Examples include the RGB and HSB colour
models
18. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Composition
A point process that overlays the pixels of a foreground
input image onto the pixels of a background input image
19. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Contrast
The difference between the lightest and darkest regions of an
image.
20. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Contrast Expansion
An image-processing technique that re-distributes the
brightness in an image to eliminate regions that are either
too dark or too light. Examples include basic and ends-in
contrast expansion
21. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Convolution
A method of calculating the new value of a central pixel in a
neighbourhood by multiplying each pixel in the
neighbourhood by a corresponding weight; the new value of
the central pixel is the sum of the multiplications
22. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Corrupted Pixel
A pixel value altered by noise
23. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Cropping
A geometric process that reduces the size of an image by
discarding the pixels outside a speci ed region called the crop
selection
24. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Diagonal Axis
The line that runs from the top-left corner of an image to
the bottom-right corner, or from the top-right corner to the
bottom-left corner
25. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Digital Camera
An imaging device that focuses visible light onto a CCD
26. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Digital Image
An image captured by an imaging device and represented in
a computer as a rectangular grid of pixels.
27. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Dilation
A morphological operation that increases the size of objects
in an image by adding a layer of foreground pixels around
each object
28. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Edge
Edges mark the boundaries between the objects in a scene.
A large change in pixel brightness over a small number of
pixels often indicates the presence of an edge
29. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
Upendra
Glossary
Edge Detector
An image-processing routine that ags the large changes in
pixel brightness that indicate potential edges. Edge detectors
often visualise their results in edge maps. Examples include
the Sobel, Prewitt, Kirsch and Laplacian edge detectors.
30. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Edge Direction
The angle that speci es the direction of an edge. The angle
is perpendicular to the direction of the large change in
brightness that indicates the edge
31. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Edge Magnitude
A number that represents how con dent an edge detector is
that it has found an edge in an image.
32. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Edge Map
A greyscale output image that visualises the magnitude of
the edge found at each pixel in an input image; the greater
the magnitude, the brighter the corresponding edge-map
pixel. Thresholding an edge map highlights the strongest
edges
33. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Edge Mask
A set of convolution weights that highlight the size and
direction of the edges in an image
34. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The complete range of electromagnetic radiation from short
wavelength gamma radiation to long wavelength radio waves
35. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Erosion
A morphological operation that decreases the size of objects
in an image by removing a layer of foreground pixels around
each object. Often used for removing projections and blobs
in bitmap images
36. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
Upendra
Glossary
Flipping
A geometric process that swaps the pixels in an image across
the horizontal, vertical and diagonal axes
37. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Forward Mapping
The technique point and area processes use to calculate
output-image pixel values from input-image pixel values.
Forward-mapping processes start with a pixel in the input
image, calculate a new pixel value, and assign the new value
to the corresponding pixel in the output image
38. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Frame Averaging
A point process that removes noise from a series of input
images taken of the same subject. Each output-image pixel
value is the average of the corresponding input-image pixel
values
39. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Gaussian Noise
A form of image noise that adds small positive and negative
deviations to the pixels in an image, often caused by the
random variations between the elements of a CCD sensor.
Plotting the number of occurrences of each deviation on a
histogram produces the bell-shaped curve of the normal
distribution, which is also called the Gaussian distribution
40. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
Upendra
Glossary
Geometric Process
A category of image-processing techniques that change the
size and shape of an image rather than its contents.
Examples include cropping, scaling and rotation
41. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Greyscale Image
An image composed of pixels that present shades of grey
42. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Halftoning
An area process that simulates shades of grey in bitmap
images with patterns of bitmap pixels. The density of each 2
by 2 pixel pattern depends on the ratio of black to white
bitmap pixels
43. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Highlights
The range of pixel brightnesses that represent the lighter
regions of an image
44. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
High-key Image
An image that represents a naturally light subject
45. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
High-contrast Image
An image with large numbers of pixels in the shadows and
highlights
46. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
High Frequency
The high frequency information in an image is represented
by large changes in pixel brightness over a small number of
pixels
47. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
High-pass Filter
A filter that preserves or ampli es the high frequency
information in an image. Sharpening is implemented by a
high pass lter
48. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Histogram
The histogram of an image visualises the distribution of the
brightness in the image by plotting the number of
occurrences of each brightness.
49. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Histogram Equalisation
An image-processing technique that reveals detail hidden in
images with a poorly-distributed range of brightesses
50. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Horizontal Axis
The line that runs through the centre of an image from the
left of the image to the right
51. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
HSB
A colour model that represents each colour with three
numbers that specify the hue (H), the saturation (S) and the
brightness (B) of the colour.
52. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Hue
The colour in the HSB colour model.
53. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Image
An image records a visual snapshot of the world around us
54. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Image Processing
The field of computer science that develops techniques for
enhancing digital images to make them more enjoyable to
look at, and easier to analyse by computers as well as
humans
55. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Imaging Device
A piece of equipment that captures an image. Examples
include digital cameras, side-scan sonar systems and
scanning electron microscopes
56. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Impulse Noise
Also called salt and pepper noise, impulse noise introduces
very light (salt) and very dark (pepper) pixels that stand out
from their neighbours.
57. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Interpolation
A method of creating new pixel values from existing pixel
values. Examples include nearest-neighbour and bi-linear
interpolation
58. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Input Image
The image transformed by an image-processing routine
59. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Inversion
A point process that produces an e ect similar to
photographic negatives: dark pixels become light and light
pixels become dark.
60. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Kernel
A rectangular grid of convolution weights
61. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
Processing
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Glossary
Line Edge
A line chain of pixels that separates a region of light pixels
from a region of dark pixels
62. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Linear Brightness Transformation
A category of brightness transformations that lighten and
darken images using mathematical functions with curved
graphs
63. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
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Linear Brightness TransformationLook-up Table (LUT)
A data structure that minimises the number of calculations
required to process an image with a point process. The
brightness of each output-image pixel is found in a LUT at
the entry indexed by the brightness of the corresponding
input-image pixel
64. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Low-contrast Image
An image that uses only a small range of the available
brightness. Low-contrast images are mostly dark, mostly dull
or mostly light
65. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Low-key Image
An image that represents a naturally dark subject
66. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Low Frequency
The low frequency information in an image is represented by
small changes in pixel brightness over a small number of
pixels
67. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Low-pass Filter
Alter that discards or attenuates the high frequency
information in an image and preserves the low frequency
information. Removing the high frequency information from
an image removes the detail and blurs the image. Blurring is
implemented by a low pass filter
68. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Median Filtering
An area process that removes noise by replacing the central
pixel in a neighbourhood with the median pixel value of the
neighbourhood.
69. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Mid-tones
The range of pixel brightnesses that represent the regions of
an image in between the shadows and highlights.
70. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Morphological Operation
A category of image-processing techniques that operate on
the structure of the objects in an image
71. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Noise
Unwanted changes to the values of the pixels in an image,
often introduced by the imaging device during capture.
Examples include impulse noise and Gaussian noise.
72. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Nearest-neighbour Interpolation
A method of creating values for pixels with fractional
co-ordinates that duplicates the value of the pixel with
integer co-ordinates nearest to the fractional co-ordinates
73. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Neighbourhood Averaging
An area process that removes noise by replacing the central
pixel in a neighbourhood with the average pixel value of the
neighbourhood.
74. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Non-linear Brightness Transformation
A category of brightness transformations that change the
brightness of an image using mathematical functions with
straight-line graphs. Examples include inversion and
posterisation.
75. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Non-primary Colour
A colour created by mixing the red, green and blue primary
colours of the RGB colour model
76. A Glossary of
terms used in
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NTSC Greyscale
A shade of grey produced by multiplying the brightnesses of
the RGB components of a colour pixel by a set of weights
that emphasise the green component. Named after the
committee that oversees US television
77. A Glossary of
terms used in
Digital Image
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Opening
A morphological operation produced by following an erosion
by a dilation. Often used for lling holes in bitmap images
78. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Outlying Pixel
A pixel with an extreme brightness that is much higher or
lower than the brightnesses of the other pixels in the image
79. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Output Image
An image that contains the results of applying an
image-processing routine to an image
80. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Photo Restoration
The application of a series of image-processing routines to
enhance a damaged photograph.
81. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Pixel
A square unit of visual information that represents a tiny
part of a digital image
82. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Pixel Depth
The number of colours or shades of grey a pixel can present.
Bitmap pixels have depth two, typical greyscale pixels have
depth 256, and typical colour pixels have depth 16,777,216.
83. A Glossary of
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Pixel Neighbourhood
A region of pixels processed by an area process. Typical
neighbourhood dimensions are 3 by 3 pixels and 5 by 5 pixels
84. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Point Processes
A category of image-processing techniques that calculate the
value of each output-image pixel from the value of the
corresponding input-image pixel. Examples include inversion
and pseudo-colour
85. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Posterisation
A linear brightness transformation that reduces the number
of brightnesses in an image
86. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Pseudo-colour
A point process that divides the range of brightness in a
greyscale input image into groups and assigns each group a
colour. Each output-image pixel is assigned the colour that
represents the group into which falls the brightness of the
corresponding input-image pixel
87. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Potential Edge
Edge detectors ag all large changes in pixel brightness over a
small number of pixels as a potential edge. An edge-analysis
system then decides whether the change in brightness
represents the border of an object—a real edge—or some
other feature of the object, such as its texture.
88. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Primary Colors
The colours red, green and blue from which all other colours
in the RGB colour model are mixed
89. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Quantization
The calculation that maps the fractional measurements
made by imaging devices onto proportional integer pixel
brightnesses.
90. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Ramp Edge
A region of pixels that separates a region of light pixels from
a region of dark pixels. The pixels in the region change
gradually from light to dark
91. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Raw Colour
The colour of the pixels in an image captured by a colour
CCD before the two unknown RGB-component brightnesses
of each pixel have been interpolated from the known
brightnesses of the corresponding components of
neighbouring pixels.
92. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Resolution
The number of pixels available to represent the details of the
subject of a digital image.
93. A Glossary of
terms used in
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RGB
A colour model that represents each colour with three
numbers that specify the amounts of red (R), green (G) and
blue (B) that produce the colour.
94. A Glossary of
terms used in
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RGB Colour Cube
Visualises the amounts of red, green and blue required to
produce each colour in the RGB colour model as a point in a
cube at co-ordinates ( x , y , z ).
95. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Roof Edge
A region of pixels that separates a region of light pixels from
a region of dark pixels. The pixels in a roof edge increase in
brightness to their maximum at the apex of the roof and
then decrease to meet the region of pixels on the other side
of the edge
96. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Rotation
A geometric process that turns an image about its centre by
a specified angle
97. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Rotation Hole
An output-image pixel not assigned a value when the input
image is rotated with forward mapping
98. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Row-Column Co-ordinates
The pair of numbers that locate a pixel in the rows and
columns of the rectangular grid of pixels that represent a
digital image.
99. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Sampling
The process of mapping a continuous quantity of
electromagnetic radiation, such as light or X-rays falling on a
sensor, onto a discrete, rectangular grid of pixels.
100. A Glossary of
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Saturation
The component of the HSB colour model that controls the
amount of white mixed into the hue
101. A Glossary of
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Scale Factor
A fractional number that controls whether a scaling process
enlarges or reduces an image. Scale factors between zero
and one reduce images; scale factors greater than one
enlarge images
102. A Glossary of
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Scaling
A geometric process that changes the size of an image
103. A Glossary of
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Scanner
An imaging device that focuses light re ected from a
document onto a CCD that moves across and down the
document
104. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Scanning Electron Microscope
An imaging device that uses electrons to capture images of
microscopic objects. A SEM res a beam of electrons at the
surface of the sample and counts the number of electrons
dislodged from the surface by the beam; the greater the
number of dislodged electrons, the brighter the
corresponding point in the image
105. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Sequential-index Co-ordinate
The number that locates a pixel in an image when the pixels
in the image are laid end to end in a sequence
106. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Shadows
The range of pixel brightnesses that represent the darker
regions of an image
107. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Sharpening
An area process that emphasises the detail in an image
108. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Side-scan Sonar System
An imaging device that uses sound waves to capture images
of underwater objects. Side-scan sonar systems measure the
strength of the acoustic re ections of sound waves directed
at the sea bed; the stronger the acoustic reflection, the
brighter the corresponding pixel in the image
109. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Step Edge
The ideal edge shape characterised by a large, immediate
change in pixel brightness from a region of light pixels to a
region of dark pixels
110. A Glossary of
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Structuring Element
The rectangular grid of binary values used by morphological
operations to assign a new value to a pixel in a bitmap image
111. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Subtraction
A point process that identi es the pixels that di er between
two input images.
112. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Thresholding
A point process that produces a bitmap version of a
greyscale image. Black bitmap pixels represent greyscale
pixels darker than a threshold brightness; white bitmap pixels
represent greyscale pixels lighter than the threshold
113. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Thermal Camera
An imaging device that measures the amount of infra-red
light emitted by the subject of the image. Hotter objects
emit more infra-red light, which show up as the brighter
regions of a thermal image
114. A Glossary of
terms used in
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Vertical Axis
The line that runs through the centre of an image from the
top of the image to the bottom